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8.5.1. Eddy Current Instruments
| trod variety ofedy current instruments is avaible for se fom spl 0 complas
Alinough hese instant vary grea sn applications Neb ae wel size, st of
thom operate on sina pine.In adton toa power supply al ey current nstrumens rue at est iri
ements: AC generator col ici, and processing pny creity. The lve! of ex
bility designed in each ofthese elements generally determines how ey curen inst
ent life foun each ee,
1+ AC generators prove the voltage that dives the cil. Tey can operate at 2 single
Axed frequency, provide a selection of switchable frequent, be continu Yar
able or even provide mlpleequencics simultaneous. In some instrument, he
isadjusent for amplitude ofthe vole aplied othe coi.
* ait circuits range fom designs intended t work with ony a singe spi oo «|
limited ange of speed eo or with viwally any col onigurain vasble
{Displays can ange fon single LED ae meter readouts to anliftequeney preseta-
tions on multicolor psy secs
Delisted lsiramens,
Desc instruments are designed for a specific aplication and are uly ale to
perform that application more efiety than generl-parpse instruments. Exszples of
Aedes insuments are crack detectors, costing thickness Bniges, and conductivity
meters. Conductivity meter, fo example can give det readout of condtvty in
TACS values. In ation, some ersck detection insruments provide if supresion
to prevent pose signal caused by vations inci test mantel sping, When there
is sufficient work na given application justly investment na snge-pumpae inst
‘ment tis ely be the best oie. Hovrever, one mist be cael ing ey cnet
‘met ype insets, Becese they do act provide the guniy of information ava
fle rom an impedance pla slay, meteraye insrunnts ean mislead lee
Fic users. Since meter instruments can dspiay only sce or dwnseale deletions,
they mst be operated so that onl ene material variable i dipayed. Howeven, Wi
Impedance plane dipayinsremens, each pe of tara cndton defects the dis
play dot in characteristic maner Tnciating separation of arial an nepettion
or sigale
Standard Impedance Plane Displey Instruments
The AC generator ofa standard impedance plane dipy instrument divs tet col at
only one fequeney, which i usualy sleeable rom a wide range of frequencies. These
cneral-puposeinstumeis ean perform an exesive vai of eddy erent splc
{tons The abit view ctl pedance pane signals provide the knowledges user
' grat dal of valable infomation. Some never panes pane istaments ave fet
spay, afering enhanced petit, sch ete unt shown a Figure 8-5. However,
testsyte-ype stunts (Figure 8.24) donot provide portability be expe
ft operate 24 houts a day to accommodate continuous proton at ohn pie od,
orviemil.
Iipedance plane display instruments show variation of both inductive reactance and
resistance daring testing Convo functions oF ypedance plane iran cn include,
‘tare nos mtd te following
‘+ Prequeny: Adjusts the equeney a wich the AC generator dives the est oi
© Gain (Sensvin, dB): Adjusts ampliestion ofthe bridge ouput signal for display
(Goe Mode of Operation
+ HortzomalVertcal Do Pasion: Aja dot postion an the display
Phase Rotation: Rote the destin of do deflection
' Bolonc ul, ero): Adjust impedance to be identi on bah sides of the bridgeFIGURE 8:23 Porablimpadaos plane play instrument
(Clear: Eases te dpa
Fitters: Prevent cela of signal above andor below a eran frequency range
Drive: Adjuts vole atplitde appli to the es ol
expanded relative the ake or
lifetion: A
Mutirequency Insruments
Development of multfrequency insrunents was av ofthe most signifian od
the evolution of ey current testing rdware: These instrament acl lina
Wat had been obe ofthe most severe imitations ofthe mod, the ic hat snlFIGURES26 Proton line syste intranet.
‘sed by diferent material variables can vector nto combined signal that become i
Fal to itrpret. In ation they offer potential for substan enancemen of poe
fmance. Driving the tes col at more than one Requeney, multequeney ssramente
«an no ony spay th test activa each frequency septs bt ab alzo sh 0°
fale “nixed ouput of diferent fequency signals stated fom each other. These
“xprbitceresut athe following our nvaniges
‘Sippresion of Undvied Variables. The ably to subract signal hm each oer
and splay the diffeeace a mid ouput permits eliminnton of uodesed sigh
he capa. This etree the reason why mutequencyisruments wer nally
developed: to suppres signals fom steel suppats dung inspoctin of noaterrmag.
ei oes, as wel as veduce i aie da to probe wobble, A two-freueney it
Strument can eliminate one source of unwanted signal Each atonal feqeny
les theming ot of ah addional ype of sina
Optimisation of Normally Contradictory Test Variables. Use of multiple rguonces
allows more than ane feqbeney-depensent performance variable be opined
Inulneousy, For example, during irservize be inspection using internal ei, 4
higher requncy provides seni to nner diameter contin, while & lower
ffequeey provides the penceation needed to detest outer diameter icons.
4. Signa Idenificaion by Patern Recognition. A given signal defection coud be
‘uted by a number of detecuble candiens. However, each condition exhibits 8
‘nige pte of behavior when viewed over a wide range of fequenees Mule:
‘quency Instumeats display this bavi, entancing the ikekinood of ening the
{Tue tie of he sina
SimitaneousAtsole/Diferendal Operation. Some mulifequeeyisiraments have
‘he advange of lowing 2 ingle dat coi asembly to be opted snukaneosly
botabslute and citeensia mode (ae Mode of Operation, below) cig in al the
required testing ine when te Inspection is vege Yo be prfored sing bath of
thas ectmiques828 coupren scr
‘Two types of multiequecy instrument ar availble: mulplexed and muiichanne
“Mutpiexed equipment operates at only ane fequeny at veh insta, rapsly sich:
ing among the svalabeequencies Ths the fests not beng performed simalanoosy
tall frequencies, although tbe display gives the illson tht hiss the ese, Mala
‘ns equipent is he equivalent of baving me than one ed crrentstamentshting
2 Single display screen ary moltequeney instruments reed ta signal mixing be
Pefarmod manually by the ehniin. Recent designs, sich athe ni shown in igi
$55, perform the mining atomataly
85.2 Test Coi
édy curent techniques are often lasied according tthe made of peritian and asi
‘configuration ofthe est col esenly. Made of operation Seteineshew the name
inertaces with th tes specimen, sch as weber ts comparing ol np om the est
specie toa reference cil absolte operation) or ether is comparing el pat
tom tw ajacent potions ofthe est specimen 1 ach oe (ferential operation), a
{ie configuration determines how’ clear pissy packaged to fit" the et obec
‘hats whether the ell spproaches portion of the est surface in a probelive fishin
(sarface coi, whee fly ences the outer cicimfrece ofthe test obs (en
ling oi, or whether it passes tough the inside of tubule produc itera oi Cot
Assign, aswell 5 mapitade and frequency of te applied caren al afc the eleto-
Imagroi field developed by the cl
More of Operation
‘With most dy came instrumeats, the coil asemby is connected tothe instuent via
bridge ciety as usted in Figure 6-26. Badges are capable of deecting ery sl
FIGURES25 Malifeqency istrunen.Do CURRENT TESTING, 229
ac Display
FIGURE S26. Bridgecieie
Impedance vations. At the start of the et the instrament operator alin the bridge
to provide reference sgl During esting, the dpay provides a readout of tidge
Talc eased hy intercon ofthe col wh the tet mae,
“Absolute si onfgrations (Figure #27) pace single coil on th est material and
‘mpl a second col ealed Balance fad remote fom te ts materi to balance he
Fridge: Absolute cols detect any condition Ut afects ey crn lw. Alou this
ans tha they are capable of detecting any type of endon to which the ey ciret
‘ethod is sensitive aso means that they ae seat to potently unwanted signals
Such as lif-of abd material emperaure varaons
Diferenia oil contigs (Piguie £28) use a matched pai of eis a perform 8
comparison. Both oil ate coupled to the test materi, with one porn of the fx mate
‘il being compared to ance, Cnitens sensed by tah ols oe not deteved, wheres
onions sensed by only one coll are detected, This hs the advantage of suppressing
temperate ad lio varitons, Suppression of i-off lg stall dicoatinutes be
‘istngised fom lit-off noise The dorsi to diffrent cols i tat they provide no
‘Signal when a deec condition s simultaneously tse ty bot cols, Ths, aren
ails wl only display the ends of long somtimes they ate no setive to gad
‘iscontiulty variations and could ignore long discon etiey send ate vy
‘arom, Diflerenial col signals ar also dfcl to sept the digplayed signal repee-
Sent the dference between two eos” mpesanes, rater han he inipednce of single
i's interaction with th est stil,
x)
Dapp
FIGURE #27 Absit ol onigutin830 counrrensronr
FIGURE 828 Dien ci cotguation
Exierna Reference coil coniguations (Figure 8:2) combine etre of ot he ab
Selue and fret modes, placing one col n contact with he txt material andthe
‘ter ol coupled oa reference standard. This einige provides ah ndicetion what
the test material ifr fom the stad
Basie Configurations
Surface Coils. Surface cul are usally designe tobe hand-held and are enesed in
proberype housings for sang material suraces Surface cls ae svi in ee
{ut shapes and ses to meet different aplication nods There eval rove variety
Surface col design than with enccing and nema coil, Some of ther re asta
Iy Smal, wound ith wire ner han human ha Some surface col san perform 9
fy of applications, whereas eters have bee configured to it specie size std shape of
{est specinen. Fr example, surace probes hve ben fied with guides fo cable ting
the coi along the edge of turbine lads
Most surface cis ae “tobbin wound” like «spool oF dhead (Figue 8308) an are
FIGURE 839 Extemal ference coi coafguationVocê também pode gostar