DC 437

..
40329
, 2010

,

.
_______________________________________________________________ 3
______________________________________________________________________ 6
___________________________________________________________________ 7
ABSTRACT ____________________________________________________________________ 9
_____________________________________________________________________ 10
____________________________________________________________________ 12
1. - ____________________________________________________ 12
2. __________________________________ 14
2.1. _____________________________________________________________________ 14
2.1.1. (primary sludge) ______________________________________________________ 15
2.1.2. (secondary sludge) ___________________________________________________ 15
2.1.3. (chemical sludge) __________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.4. (mixed sludge) _____________________________________________________________ 16
2.1.5. (digested sludge biosolids) _____________________________________ 16
2.1.6. (septic sludge) ____________________________________________________________ 17
2.2. ___________________________________________________ 17
2.3. __________________________________________________________________ 21
3. ___________________________________________________ 25
3.1. __________________________________________________________________ 27
3.2. _______________________________________________________ 27
3.3. (thickening) ____________________________________________________________ 28
3.3.1. (gravity thickening). _______________________________________________ 28
3.3.2. (mechanical thickening)_________________________________________ 29
3.3.3. (flotation thickening)_______________________________________________ 31
3.4. (stabilization) _____________________________________________________ 33

3.4.1. (alkaline stabilization) ___________________________________________ 34
3.4.2. (anaerobic digestion) _________________________________________________ 37
3.4.3. (aerobic digestion) _____________________________________________________ 40
3.4.4. (composting) _________________________________________________________ 44
3.5. (pasteurisation disinfection) _____________________________ 54

3.6. (conditioning) __________________________________________________________ 55
3.6.1. (chemical conditioning) _________________________________________________ 56
3.6.2. (elutriation) _________________________________________________________________ 57
3 229
3.6.3. (thermal conditioning) _______________________________________________ 57
3.7. (dewatering) _________________________________________________________ 58

3.7.1. ________________________________________________________ 58
3.7.2. (mechanical dewatering) ______________________________________ 60
3.8. (thermal drying)_________________________________________________ 64

3.8.1. (direct dryers) _________________________________________________________ 68
3.8.2. (indirect dryers)_______________________________________________________ 75
3.9. (incineration) _______________________________________________________ 81

3.9.1. - (multiple-hearth incineration) _________________________________ 83
3.9.2. (fluidized-bed incinerator) ____________________________ 84
3.9.3. (rotary kiln incinerator) ______________________________ 85
3.9.4. ___________________________________________________________ 86
4. ___________________________________________________ 89
4.1. (sea disposal) ____________________________ 89
4.2. (lagooning) _________________________________________________________ 90
4.3. (dumping) ____________________________________________________________ 90
4.4. (sanitary landfill)________________________________________________ 90
4.5. (land application) ____________________________________________ 91
4.5.1. _____________________________________________ 92
4.5.2. ____________________________________________________________ 96
4.5.3. __________________________________________________________________ 97
4.6. ___________________________________________________ 99
4.7. _____________________________ 102
___________________________________________________________________ 103
5. _________________________ 103
5.1. __________________________________________ 105
5.1.1. 86/278/ - _______________________ 106
5.1.2. 86/278/ ____________________________________________ 118
5.1.3. 2000/76/________________________________________________________________ 122
5.1.4. TA Luft ____________________________________ 124
5.2. _______________________________________ 125
6. ______________________________________ 128
6.1. ______________________ 128
6.2. __________________________________________ 131
6.2.1. __________________________________________________________________________ 131
6.2.2. ________________________________________________ 132
6.3. _________________ 141

6.3.1. _____________________________________________________ 142
4 229
6.3.2. ___________________________________ 148
6.4. _____________________________________ 149
7. ____________________________________________ 170
7.1. __________________________________________________ 170
7.2. ___________________________________________________________ 176
7.3. _______________________________________________ 183
8. ________________________ 188
8.1. __________________________________________________________ 190
8.2. _______________________________________________________________________ 192
8.3. ___________________________________________________________________ 192
8.4. __________________________________________________________ 192
8.5. ________________________________________________________________ 192
8.6. ___________________________________________________________________ 193
8.7. ____________________________________________________________________ 193
___________________________________________________________________ 195
9. Case Study _______________________________________________________ 195
10. ________________________________________________ 196
11. ______________________ 200
12. _____________________________________________ 209
___________________________________________________________ 218
_________________________________________________________________ 222
_______________________________________________________________ 229
5 229

.

,
2009 2010, . .
,

.

.

, .
, .
,
.
, .

. ,
, /,
/
.
/, 2010

6 229
. )

, , )

( 100.000 )

.

.
,
Eurostat,
- , .
,

( < 20.000 m3/d). ,
, , , , .
.
, (..
, , , ). ,
.
-15, ,
,
. ,
,
.
- ,

.

,
.
, , ,
.
, 3
: ,
.
7 229
, , , ,
.
,

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,
,
.
8 229
ABSTRACT
Municipal wastewater treatment results in the production of large quantities of sludges,
which constitute a high polluting load that requires proper and environmentally accepted
disposal or reuse. The aims of the present MSc thesis is a) the investigation of sludge
treatment and final disposal methods that are applied in the EU countries by presenting
the available techniques and their basic characteristics, the current situation and the future
perspectives, and b) the implementation of literature reviews conclusions in a case study
(Greek city of 100.000 p.e.) and the evaluation of three different scenarios for the
advanced treatment of sludge using multicriteria analysis.
The literature review reveals that a great variety of sludge treatment technologies is used
in the EU countries, which have a direct and bidirectional relationship with final disposals
main choices. The study of available data for sludge treatment methods, originating mainly
from European Commission and Eurostat reports, indicate significant differences between
the EU member-states, but also between regions of the same country. Anaerobic digestion
is appeared to be the most popular stabilization method, whereas aerobic digestion is the
prevailing technology in a number of countries in cases of small wastewater treatment
plants, WWTPs (flow < 20.000 m3/d). On the other hand, thermal drying is expanded with
quick rates in many countries such as Germany, Italy, France and UK. Composting and
chemical stabilization with lime are generally of minor importance, although they are used
considerably in a few countries (for example Finland, Czech Republic, Sweden, Poland).
Furthermore, the majority of WWTPs uses mechanical dewatering. Regarding the methods
of final disposal in the EU-15 the reuse - including direct agricultural application and
composting - is the predominant choice for sludge management. Incineration follows in
preference and presents rapid increase trends, in contrast to landfilling that is the last
solution and it is abandoned with fast rates. The sludge management philosophy differs
between the old and new member-states of the EU, as the second are characterized by a
slight ascendancy of reuse compared to landfilling and a minimal use of incineration.
In the last part of the essay, a case study is applicated for a typical medium-sized WWTP
in Greece, which is operated using conventional activated sludge process. The basic
sludge treatment line includes mixed sludge production, gravity thickening, anaerobic
digestion, chemical conditioning and mechanical dewatering. The advanced treatment of
the produced dewatered sludge that follows to achieve final product sanitation, includes 3
alternative management scenarios: In-vessel composting, lime treatment and complete
thermal drying. For the comparative evaluation of these scenarios, a multicriteria analysis
is used taking into account economic, technical, legal, characteristic of final product and
environmental criteria. According to the results of the co-evaluation, composting is the
most advantageous method while the other two technologies appear almost equivalent,
with lime treatment being slightly more proper. The sensitivity analysis that is implemented
in two ways, preserves the premiership of composting, but reverses the grade among the
other two other methods, bringing thermal drying in the second place with little or medium
difference from lime stabilization.
9 229

. : .
, ,
.
(),

: .
,

. ,
,

.

:
. ,

,
. ,

. , ,

,
, .
3 .
,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
T
.
, ,
-,
.
Eurostat,
10 229
,
90 .
.

.
(case study),

.
, 3
.
. ,
,
. , /
.

.
11 229

1. -

.
(. 1)
(screenings), (grit), (scum),
(Wang et al.,
2008).
1. - -
(http://www.wikipedia.gr).

(wastewater sludge sewage sludge).
.
0,25 7% ..
, , ,
, . ,
,
(primary sludge), (secondary sludge),
(return activated sludge)
(waste activated sludge) (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).
12 229

(biosolids),
(stabilized sewage sludge). ,
,

[(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006) (Wang et al., 2008)].

() 1% . , ,
,

. ,
.
40 50% . ,
,
-
.
13 229
2.

,
. ,

.

, .

, .
2.1.

. ,
, ()
() 2.
,
, () .
(settleable) , (fibers), ,
, , ,
, , .
2.
[( (EC, 2001 )].
14 229
(raw sludge)
.
,
, (
), ( ), ,
.
, ,
(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).
2.1.1. (primary sludge)

.
, .

.
,
50% .. ( ) .
, 2 7%

,
( ) (, 1998).
,
.
, 100
,
, .
2.1.2. (secondary sludge)

()
, (activated sludge),
(membrane bioreactors), (trickling filters)
(rotating biological contactors).
,

.

.

.

.
15 229
,
, , . ,

( ) 0,4 1,5% . 1 4% .., .
,
(c), ,
, .
,
98,5 - 99,5%. , ,

. ,
( , 2008).
,
,
2.1.3. (chemical sludge)

, .. ,
. ,
,
.

, p,
, .

200%,
25 50%.

. ,
,
. -.
, . ,
,
. ,
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).
2.1.4. (mixed sludge)

H
, .
2.1.5. (digested sludge biosolids)

:
16 229
.
.
.
.
.
, .
.

. ,
.
,
.
2.1.6. (septic sludge)

. ,

, .

.

.
,
,
.
,
, ,
.
.

,
.

.

(
, 2008).
2.2.

.
17 229
, 0,2 0,3 kg/m3

.
,
0,24 kg/m3 (WEF, 1998).
(
) ,
.
0,1 0,3 kg/m3
.

. 50 65%,
60%
.
,
,
. ,
(.
3). ..

.
.

(%)
()
3.
[ (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006)].
18 229

1
.
.
0,01 Kg COD/d, 0,06 Kg SS/d, 1 kg/L,
1,05 kg/L
0,35 0,45 kg SS/kg COD (). ,
() (solids capture)
100%,
. 2
,
3 .
19 229
1
(Andreoli et al., 2007).

gSS
d
L
d
DS (%)
gSS
d
DS (%)
gSS
d
DS (%)
gSS
d
DS (%)
L
d
35-45
0,6-2,2
2-6
35-45
4-8
25-28
4-8
25-35
2,5-6
0,6-1
25-35
2-3
2-5
3-7
16-22
1,5-4
1-2
60-80
3-7
4-8
3-6
38-50
30-40
25-35
20-30
20-25
0,10-0,17
0,11-0,20
0,13-0,25
0,15-0,25
0,8-1,2
40-45
2-3
3-6
3-6
40-45
25-35
20-30
15-20
15-20
0,11-0,17
0,13-0,21
0,19-0,29
0,19-0,29
60-80
40-45
3,1-8,2
3,3-5,6
38-50
35-45
0,6-2,2
2-6
35-45
4-8
20-30
0,8-3,0
1-2,5
20-30
1-3
38-47
30-40
25-35
20-30
20-25
0,09-0,15
0,10-0,18
0,12-0,22
0,14-0,22
30-40
0,05-0,10
55-75
1,4-5,2
1,5-4
55-75
3-7
38-47
3-6
20-30
3-6
20 229
2
[(Andreoli et al., 2007),
(US EPA, 1987)].

(%)
(%)
85-92
95
75-85
80-95
80-95
90-95
80-90
85-95
90-95
(%)
90-98

90-98
90-95
90-95

90-98
90-98
90-95
90-95
90-98

90-98
90-95
90-95
3

(kg/L)
1,14-1,18
1,14-1,18
1,14-1,18
1,27-1,32
1,27-1,32
(kg/L)
1,02-1,03
1,005-1,025
1,02-1,03
1,03
1,05-1,08
2.3.

, ,
.
.
, 10 30%
, 20 50% 20 40% (EC, 2007).

21 229
4
(Metcalf and
Eddy, 2007).

(TS), %
5-9
2-5
0,8-1,2
(%
TS)
60-80
65
30-60
40
59-88
(%
TS)
6-30
5-20
18
7-35
5-12
(%
TS)
20-30
25
15-20
18
32-41
(, %
TS)
1,54
2,5
1,6-3
2,4-5,0
(P2O5,
% TS)
0,8-2,8
1,6
1,5-4
2,5
2,8-11
(2, %
TS)
0-1
0,4
0-3
0,5-0,7
(%
TS)
8-15
10
8-15
10
(
)
2-4
2,5
3-8
15-20
10-20
5-8
6,57,5
6,58
(mg/L
CaCO3)
5001.500
600
2.5003.500
3.000
5801.100

(mg/L HAc)
2002.000
500
100-600
200
1.1001.700
23.000
29.000
25.000
9.000
14.000
12.000
19.00023.000

(SiO2, %
TS)
pH
,
kJ/kg TS

( 5).
22 229
.
, 90%
(Stasinakis and
Thomaidis, 2010). .

, .
5

(EC, 2001 ).
Cd
Cr
Cu
Hg
Ni
Pb
Zn

(mg/kg DS)
0,43,8
16275
39641
0,3-3
9-90
13-221
142-2.000
,
, . ,

.
, ,
,
,
( , 2008).

: , , , (),
. 6
. ,
102 103/g DS ( ).
23 229
6

( , 2008).
(/g DS)
Coliforms
Faecal Coliforms
Enterococci
Salmonella spp
Clostridium
Mycobacterium spp
108 109
107 108
106 107
102 103
106
106

(/g DS)
7 x 108
8 x 106
2 x 102
9 x 102
-
,
. ,
.
( , , ) .
,
() . ,

(trixotropic),
. ,
,
(, 1990).
24 229
3.

:

.
.
.
:
(Pumping)
(Primary processes)
(Thickening)
(Stabilization)
(Conditioning)
(Dewatering)
(Thermal drying)
(Incineration)
7
, 4

. ( )
,
. .
7
(Metcalf & Eddy, 2007).

25 229
(ATAD)
26 229
4. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).
3.1.
,
, , , , , .
, , .
3.2.

.
:

(.. )
.
.
.
3 6 mm
2 5 mm.
27 229

. ..,

.
.

.
, ,
.
, ,
(.. ) .
0,05 m3/s,
,
.

( ,
, ). (..
) (.. ).
2 3
, .
3.3. (thickening)
(condensation)

, .
3
6% (60 kg/m ),
( .., 2005).

0,8% . 4% ..,
1/5 (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).
:

3.3.1. (gravity thickening).

,
/, 3 - 3,5 m.
28 229
, ,
,
.
,
. ,
, 95%

(, 1990).
,
.
, 5 kWh t DS
( .., 2005).

.
3.3.2. (mechanical thickening)

( ).
(gravity belt thickener)
,
( 5).

, .
,
.
, 5
7% (WEF, 1998). 40 kWh/t DS
( .., 2005).
29 229
5. [(Metcalf and Eddy,

2007) ( , 2008)].
(rotary drum thickener)
(
) ( 6).
,

.
.
6. (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).
30 229

.
- .
(centrifugal thickener)
,
.

.

.
7.
.
7. Pieralisi Hellas A.E.

(Kissandrakis, 2006).
,
,
. .
,
.

60 kWh/t DS.
3.3.3. (flotation thickening)

, .
,
. ,
, ,

( .., 2005). ,
31 229

( 50 m 100 m).

4% 85% ,
.
6% 8%.
, ,
'
(, 1990).
,
100 kWh/t DS 130 kWh/t DS ( .., 2005).

.
8
[(EC, 2001 ), (Turovskiy and
Mathai, 2006), (Kissandrakis, 2006)].
-
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9 H2S
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
32 229
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
3.4. (stabilization)

.
(
, 2008). , ,
:

,

. ,

. , ,

,
.
:

(
)

,
.
, ,
33 229
,
.
9

9

[ (WEF, 1998)].

+++
++
++

++
+++
+++

++
+++
+++

++++
+++
+++
(ATAD)
++
+++
+/++
++++
+++
+/++

+
++
+++
++++
3.4.1. (alkaline stabilization)

. .

.
(CaO) Ca(OH)2 ,
pH 12.
, .
,
,
, pH
12,
3 ,
, .

. , ,
pH 25C 30C,
.
(CO2, , )
pH ,
,
34 229
pH . H
(
), (- ),
> 15% DS. ,
30 50%
(. 0,3 0,5 kg CaO/ kg DS)
% CaO ,
1%. , CaO 10%
20%, 30% TS.

5 kWh/t DS .
,
:
.
.
.
(
).
.
.
.
.
:
8. ( .., 2007).
35 229

, .
, ,
. ,
,
,
.

. ,
,
.
.
,
( ..,
2007).

, :

,
.

.
,

.
.

.

... :

(Spring Barley Hordeum Vulgare L)
Antrim Down, Northern Ireland.
, ,
. ,
, pH .
Oak Grove, Anoka County, Minnesota, USA,
(35%)
.
Des Moines, Iowa, USA,
.
36 229
3.4.2. (anaerobic digestion)

, ,
, .
( ) .

o
o
o
o
(30 C 38 C) (50 C 57 C). ,
: ) , )
) ( .., 2005).
[( .., 2005),
(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006)] :
( 40% 60%)
.
.

.
3
(0,8 1,2 m /kg VS ),

CH4 .
.
: ,
,
( 1 - 2log10).

,
.
0,8 m3/kg VSS 25 L/d (Andreoli
et al., 2007).
,

.
,
, .
:

. '
,
. ,
37 229
. ,
. ,
50% (, 1990).
,
30 60 .
( ),
.
( 9)
.
, ,
.
. ,
.
9. /.
,
( 10).
,
.
10 15 , 25
, . ,
, (30 - 38 C)
(50 - 60 C) (, 1990).
,
. ,
,
,
(Processes to Further Reduce Pathogens, PFRP)
, (
) (Processes to
Significantly Reduce Pathogens, PSRP)
.
38 229
10. : )
) (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).

, ,
, / (A/G) ( 11).
(Temperature-Phased Anaerobic
Digestion / TPAD,) ,

,
: .
VSS TPAD 15 25%
(Schafer and Farrel, 2000).
39 229
11. : )
, ) - , ) ) /
) (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).
.
,
. ,

. ,
( ) .

> 19.000 m3/d .
.
( IPPC)
..> 80.000 100.000
(, 2001).
(, ). , ,
,
.
3.4.3. (aerobic digestion)

.
.
(
40 229
) ( )

, - (, 1990).
,

( ).
, CO2, H2O NH3.
, . ,
75 80% , 20
25%
,
50C ( ).
(5
6 ), ,
( .., 2005).
:

(autothermal thermophilic aerobic
digestion, ATAD)

( 12).

. 12, () ()
. () ()

. ,
(
).

.
. 18 24 h
55 65 C,
10 .
, ,
,
, ,
(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006) .

,
41 229
.
.
,

.

,
. ,
.
, ATAD
(> 38% VSS) (
US EPA).
40 70 C,
( 20.000 kJ/kg
VSS ).
,
.
ATAD (Turovskiy
and Mathai, 2006) :
(5 8 ) 40 50% VSS.
, ,
,
US
EPA.
,
.
25% ,
40 C.
.
:
.
4%
( 5 6%).

.
.
.
.

, .
42 229
70 40 ,
(Stensel and Coleman, 2000).
()
()
()
()
1- , 2- , 3- ,
4- , 5- , 6- ,
7- , 8- , 9- ,
10-, 11- , 12- , 13-
12.
[ (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006)].
,
,
.
< 20.000 m3/d (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).
, ,
.

43 229
10

[(Metcalf and Eddy, 2007), ( .., 2005), (Turovskiy and Mathai,
2006), (, 1990)].
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
BOD,
TSS

.
,
.

.
.
.

.
,
.
9 , 5-10
,
.
9
.
9 .
9
(
), , ,
,
.
9
( 85%).
,
> 40.000 . (EC, 2007).
3.4.4. (composting)

.

.
,
. 20 30%
CO2 H2O.
,
50 70 C
.
,
: ,
. , ,
. ,
, ,
, (
, 2008).
,
( ),

44 229
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
, (.. )
(.. , ),
. :
(windrows)
. ,
, 0,4 ha/t
DS/ (Andreoli et al., 2007).
(aerated static piles)
- .
0,13 ha/t DS/.
/ (in-vessel systems)
.

(0,06 ha/t DS /).
.

, .
( ) ,
.
50 60% ( 50 - 40%).

( 15 - 25%),
, .
, ,
.

C/N 26 31.
C/N,
(Oorschot et al., 2000). ,
pH. , pH
6,5 8 .
, pH 5,5
9 ( .., 2007).
, , /
,
. , ( 3 - 4
45 229
).
( , ) 30 ,
,
.

, .
-, .
.

.
,
.
.

,
, ,
.

:

, ,
:
( 13)
.
(,
2003):
) .
) ( ) .
) .
) .
) .
) .

. ,
.
,
( - ).
1,5 - 3,0 m,
,
46 229
.
( 3 - 5 m,
), ,
.
.
.

.

. , ,
.

. (
) .

. :
(straddle turners) (side-cutting windrow turners).
:
9
.
9
.

.
9
.
13.
. [ (www.cwc.org/organics/organic_htms/cm976rpt.htm)].
47 229
- 5
, ,
. ,
30 . ,
, 50 90 (Andreoli et al., 2007).

.
, ,

(.. ,
). ,
(1 - 2 )
, .

. Rudgers
Beltsville. O ,
, .
50
.
,
.
2%
. :

. 25 cm
,
. 15 m
2,5 m.

. 28
. 21
. 7

.

, 20 - 25 cm 1,6 m
, .
. O
. :
() ()
.

.
48 229

.
,
(, 2003).
5-8
. ,

. 15-20 m/h/t .
5 15 min 15 min
.
.

.

.
30 100 L/t DS.

.

. . ,
.
.
(, 2009 ). WEF (1998)
30 60 14 21 .

, , .
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,

( .., 2007).

( 9 m).
.
,
.
,
49 229
.
,
(
).

, CO2
( )
.

( ), .
,
.
.

,
.

,
.
,
.
, .
, 3 m, (
14). ,
.
(.. ),
.
, ,
(, , , ) , .
50 229
14. [
(www.hgleach.co.nz/Tirohia_compost_solutions.html)].

15 - 30 ,
4-12
( ). ,
( - biocells, tunnel composting, - box
composting), (bay composting), (extended
beds) (rotating drum composting).
.
, ,
,
,
.

,
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
,
. ,
51 229
(100 1000 m3) (20 40 m3),

,
( 3.000 - 5.000 ).

,
, .
(composting bays and
extended beds) ,

,
( 15). ,
,
,
.
.
2 3 .
, ,
, .

, (..
, , ).
(
),
( ).
15. (, 2003).
52 229
,
. ,
,
,
.

( 72 ),

.
,
(
,
),
. 12
- 24 .
, ,
, < 5 ,
. ,
.

(, 2003).
WEF (1998)
28 35 , 14
.
compost
, ,
, .

.
,
.
compost

,
,
, , ,

.
,
:
.
.
(marketing) .
53 229
,
60.
( )
.
, ,
, .
, . , , ,
, . ,
70 (Turovskiy and
Mathai, 2006).
,
(Evans et al., 2004).
3.5. (pasteurisation disinfection)

70 - 80 C 30
4 C (Andreoli et al., 2007).
(
).
.
, -
(US EPA, 1993). ,
.
,
, ( 9).
.
,
, 16.
54 229
16.
[ (Strauch, 1998)].
,
.
( ) .
,
, , pH,
, ( .., 2005).
3.6. (conditioning)
,
97 98%,
70 80% , .
(free)
(bound) . ,
,

.
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
(, 1990).
55 229

( ). ,
,
, ..,
, -
,
,
,
[(Metcalf and Eddy, 2007) (, 1990)].
3.6.1. (chemical conditioning)

,
.
,
. ,
, .
,
20 30%.
,
, .
. ,
,
.
( ,
, , pH, ) . ,

: ,
.
, ,
.
,
:
11
(EC, 2001 ).

56 229
9
.
9
.
9 .
.
.
9
.
9
.
9
.
3.6.2. (elutriation)
, .

.

( , ),
,
.
.
: ) )
(, 1990).
,
10 15% .
,

,
3.6.3. (thermal conditioning)

, .
(160 210C)
(30 90 min) (10 15 atm).
,
. , ,

.
12

57 229
12
[(Turovskiy and
Mathai, 2006), (EC, 2001 ), (, 2001)].
9
.
50 60% .
9
.
9
.
9 ,

.
9
(28 30 kJ/g ).
9 .
9
.
9 .
,
, .
9
.
9
.
9
.
9
,
.
9
, , .
,
- ,
- .
3.7. (dewatering)

, .
- (cake) ,
, (
)
(, 1990). ,
3
45% (450 kg/m ) ( .., 2005).
(
) (
).
3.7.1.
(drying beds)

( 17), ,
.
.
58 229
(Metcalf & Eddy, 2007):

20 cm,
4, .
.

( .., 2005).
17. [(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006),

(http://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/images/Engineering%20Images/drying_beds_dalby.JPG)].

3
40% (400 kg/m ),
.
59 229
,
.

(, 1990). ,
, . ,
.
(drying lagoons)
( 18)
, ,
.
36 40 kg/m3yr

20 40% 3 - 12 .
18.
(http://whatiscivilengineering.csce.ca/images/
water_resources/waste_treatment/sludge_lagoon.jpg).
0,6 1,2 m 1:3. ,

.
1 - 3 .
, .

(reed beds), , .
3.7.2. (mechanical dewatering)

.
,

. ,
(FeCI3, CaO) (),
.
, ,

60 229
.

.
10 - 30% (300 kg/m3),
. , : 30
80kWh/t DS, .
25%
.
.
,
.
.

,
.

30% ,
,
.
(vacuum filters).
() ,
, , , 5
10% 30% .
( 19).
, ,

(, 1990).
19. (, 1990).
61 229

, 1000
.
(belt filters press)
,
. ,

. ,
.

( 20).
"S".
o,
( , 2008). ,
(,
4, 5 7 bar ).
20. (Metcalf &

Eddy, 2007).

. ,
,
.

35 kWh/t DS.
(filters press)
,
,
.
(
62 229
.., 2005).
.

( 45%),
,
.
(
)
30. ,
. 30 40 kWh/t DS.

13
[(Metcalf and Eddy,
2007), (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006), EC (2001) ].

9
9
(
)
9
9

9

9
9
9 (
)
9
9

9
.
9

63 229
9
9

9
9
9
.
9

9
9

9

9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

9
9
9
,

9
9
9

9
9
9
9
9
9
9

.
9
9
9
9
9

9
3.8. (thermal drying)

3 :
().
.

10%, :
.
64 229
.
.
.

,
( .., 2005).
,
.
( 21),
(, 2006).
21. (, 2004).

, (Metcalf & Eddy,
2007).

( ).
(<85% )
,
(>85% ).

(, 2004).
,
.
.
,
.
0,5 t/h 30 t/h (EEA, 1997).
,
:
(direct dryers)
(indirect dryers)
65 229
(mixed dryers)
,
, ( 22).
,
,
( 23). (pellets)
85%,
90% (Andreoli et al., 2007).
22. (, 2009 ).
66 229
23. (, 2009 ).
,
.
(..
).

.
,
.
.

(<100 C),
.

.

10% .
N2
( 114218/97).

(, , ).
/ .
. ,
,
(, 2004).
67 229
. ,
, . ,
( 90% DS) 300 l/t DS
50 kWh/t DS . ,
,

. ,
(.. ).

.
.
, ,
, ,
730 C (, 2006).
3.8.1. (direct dryers)

, . ,

.
:
(flash dryers)
.
, , ,
, (
24).

40 - 50%.
50%,
. ,
. ,
650 - 700 C, .
.
,
. ,

.
, 70 C
,
(.. ).
.
68 229
24.
(, 2006).
100 - 150 C
750
C .
.
,
.

. ,
50 5 6 .

.
10%
.
. ,
69 229

(, 2006).
(rotary drum dryers)
.

(3 4) .
,
.
.
. 50%
75%. 25.
25. (http://www.feeco.com).

5 8 rpm.

. 400 - 550 C
100 - 120 C.
( ).
. ,
. ( )
, ( 1 - 5
mm) .
.
,
. .

. ,
70 229
, , ,
,
(, 2004).
,

(triple pass) ,
.

.

/, .
.
Bypass
26.
[ (, 2008)].
.

. ,
,
71 229
( 27).
.
.

Direction
Of rotation
Hot
gas
in
27.
[ (, 2004)].
,

( ),
. .
70% 90%.

.
,
, .
1.000 10.000 kg/h 350 2.000 kg/h (Turovskiy and
Mathai, 2006).
(belt dryers)
90% DS (Wang et al., 2008).
(,
, ) ,
.
, (pelletizer,
8 mm ).
( )
,
25 30 mm.
,

. ( 110
150 C) , ,
(, 2008).
.

72 229
().
,
.
, ,
, . ,
pelletizer ,
, .

.
, ,
(,
2004).
, ,

( ),
(, 2008).
,
, ( 28).

73 229
28. , ) )
(, 2004).

,
(45-50 C)
() .
2 - 4 ,
.
5-15 cm.

.
( ),
.
,
.
, kg
, (
) 0,7 1,2 KWh/kg H2O.
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , .
, ,

.. Otto
.
,
,
. , ,

90 C .
( 750 Kg
).
(Fluidized-bed dryers)
,
1990.

, ,
,
, / (..
74 229
)
.
,
. ,

(, 2004).
(
) , ,
85% - 95% 750 800 kg/m3.
45 kWh/t H2O (, 2006).

(10 -15 min) .
,

. ,
.
, .
,
[(Metcalf and Eddy, 2007)
(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006)].

.

.
,
, .
3.8.2. (indirect dryers)

( )
.
(paddle / hollow-flight / disk dryers)
.
(. 29)
, .
,
. 88% 100%
.

.
. ,
,
,
75 229

, .
. ,

,
.

( .., 2005).
29. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).

.
. ,
. ,
. ,

.
. ,
.
(,
2004).
,

. Largo Florida ,
85% 8%
. 0,53 t DS/h
254,50$/t DS, 38$/ t DS
(Craven et al., 2004).
76 229
(thin layer dryers)

, ,
, .

5 - 15 mm .
, .

. ,
,
.

.
,
.
,
.

( 30%
DS). ( 30%
DS) .
(
60 - 70%)
.
60% ,
(, 2004).
(Carver-Greenfield)
(Carver-Greenfield),
4 ( 114218/97):
.
.
.
.
(
30).
.
.
, .
77 229
30. Carver-Greenfield
(, 2006).
,

.
.
,
.
, ,
:

(, )

9
9
9

, -
.
78 229
,
.
, Carver-Greenfield
,
. ,

.
, .
:
(opposing jet dryer).
Turovsky (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).

. 0,05 0,08 kWh/kg
(direct microwave drying). 90% DS
100% , .
.
(chemical drying).
.
/ .
14
.
14
[(, 2004),
(, 2008)].

9
9 .
9

9
.
9
9
.
9
9 .
9
.
79 229

2 t/h
.

( 6070%).

.

.

.
9
5 t/h
.
9 .
9
9
9
9
9
.
9 .
9 .
9
.
9
9
9
9
9
.
9 Compact .
9 .
9 .
9
9
9
9
.
9
.
9
9
9 ,
.
9
.
9
().
9
.
9
.
9
, ,
, .
9
.
80 229

.
,
.

.

.

2 t/h
.
pelletizer
.
.

.

( 2 t/h
).

.

.

.
.

.

.
9 .
9

.
9

.
9
.
9 .
9
.
CarverGreenfield
9

.
9
.
9
.
9 .
9
.
3.9. (incineration)

, CO2, H2O
() .
420 500 C ,
760 820 C (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).
,
(
, self-sustaining process), 60 70% 65 - 70% (- ,
autocombustible sludge).
( 4) ,

(, 1990).

15
[(Turovskiy and Mathai,
2006), (, 2001), (, 1997)].
9 95%
.
9 .
9 .
9 .
9

,
.
9 .
9 ,
.
9 .
9
9
9
81 229
.

.

( ,
).

, ,
,

. ,
31
cake
&
31.
(EC, 2006 ).

/ -

. , ,
2,5 t H2O/h.
, . ,
23% DS (, 1997).
,
.. ()
. ,
,
(- co-incineration),
..
(Andreoli et al., 2007). ,
82 229
(vitrification)
(, 1997).
:
-

3.9.1. - (multiple-hearth incineration)

1935
.
(mass burn combustion).

,
(.
32). 3 : ) , )
) .

. , 6 - 8 m
4 - 12 .
32. - (, 1990).
,
83 229
, ,
, , ,
,
.

.
315 - 480 C
, , ,
,
PCB's.
850 C,
.

( .., 2005).
, ,

, -
,
, , . ,

,
.
3.9.2. (fluidized-bed incinerator)

.
(1970)
. ,
(~85%) .
(>98%),

x (< 400 ppm) (Sharma et al., 2000).
(, 1997): T ,
,
, (, , ,
) .

(.. , , ..).
: ) (BFB-Bubbling Fluidized
Bed) ) (CFB-Circulating Fluidized Bed).

.
EBARA, Japan,
84 229
(Differential Fluidized Bed),

(
). ( )
(demonstration) ,
, RDF, .

,
. , 1980
,

, 99%,
( .., 2005).

.
( - )

. ,
3.9.3. (rotary kiln incinerator)

(> 800 C) ,

.
.
, ,
- -
. .

.
.

- [(Rovaglio et al,.
1998) (Sharma et al., 2000)]. ,

.
(Kikuchi, 2001).
,

1 10 t/h ( 50%).
85 229

,

. ,
, ,

.
3.9.4.

. :

(wet oxidation),
, , ,
250 C ( 70 150 bar)
. ,
( )
( .., 2005). Zimpro
Zimmermann
, .
.
,
.

,
. , ,
.

.
,
60.
, , ,

.

.

86 229

(deep shaft technology).
1,6 km,
,
, .
. H
(Hall, 1995).
, ,
. ,

200.000 .
20%,
,
. ,

.
,
,
.
(HCl, SO2, )

. ,
(~ 40%),
(25 - 30%).
.
.
(pyrolysis) ,
o
. , 300 C
o
900 C, :
, . ,
,
.
, H2, CO CO2.

.
10.000 t/ 50.000 t/,
.
. ,
30.000 t/,
.

(, + , + ).
87 229
16 ,
, 0,5 25 t DS/h (EC, 2001 ).
200.000 t/ ,
,
.
(gasification)
( )
.
: 900 C 1.100 C ( ),
1.000 C 1.400 C ( ).
. ,
,
(
, 2008).
(fixed bed reactor), (fluidized bed
reactor) (circulating bed reactor).

(, 1997).
, (plasma pyrolysis)
/ (plasma arc heaters/torches)
HC, , .
HC 2.000 4.000 C
80% CO2 H2.
.

.
4.
, 80
.
88 229
4.
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
.

, ,
. ,

.
.
,
[( ., 2005), (, 1990), (EC, 2002)]:
.
.
.
.
.
, . (),
, .
,
.
.
4.1. (sea disposal)

, , .
,
, ,
, (, ,
, ..), , . ,
,
.

, , . ,
. .
89 229
, 11 km ( 6) 70 m. ,
, 12- 50 m
106- 1.800 2.700 m
.
,
70 50 1992
( , 2004). , ,
,
,
4.2. (lagooning)
(lagoons)
20 - 80% , .

35%.
. 0,3 0,5 m2
3 5 m.
,

( ).
,
, ( )
(, 2001).
4.3. (dumping)

, .

(sludge piles or mounds). ,
.
4.4. (sanitary landfill)

:
.

.
:
H
(sludge-only landfills / monofills).
H
, (co-disposal).
90 229

. ,
.

,
.
:
16
(,
2004).
)
-
-

9
9
9
9
.
.

.

9
.
9
.
9
(.. ).
4.5. (land application)

,
. [(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006),
(Meeroff and Bloetscher, 1999)]:
.
.
, , , .
.
, , , .
.
.
.
,
. ,

.

91 229
. ,
. N, P, K
,
. ,

, , ,
. .

. ,

. ,
( 25% )
.

. ,
3 m, 0 3%,
, , .
(, ),
(, pH, ), ,
4.5.1.
.

.
,

.
, ,
.
,
( , 2009 ).

( .., 2005):
( 17),
50% .

.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
92 229

,

.
17
, , (,
2009 ).
TSS
VSS
P
K
(%) (% TSS) (% TSS) (% TSS) (% TSS
25
55
2,5
2
0,2
60
33
0,8
0,5
0,2
27
60
2,2
0,8
1,5
5,0
10,0
10,0

.
4 60% ( 18).
, pH,
, . , N :
< < .
18
(EC,
2001 ).

(%)
24 61
4 - 48
7 - 34
7
4
,

.
.
, , ,

.
.
93 229

2% DS 5 6 %
,
(, 2006).
,
, , , ,
, , , ... (EC, 2001). ,

. ..,

(Mamais et al.,
1999).
(.. ,
)
.
,
( ) ( , , , ).
, (, ,
, ) (, , , ) (,
2004).

, ,

6 .
, . ,
,
.
(lagoons)
. - ,
,
. ,
, ( ..,
2005).
.
( )
.
.

( 33). ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
: .
94 229
33.
(Hall, 1995).
,
.

. ,
.

- .
,
.

.
.
, ,
,
.

, ,
. ,
, :
) 1 :
.
95 229
,
.
) 2 :
. ,

.
) 3 :

.

.
,
,
2 5 (
17). ,

, . ,

. , ,

( .., 2005).
,
,
() .

. , ,
.
4.5.2.

.
. ,
.

. ,

.
,

, ,
(EC, 2002). ,

96 229
. ,
3t
DS/ha/ ( .., 2005).
,
. ,
,
.

. ,
, , .

( ),
.

,
,
.
,
,
,
. ,

.
4.5.3.

.
/
,
.
,
.

, ,
pH, .
,
. , ,
,
, , (EC,
2002). ,

. ,
5 cm, 100 t/ha 150 t/ha. (Water
97 229
Research Center) WRc (1999) 19

.
19
[WRc, (1999)].

t DS/ha
m3/ha
(
(
)
)
50
100
100
100-500
>500

.
, ,

(top soil)
( .., 2005).

(dedicated land disposal / DLD).
,
.
.

,
. 30 250
metric t/ha. ,

.
.
,

. ,
. ,
,
,
. ,

98 229
,
, .

,

. ,
,
(WRc, 1999).

137Cs.
Chernobyl, ,

.
, 2 12
(Meeroff and Bloetscher, 1999).

:
20

(EC, 2000 ).
.
.
.
.
9
9
9
9
9
.
.
.
.

.
9
.
9 .
9
.
9 .
4.6.

[(, 2004), (Meeroff and Bloetscher, 1999), ( .., 2007), (Fytili
and Zabaniotou, 2008)]:
-
.. ,
.
,

.
, , ( ) -
.
99 229
, ,

.
, .
.
(, ).
, ,
, .
.
,
.
.
, , , ...
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
/
, .
,
, .
:
!
-.
(sludge-to-fuel / STF)
,
200 300 C (10 MPa).
- 90%
.
.
. .
,
.
.

30%.

,
, NOX
2 .

100 229
,
.
.
21
(, 2004).
-
-
- -
-

-
-
;
;
;
;
;
:
;
;
;/:
:
;
:
:
:
:
;
:
:
:
:
:
;
:
:
,
, , :
22

(, 2004).
.
.
+++
++
++
++
++
++
++
+++
++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
+++
+++
++
++
+++
+++
++
101 229
.
.
++
++
+++
++
++
++
++
+++
4.7.
,

. ,
. , ,
,
-
, .
23
+/-
+/-
+
+
+/+
+/+
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
+/-
+
-
+
-
+/-
102 229

5.

, ..
.
.
, ( 503
40 CFR).
(US EPA, 1995), ,

,
,
,
.
(exceptional quality
sludge) ,
. ,
(non-exceptional quality sludge)
.
, ,
.

.
24

.

86/278/
(L 181/4.7.1986)
91/156/
(L 78/26.3.1991)

75/442/

80568/4225/91 (
6641//7.8.1991)
114218/97
( 1016//17.12.1997)
103 229
50910/2727/03
( 1909//22.12.2003)

.

.
91/676/E
(L 375/31.12.1991)
16190/1335/97
( 519//25.6.1997)
91/271/
(L 135/30.5.1991
5673/400/97
( 192//14.3.1997
29407/3508/02
( 1572//16.12.2002)
99/31/
(L 182/16.7.1999)
2000/76/
L 332/ 28.12.2000
2001/118/
(L 47/16.2.2001)

()
2003/33/
(L 11/16.1.2003)

16
II
1999/31/
2006/12/
(L 114/27.04.2006)
2008/1/
(L 24/29.1.2008)

( IPPC)
KYA 4641/232/06 (
168/13.02.2006)
22912/1117/05
( 759/B/6.6.2005)

.

,
3 (. 4)
20 ( )
. 29407/3508/2002

(
1572)

.
,
. 1650/86,
. 3010/02 ( 91/25-4-02) .1650/1986
97/11/ 96/61/, , 15393/2332/02 ( 1022/5-802) , .
104 229
11014/703/104/03 (332//20-3-03)
(....)
(...), ).
5.1.
,
86/278/ 91/271/. ,
86/278/EC
-. ,
86/278/
80568/4225/91.
, .
91/271/,

2.000 .
9 . 2005
(Zambrzycki, 2008).
,

.
, ,
31-12-1998.
,
, ,
( ,
, , ..),
. , 3 1
94/3/ 20-12-1993
:
1. .
2. ,

.
91/156/ .
(European Waste Catalogue
94/3/) 91/156,
2001/118/. ,
50910/2727/03,
19
,
, 19-08

19-08-05 .
105 229
19-08-01 19-0802, . 20 ,
20-03 20-03-04
.
20-03-06 .
,
,
.
.
, 99/31/
,
:
25

1995
1995 Eurostat,
99/31/.
16 2010
75%
16 2013
50%
16 2020
35%

. , , ,
,

1995
91/271/
( , ,
, ).
29407/3508/02.
5.1.1. 86/278/ -
86/278/

. ,

.

.
, .

, .
106 229
7 , :

3 .
(
).

, 10
.
,
. :
9
.
9 .
9 .
9
.

86/278/. ,
,
,
. ,
.
(2002) ,
, ,
,
. ,
,

.
,
86/278. ,
- (, , ,
). , (, , , ,
)
IB 86/278/.
:
107 229
26
(mg/kg DS)
[(, 2009 )].
EE
(86/278/)
( 80568/4225/91)
( 114218/97)
Cd
20-40
20-40
5-10
1,25
0,8
39
Cu
1.000-1.750
1.000-1.750
800
600
75
1.000
1.500
Ni
300-400
300-400
200
50
38
30
420
Pb
750-1.200
750-1.200
1.000
100
225
120
300
Zn
2.500-4.000
2.500-4.000
2.000
800
300
4.000
2.800
Hg
16-25
16-25
6-10
2,5
0,75
0,8
17
Cr
Cr(lll):500, Cr(V):10
900
100
75
100
1.200
* ()
27
(mg/kg DS )
, . (FAO, 1992).
EE
(86/278/) ( 80568/4225/91)
6pH7
6pH7
5pH<5,5 5,5<pH<6 6pH7 pH>7
Cd
1-3
1-3
Cu
50-140
50-140
80
100
135
200
Ni
30-75
30-75
50
60
75
110
Pb
50-300
50-300
Zn
150-300
150-300
300
450
Hg
1-1,5
1-1,5
Cr
400
:
Mn: 4
Se: 3
As: 50
F: 500
108 229
300
200
250
28
(kg/ha/)
10 [(FAO, 1992), (EC, 2000 )].
EE
( 80568/4225/91)
(86/278/)
( 114218/97)
Cd
0,15
0,15
0,15
0,00075
Cu
12
12
7,5
0,3
Ni
0,025
Pb
15
15
15
0,025
Zn
30
30
15
0,6
Hg
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,0015
Cr
15
:
Mn: 0,2
Se: 0,15
As: 0,7
F: 20
0,04
, , , ,
( 29).
29

[(Andreoli et al., 2007), (EC, 2001 ),(US
EPA, 1993)].
8 */10g
DS
3 /10g DS
3 /10g DS
0 /g DS
1.000 /g DS
0 /g DS
0 /g DS
1.000
/10g DS
3 MPN/4g DS
1 /4g DS
1 /4g DS
1.000 /g DS
2 x 106 /g DS
:
10/kg DS 100/g DS (enterobacter)
MPN
* Most Probable Number .
109 229
, , , , , ,
, ,
( 30).
, 0,2
mg/Kg DS PCB,
PCBs 0,4 mg/Kg DS. , 1992,
.
,
.
,
: )
, ) )
( 31).
30
(mg/kg DS)
[(EC, 2001 ), (Andreoli et al., 2007), (Zambrzycki, 2008)].
PCDD/PCDF
PCBs
AOX
LAS
DEHP
NPE
PAHs
100 (ng
TE*/kg DS)
0,2
500
()
50-100
0,4
50
3
5
0,8
1,5-5
0,2-1
500
1.300
50
10
3
30
(,
, ,
--, )
*TE: (toxicity equivalent)
31
(mg/kg DS),
[(, 2009 ).

CHC ()
PCBs ()
PAHs ()
0,05
0,05
1
7
1
20
110 229
C
70
10
200
0,01
0,5
0,02
10
()
0,1
70
()
0,1
20
0,1
60
20
100
800
0,1
40
, ,
,
.
PCBs ,
.
,
, .

(EC,
2002).
.
, ,
Moehne-Hochsauerland (NRW) , 2006
PFT,
(Zambrzycki, 2008).
.
, ,
AOX, PCBs PCDD/F .
1999
PCDD, PCB AOX ( 30).
(, )
86/278 . -, ,
,
86/278/C. ,
.
,
86/278 . :
) , , ,

111 229
. ,
.
) , , ,

. , , , ,
.
) ,
,
. ,

.
.

, ,
.
,
86/278/.
:
32
86/278/ [EC (2002)].

++
, , ,
+
, , , .
, , , ,
=
, , . , ,
++
,

,
, , , . ,
, ,
. ,
(, ),
() (, ). ,

.
- , , ,
( 33), , ,
112 229

().
33

( .., 2005).

(vane
test)
k/m2
25
25
20
20
kN/m
50
50
% ..
18
TOC
% ..
% ..
3
0,8
0,8
5,5-13,0
5,5-13,0

pH

S/cm
50.000
50.000
TOC
mg/L
250
100
mg/L
50
50
As
mg/L
0,5
0,5
Pb
mg/L
Cd
mg/L
0,1
0,1
Cr-VI
mg/L
0,1
0,1
Cu
mg/L
Ni
mg/L
Hg
mg/L
0,02
0,02
Zn
mg/L
mg/L
25
25
mg/L
200
200
mg/L
0,05
0,05
AOX
mg/L
1,5
1,5
% ..
,
.
7 86/278/
( , , ),

, , ,
, ,
113 229
, . ,
, ( 34).

,
. 1 ( ) 10
t/ha/ (),

2 t/ha/.
35
.
114 229
34
- (EC, 2001 ).
()
()
X
X
X
X
.

.
1
2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
.

.
pH<5 CEC<8 meq/100 g

.

.
.
pH<6
<10% DS.
< 10m .
3 .
4 .
5 > 15% >30% DS.
6
. < 30 m .
7
.
8 > 10%.
115 229
.

.
.
.
35
- (EC, 2001 ).

()
()
++
++
++
&

(
,
,
)
2004

< 5%
(
)
(
)
116 229
DS>30%
2004

< 5%

&
++
(
)
++
++
++

(
,
,
)

()

= 86/278
+ 86/278
++ 86/278

117 229
2005
,
<
10%
2005

5.1.2. 86/278/
86/278

. ,
,
,
.

86/278/. 3
(EC, 2000 ).
86/278/ 3
,
36

(mg/kg DS) (EC,
2000 ).
86/278/
Cd
Cu
Ni
Pb
Zn
Hg
Cr
20 40
1.0001.750
300400
7501.200
2.5004.000
1625
-

(mg/kg P)*
(2005)
(2015)
(2025)
250
10
5
2
25.000
1.000
800
600
7.500
300
200
100
18.750
750
500
200
62.500
2.500
2.000
1.500
250
10
5
2
25.000
1.000
800
600
*
.
,

,
, . ,

.
, 86/278

:
118 229
37
o (mg/kg DS)
(EC, 2000 ).

86/278/
(6<pH<7)
5pH<6 6pH<7 pH7
1-3
0,5
1
1,5
Cd
50140
20
50
100
Cu
3075
15
50
70
Ni
50300
70
70
100
Pb
150 300
60
150
200
Zn
11,5
0,1
0,5
1
Hg
30
60
100
Cr
38
(kg/ha/)
10 (EC, 2000).
86/278/
Cd
Cu
Ni
Pb
Zn
Hg
Cr
0,15
12
3
15
30
0,1
-

(2005)
(2015)
(2025)
0,03
0,015
0,006
3
2,4
1,8
0,9
0,6
0,3
2
1,5
0,6
7,5
6
4,5
0,03
0,015
0,006
3
2,4
1,8

.
,
.
119 229
39

(EC, 2000).

LAS
DEHP
NPE
PAHs
PCBs
PCDD/F
(mg/kg DS)
500
2.600
100
50
6
0,8
100 ng TE/kg DS
, 1 3

86/278/
:
()
,
80 C, 10%,
0,90
.
55 C 20 h,
batch ( )
.
53 C 20 h,
batch .
30 min 70 C
(),
35 C, 12 .
pH 12 ,
55 C 2 h.
pH 12 .
.
,
6 Log10 Salmonella Senftenberg
W775. Salmonella spp 50 g (
) 6 Log10 Escherichia Coli
510 CFU/g.
120 229

55 C
20 .
53 C
20 .

. pH 12
pH 12 24 h.
35 C
15 .
, batch
.
.
, batch
.
,
2 Log10 Escherichia Coli.

. .

.
,
. CEN,
, ISO,
.
-
, ,

, .

-. ,
.

.
,
.
.
121 229
40

(EC, 2000 ).

,

6
, 6

, 12

, 30

, ,

,

10
, ,
,

(
, )
,
10
86/278
,

: )
COM (2006) 231 )
COM (2005) 666.
5.1.3. 2000/76/

( )
, .
2000/76/
/ .
, :
, ,
, ,
, ,
122 229
, (, ,
...),
.
2000/76/
22912/1117/05
.
17th Bundes Immission Schutz Verordnung, 5/2000
94/67/EC
,
. ,
.
(AbfallWirtschaftsGesetz, BGBI, 325/1990 idF BGBI I
90/2000) .
,
94/67/EC.
, .
41

2000/76/ (, 2004).
[mg/mn3]
2000/76/

: 10
TOC : 10
HCl : 10
HF : 1
SO2 : 50
NO + NO2:
) > 6 t/h
NO + NO2: 200
) 6 t/h
NO + NO2: 400

: 10
TOC : 10
HCl : 10
HF : 1
SO2 : 50
NO + NO2:
) > 3 t/h
NO + NO2: 200
) 3 t/h
NO + NO2: 400
1/2 h
: (A) 30, (B) 10
TOC : (A) 20, (B) 10
HCl : (A) 60, (B) 10
HF : (A) 4, (B) 2
SO2 : (A) 200, (B) 50
NO + NO2:
>6 t/h
NO + NO2: (A)* 400, (B)* 200
1/2 h
: (A) 30, (B) 10
TOC : (A) 20, (B) 10
HCl : (A) 60, (B) 10
HF : (A) 4, (B) 2
SO2 : (A) 200, (B) 50
NO + NO2:
>3 t/h
NO + NO2: (A)* 400, (B)*
200
123 229
1/2 h
: 30
TOC: 20
HCl: 60
HF: 4
SO2: 200
NO + NO2: 400
1/2 h
)
0,7515 t/h
: 20
TOC: 20
HCl: 15
HF: 0.7
SO2: 100
NOx: 300
) > 15
t/h
: 15
TOC: 20
HCl: 10
HF: 0.7
SO2: 50
NOx: 100
CO
[mg/mn3]
3
[mg/mn ]
&
[ng/mn3]
2000/76/
50
50
150
95%
10min
150
95%
10min
1/2 h :
100
100
1/2h
24
100

1/2h
24

90%

24 <150
/: min. 30 min &

max. 8 h
Cd+Tl : 0,05
Hg: 0,05
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+
Ni+V : 0,5
/: min. 30 min &

max. 8 h
Cd+Tl : 0,05
Hg: 0,05
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+
Mn+Ni+V : 0,5
/: min. 30
min max. 2 h
Cd+Tl: 0,05
Hg: 0,05
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+C
u+Mn+Ni+V+Sn: 0,5
/: min. 30
min & max. 8 h)
)
0.7515t/h
Cd+Tl: 0,05
Hg: 0,1
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+
.: 0,7
) > 15
t/h
Cd+Tl: 0,05
Hg: 0,05
Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+
.: 0,5
/: min. 6 h & max. 8

h
PCDD+ PCDF : 0,1
/: min. 6 h &
max. 8 h
PCDD+ PCDF : 0,1
/: min. 6h &
max. 8h
PCDD+ PCDF : 0,1
/: min. 6h &
max. 8 h
PCDD+ PCDF : 0,1
*(): 100%

: 50
(): 97%
5.1.4. TA Luft
,
. ,
,

.
, ( Luft).
TA
Luft 2002.
42
TA LUFT (2002).

(mg/m)

10
TOC
20
HCI
20 0,1 kg/hr
20 0,1 kg/hr
500 (O.U./m)
124 229
,
2
( 43).
43
(EC, 2001 ).
2o
(mg/m)

50
NOx ( 2)
500
SO2
500
CO
650
H2S
5
HCI
30
HF
50

, ( ,
, )
( ).
5.2.

,
.

.
, 114218/97
. :

-
,
,
, -
125 229
, .

,

.
, ,
(DS > 90%),
Hg. ,
5% .
:
) .
) .
) CO2 CH4.
) ,
1800 2000 oC 5 7 s.
) ( ).
) , ,
, Hg
.
) .

,
80568/4225/91.
50910/2727/2003
().

.
.
:
1. ,
80568/4225/91.
2. ,
,
.
3. .
()
, 96/61/
(IPPC) ,
126 229
-
( ):
) .
) .
,
(, 2001).
, ,
,
.
,
. ,
.
70% ,
, C/N
( )
. .
(Best Environmental Option)
.
- - -
, .
,
.
127 229
6.
6.1.
-

.
90
,
.
1995. ,
,
( )

.

,
,

.
. ,
, (..
, ),
, P .

, ()
(EC, 2002).
, .
( 1991) ( 1999)
,
.

. , 2000
,
.
,
, 1998 Water UK (
)
(BRC British Retail Consortium). ,
,
.
128 229
. , 1994

(SEPA Swedish Environmental Protection Agency),
(LRF) (VAV).

. , 1999 LRF
.
,
,

. , 2001
,
.
, (),
( )
.
,

. .
,

.
,
,

. , (Finnish
Union of Agricultural Producers) 1990
2001.
,
, ,
. ,

.
, , ,
.

45 .
,
. ,

. . 70%

129 229
,
, ...
16%
7%
,

,

24%
9%
44%
34. [
(Andreadakis et al., 2000)].
-,

.
(, , , )
. ,
,

. .

. ,
: ,
. ,
. ,

. .

,

.
:
130 229

, ..., .
.
.
.
,
, , .

.
, ,
- ..
.

.
.
-
/
.

.
6.2.
6.2.1.

,
. ,

, , . ,
1981, (
) - (, , , , ,
, , , ). , 1986
12
. 1993
1995 , ,
- 15. 2004
( ). ,
2007 (
) 27 -.

131 229
. ,

. (, )
Eurostat,
(European Environment Agency EEA)
(European Environment
Information and Observation Network EIONET).
, ,
-,

.

,
!
,
15
-.
91/271 ( 2 ) .
2
, .

Eurostat 1980 ( ),
, (
Eurostat !).

.
6.2.2.
[(EC, 2001 ), (EC, 2006 A)]
:
, .
, 35% ( )
, ( ), ,
. Carinthia ,
, , . Vorarlberg,
. Styria,
, , , , ,
.
compost. ,
( , ,
), , ,
132 229
, , ,
, .
, , ..
.
: ( ), ( ,
) ( ,
).
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
. .
, .
(), , ,
, .
, , ,
(cold fermentation), .
H. , ,
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
55 C
70 C .
, ,
, , .
,
( ), , ,
.
50.000 .., .
-
,
( 5%). ,
,
(
).
( ,
), (, )
().
133 229
, .
,
.
, : (
), [ (3%), (70%),
(15%), (6%)], , ( ,
, ), , .
, ,
. 3%
. -
, -
- (Hultman, 2003).
,
18% 3 ,
, , ,
. 60%
,
.
,
(), , (, , ,
) .
, ,
.
,
( 57% ), Imhoff
(15%), (34%). ,
.
, , ,
6 .
,
, (1999)

.
,
.
(2006) BIOPROS

:
134 229
44

(BIOPROS, 2006).
*
:
:
:
:
,: / ()
:
:
: (.. )
:
:
:
:
:
.
35
.
.
,

. ,
.
135 229
22%
51%
27%
24%
50%

26%
35. (
project BIOPROS).
,
,
.
(54,5% ). (25,2%)
Imhoff .
. ,
21,7%
. ,
(58,2%)
. .
, ,
, .
20 25% DS. ,
,
( 36).
.
136 229
5%
11%
4%
80%
36. (
project BIOPROS).
12 -, Hall (1995)
41%
50 % (
37). .

. ,
,
. .

, .

(24%).
0 89%.
, ,

.
137 229
3%
4% 1%
18%
24%
50%
18%
17%

24%
41%
37.
12 (Hall, 1995).
, 78%
(1995).

.
,
1999 91/271.

,
. ,
- , (
)
.
, ,

.
,
,
. ,
138 229
,
. 20
(EEA, 1997). 1995 110

(Hall, 1995), 1999 370
400 ,
30 (C, 1999). O
. 38,
( )
(11,8%).
, , .
. , .
.
0,3%
0,3%
0,6%
1,8%
2,4%
4,2%
4,9%
6,6%
6,9%
7,2%
11,8%
53,1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
38.
[ (EC, 1999)].
139 229

.

,
,
.
,
/ .
,
. ,

.
, 666,4 . (2006)
(CAGR) 6,3% 2013,
.
( ) ,
( 39).
8%
23%
41%
28%
39.
(Frost & Sullivan, 2007).
8%
.
.
(screw presses)
. ,
.
(SCADA)
.
140 229
6.3.

.

:
1. ,
,
.
2. ,
, .
3.
, .

, .
, ,
, -
,
, :
.
.
( ,
, ).
(
, , ).
.
, ,
.
.
.

.
,
, , . ,

, - ,

. ,
,
- .
141 229
6.3.1.
(1997)
(2000), ,

:
45
[(EC, 2000). (,
1997)].
/
/

(/t DS)
75 200
100 300
125 300
150 400
225 400
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.

, , (/
, ). 20%
DS. ,
,
. -.

,
140 260 . 2.400 t DS/
20% DS,
(, , , ) 150 /t DS.
, , ,
300 350 /t DS. ,
(stocking) 40 300 /t DS, ,
( )
,
120 400 /t DS (BIOPROS, 2006).
, 220
375 /t DS ,
142 229
, , .
200.000 800.000 ..
2.000 5.000 t/. ,
. ,
(.. 5 t H2O/h
Dordrecht) -
, (275 375 /t DS).

. , -
(injection) , 150 210 /t DS.
, ,
20%
, 265 375 /t DS.
,
100 /m2 .
, (
),
, , , , , ,
, , . .
,
. Styria
65 285 /t DS, 300 600 /t DS
.

.
(250.000 .. - 5.000 t DS/)

. (3 - 5
),
(
). ,

.
46

[ (EC, 2000 )].
()
()
(/t DS)
700.000
850.000
70
25
143 229
()
(/t DS)
2.300.000
3.500.000
50
40
, -
/ (..
).
2001 . 10
,
.
, ,
3 , .
47

(EC, 2001 ).

(/t DS)

(
)

( )

(
)
110 - 160
210 - 250

-
-
260 - 350

( )
.

.
144 229
48

(
)

(
)

( )
(EC,
2001 ).
164
-54
164
-54
211
-54
237
-27
310
-78
260
-24
255
0
247
0
318
0

(.. 15 )

( )
110
110
157
210
232
236
255
247
318
11
11
41
37
-5
-5
-6
-3

( )
-3
11
11
41
37
107
114
210
210
247
247
263
288
355
(/t DS)
project, ,

. ,
, .
, ,
,
15% . To
( ).
,
.
, ,
,
10 30% . ,

, N P,
, . , ,

.

,
145 229
2007
. , ,

, :
49
- (EC, 2007).

(/t DS)
160 80
(20% DS + )
320 200
470 280

,
250 1.000 /t DS.
350 750 /t DS.

Frost & Sullivan (2001, 2003). ,
. ,
150 / t DS,
320 200 /t DS,
82 /t DS.
, : > > >
> .
,
.

, . / ( /)
( ).
1996
:
50
(, 1996).

146 229
(/t DS)
57
100
103
112*
123
(/t DS)
128

,
.
,
.

.. (2009)
7.500 t DS/ ( 51).
30 /t DS, .

.
51
( .,
2009).
(m2)
()
(/t DS)
(kwh/)
3.000
2.000.000
55 (18)
340.000
+23%
( 6%)
500
400.000
30 (12)
25.000
+5%

,

pH.
4.500
2.200.000
28 (18)
140.000
-70%
/,
.
500
4.500.000
88 (79)
5.000.000
-75%
/,
.
800
10.000.000
49 (42)
125.000
-80%
.
/.

/
, .
,
,
.
. , ,

, .
147 229
6.3.2.
, , .
,
. , . ,
,
.
,
(Meeroff and Bloetscher, 1999). ,
.
.., 60 80%
,
(Lee and Welander, 1996). H
pH 2,5
(WPCF, 1989).
,
, (agitator ball mill)
.
(Krogmann et. al., 1997).
65%
. , , P
. ,
, .
,
(EC, 2007).
, , 8
5 100% .
: (, ,
, ), ( 3, 22)
( , )
.
.

,
. .
(50
100%) , . -

,
. ,
O3
, ,
. ,
.
148 229
, ,

.
6.4.

,
,
.
:
52

.
. ,
,

.
/ ,

149 229
.
: ,
.

.

.
40.
1980 2000 (EC, 2001 ).
41.
1977 1992/93 (EC, 2001 ).
,
.. -
. . 42

.
. ( 50%) Pb,
150 229
Cr, Ni . ,

,

.
.
Hg 1996,

. , Cu

(Hultman, 2003). ,
,

.
,
.

, .
42. (mg/kg DS)

Henriksdal 1986 1996 (Mossakowska et al., 1998).
,
.
-27
151 229
86/278 (EC, 2006 ).

, . .

,
,
. , ,
Eurostat,
91/271 86/278 [(Hall,
1995), (EEA, 2002)]. , 13
-
2000 2005.

.
53
13 -.

,
. 44. , ,
2005 8 .
t DS/ (8.330), 8 . t DS/ (7.733).

.
-15 (. )
9 . t DS/.
13 91/271.
-15 36%. 10,7
. t DS/ ( .., 2009).
12 .
Eurostat, 1,15 . t DS/
2005
43.
(486 . t DS/), 42,2 %
(100 t DS/).
73,2% .
,
91/271
2015 2018 (EC, 2009).
152 229
( 10 t DS/)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
43. ( Eurostat
2005).
-15,
. , ( 45).
. 44%
-15, 5 80% .
, .

.

.
1993 2005 184,92%,
112,23%.
,
(1999).
74,53%.
. , 13,58%
1,72%, (7,28%) (6,67%).

.

. ,
,

.
1995.
153 229
282
1.018
275
402
134
63
38
87
472
2.626
48%
846
65
180
131
16
177
58
75
63
130
1.804
33%
40
274
35
110
12
66
90
627
11%
70
13
24
122
175
2.208
66
528
643
37
324
190
126
150
998
243
334
6%
2%
816
5.513
6.572
100%
336
5%
158
3.158
49%
54
15
267
120
1.151
390
489
80
63
44
136
648
120
39
25
857
65
257
114
14
180
58
88
23
114
106
1.837
29%
40
411
50
161
92
66
110
930
14%
17
93
10
15
19
11
78
185
2.512
66
751
764
40
10
362
190
147
158
1.158
237
15
240
161
609
6.421
100%
33
95
1.504
354
612
73
42
74
146
672
76
3.619
57%
37
20
207
65
144
147
15
172
35
147
14
118
101
1.123
18%
11
32
396
34
154
104
68
144
946
15%
32
185
58
66
25
19
44
394
6%
113
154
2.107
68
716
972
35
13
349
212
246
160
1.193
221
15
84
920
454
535
14
77
37
104
90
952
116
32
36
230
73
153
230
17
64
41
209
60
63
76
1.138
16%
25
10
460
70
166
195
151
262
1.435
20%
19
25
690
176
29
86
35
130
30
91
155
2.300
76
854
961
34
336
315
348
150
1.407
222
217
6.337
7.441
100%
0%
3.770
53%
820
851
7.162
6.422
4%
883
5.511
3%
7.267
255
195
(13)
(15)
(13)
6.588
11%
8.234
100%
7.890
0%
57
18
125
1.122
726
632
48
47
114
108
115
1.235
110
466
4.297
4.873
56%
4.536
25
27
45
163
222
10
14
25
215
45
96
50
440
893
1.383
12%
1.554
36
50
942
78
178
233
98
282
31
1.903
1.934
25%
1.985
45
79
70
153
27
54
18
36
158
50
116
640
805
8%
198
103
200
2.170
115
1.121
1.059
60
14
348
254
359
160
1.771
210
1.053
7.733
8.995
100%
8.330
2005
38
22
2000
1998
59
25
14
110
34
17
1995
1992
53. (x 10 t DS/) 15 - ( 44).
154 229
9000

(t DS/)
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1992
1995
1998
2000
2005
44.
13 - [Eurostat, (Hall, 1995),
(EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), ( , 2004), (EC, 2006 ), (BIOPROS,
2006), (, 2007)].
2500

6
( 10 t DS/)
2000
1500
1000
500
45. -15 2005

[(Eurostat, 2005 ), (EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), (, 2007)].

( ) 45.
.
155 229
38,3 kg// (105 g DS//),

36,6 kg// (100 g//) 31,3 kg//
(85,8 g DS//). ,
, .
-15 23,34 kg// 63,9 g
DS//. 10,54 kg
DS// (28,9 g DS//) (
50%). .

. 2005
27 g () 99 g DS/../ ()
( ), 40
80 g. 58 g DS/../.

,
, ,

. 46
47.

, , .
, 100% ,
, , ,
. 100%
. ,

.

. ,

.
,
30% .
-15 ,
90 g DS/../,
150 g DS/../.
156 229
46.
(Wieland, 2003).
157 229
47.
(Eurostat, 2008).
49.

, ,
.
22,11 kg// 19,17.
(0,06 kg//).
12 kg// (Wieland, 2003).
158 229
40

(kg//)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
48. - -15 2005 [

(Eurostat, 2005 ) (2002)].

(kg//)
25
20
15
10
49. 12 - -27 (Eurostat, 2005

).
159 229
H
.

.
. .
.
,
.
. ,

.
50. (Wieland, 2003).

-15
51.
:
) 1998,
.
(2004),
1998.

1999. 2003

.
,
1999 2005.
) ,
( 33% 12%).
160 229
2005
1999, 19%.
) .
13 ( 12% 25%),
- .
)
( 48% 56%).
) (8%)
,
, .. , , .
100
2
11
11
14
15
(%)
80
33
29
20
25
16
12
18
60
40
48
49
57
53
56
20
6
0
1992
1995
1998
2000
2005
51.
-15, .
: [Eurostat, (Hall, 1995), (EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), ( , 2004),
(EC, 2006 ), (BIOPROS, 2006), (, 2007)].

, 2000
:
161 229
54
2000
( , 2004).

( )
(

)
(t
DS)
45.664
70.459
15.730
76.334
0
17.440
11.293
(%)
21
32
7
34
0
8
5
1.219
222.420
100
14% .
.
, -15 52,
12 -27.
-15
9%
21%
44%
15%
10%
52. -15 2005.

: [(Eurostat, 2005 ), (EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), (
, 2004), (EC, 2006 ), (BIOPROS, 2006), (, 2007)].
162 229
12 -27
16%
35%
21%
1%
28%
53. 12 -27.
: [(Eurostat, 2005 ), ( , 2004), (EC, 2006
), (BIOPROS, 2006)].

-.
-15, ,
.
35%
. ,
(28%)
-15 (21%).
(16%). , -15,
(21%), -
(1%). , , 15
,
.
, -27
-15, 90%
, :
> > >
163 229
-27
12%
41%
19%
17%
12%
54. -27 2005.

: [(Eurostat, 2005 ), (EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), (
, 2004), (EC, 2006 ), (BIOPROS, 2006), (, 2007)].

. ,

,
.
,
.
,
2005 (, 2007),
( , lagoons), ( )
(BIOPROS, 2006).
, , ()
(EC, 2001 ).
164 229
100
90
80
70
60
(%) 50
40
30
20
10
55. - -27
2005.
: [Eurostat, 2005 ), (EC, 1999), (EEA, 2002), (
, 2004), (EC, 2006 ), (BIOPROS, 2006), (, 2007)].

85% ( ), 8% 2%.
(79%, 76%),
(72% ) 50% (52%
56%, ) -27.
. (69%), (65%), (60%).
(51%) (46%).
(100% 100%
), (55% , 45% ) (39% , 61%
). , .

(67%)
(43%), (39%) (35%).
(13) . ,
(.. ,
).

( 2000) .
,
(..
165 229

)
. ,
.
55
-27 2000
[Eurostat, (BIOPROS, 2006), (EC, 2006 )].
/
0
0
;
0
0
0
;
0
(2-10%)
(11-20%)
( )
(>21%)

.
166 229
.
,
.
39% 19%.
- 21 %.
29%,
, 21% 19%,
. 3% . ,
,
.
(-34%)
(-31%). ,
, . ,

, .
-,
18% 15% ( 2005 2007).
(, , , ) 2
3% . ,
, 40%.
24%
(2005 2007).
, ,
, . , 1995

, . , 2001
(EC, 2006 ). ,
o 90, , . ,
,
, , , .
(EC, 2001 ). ,

2014
12% , 14% , 20% , 8%
, 39% , 7% .

(BIOPROS, 2006).
,
.

, (, ).

. ,
167 229
, .. , ,

.

86/278 2001 - 2003, - ( ), , , , , . )
50%.
,

(Andrades et al., 1998). , ,
17%. , ,
, (),
. ,

. ,
.
100
90
80
()
()
70
60
(%) 50
40
30
20
10
20
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
19
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
56. % 1995 2003 (EC,

2006 ).
,
- ,
, .
N P
.
,
(.. ).
168 229
,
.
0,1% () 2,4% () 0,2%
() 10% .
,
( ) .
)
57. ) ) (EC, 2001 ).
169 229
7.
7.1.

91/271/EC
290 .
75%
( .., 2009).
2006 126.000 t
DS/ (Eurostat).

( 5.533.000 ..)
( 2.487.000 ..). 90% ,
99% ,
( 56).
,
, 80%
. ,
(~ 33%),
, , , , ,
, , , .
(
40% ), ,
, , , .
,

.

( .., 2005).
56
(Tsagarakis, 1999).
..
[#]
(%)
[#]
(%)
26
12,8
121.000
1,5
170 229
..
[#]
(%)
54.000
0,9
..
..
[#]
(%)
[#]
(%)
[#]
(%)
164
79,9
2.661.000
32,8
982.000
17,4
15
7,3
5.335.000
65,7
4.607.000
81,7
205
100
8.117.000
100
5.643.000
100

.
,
. 700
m3/ 30% DS 50%
. , 2004
.
( 2003 )
, .

. , ,

, .

. , ,

(, ). 128 /t,
. ,

, 300 t /. 2005
~100.000 t , 3.500 t
3.500 t (http://www.ecotec.gr).

,
.

, .

, .
, 2007
, :
171 229
57
(, 2009).
5.500.000
3.600.000
36.245.600
40 t H2O/h
3
1.200 m /
300 t DS/

, 4
22 - 26%
92 95%
120 -250 t/
65.000 t/
2.500 3.800 cal/g DS
1 - 5 mm
< 1%
35 65%
, 11 2007
,
()
(www.minenv.gr).
, ,
, 125 /t ( 102,7 t/) 119 /t ( 41 t/),
( , 2007).
,
2007
,
. O
:
.... ( /)
.
,
,
. ,

,
.
160.000 165.000 m3/
22% DS, 296.000
m3/. .... 58.
172 229

. 3
.
, 230 m3/ 85.000
m3/ ( 130 m3/). 300.000
, 2,5 /t. ,
300.000 + 2,5 /t 230 365 = 510.000 / (,
2004).

. ,
. ,
,
, .
.
200 t / 2 10%.
22% 25% DS.
173 229
'
159.997
Q(m3/d)=
Q(m3/d)=
SS(mg/lit)=
1.920
SS(mg/lit)=
273
COD(mg/lit)=
3.205
COD(mg/lit)=
658
BOD5(mg/lit)=
1.436
Total-N(mg/lit)=
'
133
Q(m3/d)=
155.830

17500 m3 x 2
BOD5(mg/lit)=
261
MLSS(gr/lit)=
6,57
Total-N(mg/lit)
64,82
MLVSS(%)=
77,20
DSVI (ml/gr)=
101
50
BOD5(mg/lit)=
12
8,60
tal coli=
15*105
E.coli=
15*104
Q
(m3/d)
0,21
Q
(m3/d)
2,40
Q(m3/d)=
175.996
SS(g/lit)=
12,72
VSS(%)=
72,88
5,90
MLVSS(%) =
77,35
DSVI (ml/gr)=
107
63
E.coli=
16
17500 m3 x 4
MLSS(gr/lit)=
tal coli=
12500 m 3 x 6
5000 m 33x2
9,4
COD(mg/lit)=
Total-N(mg/lit
'
153.032
SS(mg/lit)=
Cl2
A
.
.
Q(m3/d)=
2.854
444
Q(m3/d)=
106
SS(g/lit)=
13
12,73
S(g/lit)=
49,97
VSS(%)=
73
72,83
VS(%)=
72,64
(m 3 /d)
(m 3 /d)
AE
(2000 m3 x 2)
BIOAE(m3/d)

(108 m3/h x 2)
22
1.840
11
Q(m3/d)=
4.405
Q(m3/d)=
825
S(g/lit)=
29,23
S(g/lit)=
28,20
S(g/lit)=
39,86
VS(%)=
58,37
VS(%)=
70,55
VS(%)=
71,07

(7500 m 3 x 2)
795
S(g/lit)=
39,13
VS(%)=
60,37
Q(m3/d)=
S(%..)=
(555 m3 x 6)
(600 m 3 x 2)
22,22
Q(m3/d)=
703
S(g/lit)=
35,10
VS(%)=
58,37
58. / 2004 .
174 229
132
825
Q(m3/d)=

(627 m 3 x 3)
Q(m3/d)=
:
1
, 90% DS ,
( ).
2
90% DS.
3
(
) 90% DS.
4
90% DS

.
5
4
() 12 MJ/Kg DS.
6
5
5 5.960 2.500 = 3.460 KW
- .
7
32% DS (),

.
....

,

( 1 ) 6,9 t H2O/h
, DS (92%)
(1 4 mm),
.
, ,

4 t H2O/h,

.
175 229
,
(, ..)
, .

, ..
,

.
, ,
,
90% 92%.
,

..
, , , ,

,

(90-92% DS)
(1 - 4 mm)
(,
2005).
26-8-09
17.700.000 . 17 , 3
15

, . 35 .

/. ,
30%
.
.
7.2.
,
.

.
2005 55.
Eurostat,
:
176 229
120
100
( 10 t DS/)
140
80
60
40
20
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
59. Eurostat.
2005 Eurostat 100%
. 2006, 100 t DS
2.700 t DS , 97,78% 2,22 %
. , 2005
, Eurostat.
50910/2727/03 () 415.000
t/, 295.000 t .
.. (2005) 50910/2727/03,
( )
, 98%
. -27,
, , 17%.
.

. , (2,7%
2002). , 1% (
), 0,4% 1,3%
( ).
.
177 229
96,1%
1,2%
0,4%
1%
1,3%
60. 2002 [
( .., 2005)].
,
91/271 2003 2005.
,
,
. , 2005
(
).
, ,
, .
.
58
(t DS/) (, 2007).
/
89
69.885
9.783
2003
81.760
92
45.220
69.911
2005
117.228
0,11%,
.
, ,
, 2% max, ,
/,
97%, .
, , ,
. ,
, ,
178 229
. ,

, 1999/31/ EC ,
,

/ .

, ,
,
.
,
/,
. ,
()
. , ,
,
62%
37% 98% .
2010
38,5%
45,1%
0,3%
0,8%
12,5%
2,8%
61. .
: [ (, 2009), (, 2007),
(Eurostat, 2007), ( .., 2005), ....
].
179 229
2015

37,4%
58,0%
0,6%
0,2%
2,9%
0,9%
62. 2015.
: [ (, 2009), (, 2007),
(Eurostat, 2007), ( .., 2005), (, 2004),
.... ( )
].

.
, ..
( 50910/2727/03).
, LIFE (project LIFE 02 ENV/GR/000371)
/

. 3/2/03 31/1/05
600 t /, 1.000 t
400 t , 2.000 t ,
standards,
(, , ,
). 20- 30 /t,
.

(.. ),

. ,
2.000 t
,
.
, ..
.

180 229
950 m2 2.000 t/
( 63).
63.
(http://www.mesogeos.gr/apfiles/PDF/XIRANSI.pdf).
70%
1/3
. , 50 oC,
. ,

.
,
586.837,28
10 15/9/2009.
,
,

(http://www.chania.gr/files/2/7006/
xania_o_dhmos_mas_06.pdf).

.
,
181 229
. ,
(, , )

,
[(
, 2008), ( .., 2005)].
.
( ..)
. ,
,
.

( , 2007).

2005 2006 GEOACTIONS.
25 t
: PP 120S, PP 80S,
PE 525.
, ,
7 t ( 64).
,
20 - 24% 31 - 33% 40%.
, 6% - 9% DS, 39,67 43,3% 20 56%
1,5 (GEOACTIONS, 2006).
. (.. )

,
(.. golf).
182 229
64.
(GEOACTIONS, 2006).
,
2007,
,
(,
2008).
7.3.

30.000 3.500.000 .. ,
. ,
.
4,9%
12,6% 0,9% 8,8%, .
(Andreadakis et al.,
2000).
, , ,
,
( )

. , 50%
.

(, 2009 ). ,
183 229
( )
, .
, Zn
.
Zn, , , .
Cr,

. Ni,

. , ,
.
. Cd,

. , .
, 69
(FC).
. ,
FC , , /
.
65. Zn
.
(, 2009 ).
184 229
66. Cr
(, 2009 ).
67. Ni
(, 2009 ).
185 229
68. Cd
(, 2009 ).
69.
(, 2009 ).
,
.
( ),
. ,
,
, , , , .
186 229
59

( 2008 2007 - 2009).
/

(%)
Cr3+ (mg/kg DS)
Cr6+ (mg/kg DS)
Pb (mg/kg DS)
Ni (mg/kg DS)
Cd (mg/kg DS)
Cu (mg/kg DS)
Hg (mg/kg DS)
Zn (mg/kg DS)
N (%)
P (%)
pH
TOC (%)
18.000
60.000
+

+

87
25
8
89
16,5
0,74
195
<0,01
777
0,67
21
7,8
8,7
187 229
85,5
100
18,4
42,1
0,58
91,9
1,8
672
7,6
500
10
750-1.200
300-400
20-40
1.000-1.750
16-25
2.500-4.000
-
8.
,
,
.
: ,

.
. .
. ,
,

.

.
, ,
. ,

. ,

.
, .

, .
,
( )
, .

.

.
70.
,
.
.

.
.
, .
.
188 229
. ,
, ,
.
70. [
(, 1997)].

189 229
71. ( 2009 ).

:

23. ,

.
8.1.
,

.
(sludge characterization).
, ,
.
(, , )

, .
190 229

CEN/TC308/WG1.

.
60
[ (,
1997)].
(digestability)
pH

(Capillary Suction
Time CST)

191 229
8.2.
:
9
9
9
9
9

, , .
8.3.
,
,
,
. ,
,
.

, ,
, .
8.4.
:
(.. , , ).
, ,
.
.
,
, .
8.5.
( )

(, , , , , ,
, ...).
,
.
()
,

.
192 229

(Monitoring).
8.6.
,
,
. ,
.
8.7.

.
,
. ,

. , ,

.

.

61
+++
++
++
(ATAD)
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
(/
)
+/++
+/++
+/++
+++/++
+/++
++/+++
+++
+++
++
++
+/++
+++/++
+++
++/+

pH
++

(
)
++
++
+++
++
++
193 229
++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
+++
++
+++
194 229

9. Case Study

(case study) .
-
. ,

.

. ,
100.000 ..
,
.

, ,
:
.
.
.
.
.

IPPC .
, , ,

,
. , 3
:
1. ( 1)
2. 10% .. ( 2)
3. 90% DS ( 3)
3
:
195 229
72. case study (

).
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
10.
1 2,

.
463,41 m3/d 1,5% 7 t
TS/d. , .
cake 15,94 m3/d 22,5% DS, . 3,76 t TS/d
32 g TS/d ( TS DS
/ ). ,
5.818,1 m3/ 1.372,4 t DS/.

40 kg TS/m2d (Andreoli et al., 2007),
:
196 229
A =
(kg TS/d)
7.000 kg TS/d
=
=
2
(kg S/m id) 40 kg S/m2 id
= 175 m2
,
87,5 m2.
3 m, V = 87,5 3 = 262,5 m3 V = 525
m3. :
D=
4 A
=
4 87,5
=10,56 m
3,14
HRT ( )
:
V
HRT = =
Q
525 m3
= 1,33 d = 27,19 h
m3
463,41
d

, Q.
5 kWh/t DS 35 kWh/d.

. ( 10,)
,
.
(Andreoli et al., 2007):
Vx =
VS (kg VS/d)
(kg VS/m3 id)
VS/TS = 0,77, 1,4 kg VS/m3d 15%

, :
197 229
Vx = 1,15
TS
VS
0,77
d
TS = 3.763, 38 m3
VS
1,4 kg 3
m id
5.950 kg
0,8 m3/kg . VS
VS 50%,
= 0,8 5.950 0,77 0,5 = 1.832,6 m3/d
c,
Qx
TS
d = 116,098 m3 / d
Qx =
kg
5% 1.025 3
m
5.950 kg
c = V/Qx = 3.763,38/(116,0981,15)= 28,2 d.
,
, 3 kg /t DS (Andreoli et al., 2007).
, 3
kg/t DS 4,07 t DS/d = 12,21 kg /d.

35 kWh/t DS ,
35 kWh/t DS 4,07 t DS/d = 142,45 kWh/d
.
198 229
62
case study 100.000 ..
g TS
d

L
t S/d
m3/d
d

DS (%)
t S/d
DS (%)
t S/d
5,95
5,0
4,07
DS (%)
t S/d

L
DS
(%)
d
m3/d
40
0,98
97,56
4,0
30
3,66
365,85
0,8
70
4,63
463,41
1,5

= 85%
3
= 1.025 kg/m
= 1.300 kg/m3
=
3
1.025 kg/ m
3,76
4,5
0,16
15,94
= 92,5%
= 92,5%
= 12,21
kg/d

3
= 1.050 kg/m
E =142,45 kWh/d
=3m
D = 10,56 m
HRT = 27,19 h
Vx = 3.763,38 m
V = 1.832,6
m3/d
E = 35 kWh/d
c = 28,2 d
199 229
22,5
11.

,
case study ( .., 2007). ,
.
1:
,
. ,
, , ,
. /
(2:1) .
(.. C/N )
. ,
- ()
.
3
1 . ,
60%, .
:
63
1
.
(%)
(kg/m3)
(kg/d)
(m3/d)
(kg DS/d)

(kg/m3)
22,5
1.050
16.730
15,94
3.760
200 229
215
1
2
..
/ (% ..)
200
(kg/d)
(m3/d)

(kg/d)
(m3/d)
compost
compost (kg/m3)

(%)

(%)
compost (kg/d)
compost (m3/d)
compost (% DS)
(kg DS/d)
(%)
compost
(% DS)
N-NH4 (% )
(%)
P (% DS)

(kg N/)
(kg P/)
(kg N/)
(kg P/)
(kg N/)
(kg /)
8.365
38,91
25.095
54,85
600
35
(2003)
12.547,5
20,91
50
6.273,8
+ 31,2
(2003)
1,5 - 3
10 -20
7
0,2 1,5
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
Wichmann et al.
(1998),
(1999)
26
201 229
..
(2007)
3.435
3,5
3
5
20
5
10
compost
, , (t/ 3 )
(2003)
..
(2007)
50
18
4,5
11
4
8
3
compost (t/
2 - 4 )

3 ()
(kg N/)
(kg P/)
, (kg N/)
, (kg /)
(kg N/)
(kg N/)
(2007)
..
(2007)
Wichmann et al.
(1998),
(1999)
10 20
..
(2007)
, ,
3 ()
(kg N/)
(kg /)
916
Wichmann et al.
(1998),
(1999)
32
40
compost (t/
3 - 4 )

4 ()
10 25 (
compost,
)
10 (
compost,
)
20 -30 (
,
)
..
(2007)
916

(m2)
500

(m2)
0,06 ha/t dry

compost
3.746,3
..
(2007),
51
Andreoli et al.
(2007)
2:
, .

. CaO 10% ..
,
, ,
3
. ,
(.. )
3% .
64
2
.

(%)
(kg/m3)
202 229
/
22,5
1.050

1
2
(kg/d)
(m3/d)
(kg DS/d)
CaO
16.730
15,94
3.760
CaO (kg/m3)
900
CaO/ (% ..)
CaO (kg/d)
CaO (m3/d)

10
1.673
1,86
(kg/m3)
1080,99
(%)
32,47
(%)
18
(m3/d)
(kg/d)
( kg DS/d)
18,81
20.333,4
6.602,3
(C)
35,65
. 3 (
.., 2007)
12
<10
100 t DS/ha
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
WRc (1999)

(% DS)
N-NH4 (% )

()

1.300
3
. 1 (
.., 2007)
. 2 (
.., 2007)
..
(2007)
241
(m2)
500
()
90

(m3)
1.692,9
(m)
70
(m)
1,5
(m)
1,5
(m3)

(m2)

(m2)
(m)
157,5
10,75
105
203 229
..
(2007)

..
(2007), 51
(Andreoli et al.,
2007)
Andreoli et al.
(2007)
Andreoli et al.
(2007)
Andreoli et al.
(2007)
1.128,8
2
Andreoli et al.
(2007)
2
(m )
(m2)

(m2)
1.645
2.773,8
0,25
3.467,3
100
%DS 100 %DS
+
dwater
dDS
%DS =
74
%CaO
56
100 + %CaO
(. 1)
%DS +
1.160 %CaO
4,16 (100 %DS) + 0,3 %CaO
(. 2)
(. 3)
3:
,
, ,
90%. .
.
:
65
3
.

(%)
(kg/m3)
(kg/d)
(m3/d)
(kg DS/d)
(kg/d)
204 229
/
22,5
1.050
16.730
15,94
3.760
12.970

1
3

(%)
(kg/d)
(kg/d)
(kg DS/d)
90
12.552,2
4.177,8
3.760
(kg/m3)
800
(m3/d)
(%)

(kJ/kg DS)
(%)
(kWh/d)
(kW)

(% DS)
N-NH4 (% )
N (%)

5,22
-67,3
(m2)
(2006)
12.000
35
4.386,67
182,78
(2004)
(2009)
3,5 6
10 - 15
7 34%
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
EC (2001 )
500
..
(2007), 51
/

.
,
,
(.. , , )
(.. , ),
.
1
66
1
.

(kg/d)
/
16.730
205 229
(m3/d)
(kg
DS/d)

(/m2)

()
()
()

()
15,94
3.760
30
.. (2007)
3.746,3
112.389
249.524
966.032
.. (2007)
.. (2007)
1.327.945

compost (kg DS/d)

(%)

(kg DS/d)

(/ t
DS)

(/d)

(/ t DS)

(/ m3)

(/ t DS)

(/ m3)

()
6.273,8
60
2.509,5
12
30,1
342,77
.. (2007)
102,84
195,65
.. (2007)
58,7
1.289

(kWh)
2.000
206 229
.. (2007)
2
67
2
.

(kg/d)
(m3/d)
(kg
DS/d)

(/m2)

()
()
()

()

( kg
DS/d)

(%)

(kg DS/d)

(/ t
DS)

(/d)

(%
)

(/ t DS)

(/ m3)

(/ t DS)

(/ m3)

()
/
16.730
15,94
3.760
30
.. (2007)
3.467,3
104.019
154.245
604.823
.. (2007)
.. (2007)
863.087
6.602,3
3
6.404,2
12
76,85
5
.. (2007)
332,53
.. (2007)
116,72
234,97
82,47
1.250
207 229
.. (2007)

(kWh)
.. (2007)
2.500
3
68
3
.

(kg/d)
(m3/d)
(kg
DS/d)

(kg/d)

(/t DS/d)

(/t DS/d)

()

(/ t DS/d)

()
/
16.730
15,94
3.760
12.552,2
193.500

.. (2007) x 1,5

322.500
.. (2007)
1.212.600
498
.. (2007)
1.872

(kJ/kg )

(kWh/1.000 kg )

(kWh/1000 kg )

(kwh)
3.951
.. (2007)
1.097,5
121
15.295
208 229
.. (2007)
69
3
.
()

(/d)
(kwh/d)
(m2)

(%)
1.327.945 (1.215.556)
863.087 (759.068)
1.212.600
1.289
1.250
1.872
2.000
2.500
15.295
3.746,3
3.467,3
500
+ 31,2
+ 18
- 67,3
3.435 /3
916 /3
916 /4

241 /

182,78 kW
12.

, ,
(,
, , , )
. , ,
.

1-5, 1 = 5 = ,
1-5, 1 = 5 = .
, 2 :
,
( 1).
, . 100/6
= 16,67 (
2).
209 229

.
(Decision Makers),
,
, , , ,
, , .
,
case study,
,
( )

( ).
,
( 5) ( 4).

.. . ,

. ,
,
, , .
40%.

69, ,
61
.

,
1 , ( 2).
, ..
,
3. 2
35% 1 ( 4). ,
9%
( 3).

210 229
, , ,
50% ( 1).
( 4)
(~ 3%)
( 4).

( ) 3
,
( 1). 1
( 5) 25% 2
( 4).

3
2 ( 5). ,
1 2,
1 ( 2).

69, (~ 67%)

( 5).
, ,
( 1). cake .
, ,
, ( 2).

. ,
.

, ( 4).

( 5). ,
IPPC ( 2).
/
211 229

.
, ( 4).
,
( 3).
,

/ ( 2).

1
( 3).
2, -
( 4). 3 (1)
.
-

, (
, , , ).

(5). , ,

( 2).
(1).
/
, ,
. ,
( 5). ,
.
, (4). ,
, ,
( 3).
/ .
,
.
-
,
, ( 4).

212 229
,
( 5).
,
( 2).

1
,
.
( 3). 2
,
, ( 2). 3
,

( 4).

, 3
,
( 3).
, ,
, .
(
2).
( 4).

1,
, ,
,
, ,
. (bio-aerosols), (VOCs), .
-
,
. -

, . -

(
.., 2007).
213 229
,
,
, ,
. ,

. , ,
,
,

.
:
.
90 dB,
,

.

, ( 4).

3,
. ,
,

. ,

( 3). 2
,
( 4).

1
. ,
,
.
Metcalf and Eddy (2007), -
( 5).
,
( ..,
2007). ,
( 4).
,
.
, ,

214 229
. ,
( 3).

.

( 1).

.. ( 3).
( 5).

, .
1
, C/N .

, ,
.

. , 1
(1). 2 ( 5).
215 229
70
1, 2 3.
1 5,
1 = 5 = .
200,00
233,33
166,67
33,33
33,33
83,33
216,67
266,67
183,33
150,00
66,67
100,00
150,00
83,33
150,00
233,33
183,33
216,67
983,33
866,67
900,00
16
12
20
20
20
16
20
15
12
16
15
12
15
15
16
12
12
15
10
20
12
16
12
15
10
12
12
12
59
52
54
193
177
173
216 229

1, (
, ). ,
,
,
. 2 3
,
,
.
:
71
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.

,
.
217 229
,
, , .
,
- ,
.
:
- (
),
. -15 (63,9 g DS//)
12 (32,9 g
DS//).

50 % .

( < 20.000 m3/d).

, (..
, , , ).
41%,
.

, .
-
.

, , , , . .
,

.
.
-15 28,9 g
DS//, 15.
,
. (
),
. ,
/,
218 229

. ,

, ,
.
-15 1992 - 2005,
, :
) 1998.
.
1998,
2003 ().
) ,
( 33% 12%).
) .
13 ( 12% 25%).
) ,
, ( 48% 56%).
.
50%,
.
) (8%)
,
, .. , , .
98%
, ,
(100% ), .
(67%)
, .

- .
35%
. 15 ,
,
-15. ,
.

.
,
, 2% max, ,
(, ),
97%, .

219 229

,
,
62%
37% 98% .
,
86/278/
.
- 86/278,

.
,
.
86/278 ,

. 99/31/,
,
, .

.

,

.
,
, , ,
,
, ...
,
,

.
,
, 100.000 ..
.
- - ()
().
,
, .
, 3
:
)
.
220 229
) 10% ..
.
) 90%
DS.
,
,
. , /
.

, :
) : , ,
, .
) : .
) : , ,
, / .
) : , -
.
) : /
, / .
) : , ,
, .

. , 2
: ) ,
) (, , ).

,
.
, ,
,

.
221 229
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European Commission (2001) , Disposal and Recycling Routes for Sewage Sludge,
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AOX
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EC
European Commission
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European Environment Agency
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PAHs
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TS
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WWTP
229 229

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..

3.4. (stabilization) _____________________________________________________ 33

3.5. (pasteurisation disinfection) _____________________________ 54

3.6.3. (thermal conditioning) _______________________________________________ 57

3.7. (dewatering) _________________________________________________________ 58

3.8. (thermal drying)_________________________________________________ 64

3.9. (incineration) _______________________________________________________ 81

5.2. _______________________________________ 125

6.3. _________________ 141

6.3.2. ___________________________________ 148

6.4. _____________________________________ 149

2.1.1. (primary sludge)

2.1.2. (secondary sludge)

2.1.3. (chemical sludge)

2.1.4. (mixed sludge)

2.1.5. (digested sludge biosolids)

2.1.6. (septic sludge)

, 0,2 0,3 kg/m3

4. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).

3.3.1. (gravity thickening).

3.3.2. (mechanical thickening)

5. [(Metcalf and Eddy,

6. (Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006).

7. Pieralisi Hellas A.E.

3.3.3. (flotation thickening)

3.4.1. (alkaline stabilization)

3.4.2. (anaerobic digestion)

(0,8 1,2 m /kg VS ),

3.4.3. (aerobic digestion)

(100 1000 m3) (20 40 m3),

3.5. (pasteurisation disinfection)

3.6.1. (chemical conditioning)

3.6.3. (thermal conditioning)

(Metcalf & Eddy, 2007):

17. [(Turovskiy and Mathai, 2006),

3.7.2. (mechanical dewatering)

20. (Metcalf &

3.8. (thermal drying)

3.8.1. (direct dryers)

3.8.2. (indirect dryers)

29. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007).

(thin layer dryers)

3.9.1. - (multiple-hearth incineration)

3.9.2. (fluidized-bed incinerator)

(Differential Fluidized Bed),

3.9.3. (rotary kiln incinerator)

4.1. (sea disposal)

4.4. (sanitary landfill)

4.5. (land application)

Research Center) WRc (1999) 19

5pH<5,5 5,5<pH<6 6pH7 pH>7

* Most Probable Number .

*TE: (toxicity equivalent)

pH<5 CEC<8 meq/100 g

/: min. 30 min &

/: min. 30 min &

/: min. 6 h & max. 8

42. (mg/kg DS)

86/278 (EC, 2006 ).

53. (x 10 t DS/) 15 - ( 44).

45. -15 2005

38,3 kg// (105 g DS//),

48. - -15 2005 [