2014

 2014

Copyright , 2014
. All rights reserved.

ii

 / [], [].

iii




.
,

,
.

iv


(i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, ),
.
.
Microsoft Word (
headings , ) :
Insert => Reference => Index and Tables => Table of Contents.

..............................................................................................................................iv
.................................................................................................v
.......................................................................................................ix
............................................................................................x
...............................................................................................................xi
..................................................................................................................xii
.............................................................................................................................xiii
1

.................................................................................14
1.1

..................................................................................................14

1.2

...................................................................................................................2

1.3

/ ..............................................................................2

1.3.1

....................................................................................................2

1.3.2

....................................................................................................3

1.4

..............................................................7

1.4.1

(Hydrolysis)......................................................................................11

1.4.2

(Acidogenesis).........................................................13

1.4.3

(Acetogenesis).....................................................16

1.4.4
1.5

/ .....................................................18

1.5.1

...........................................................................................19

1.5.2

...........................................................................................24

/ ........................................................................................30
2.1

.........................................................................................30

2.1.1

().......................................................................30

2.1.2

...................................................................31

2.1.3

()..........................................................................................31

2.1.4

..............................................................31

2.1.5

..........................................................31

2.2

...................................................................................................................32

2.2.1

...............32

2.2.2

.......................................................................33

2.2.3

Bruswell...........................................................................34

2.2.4

COD/VS..................................................................................................36

2.2.5

()......................................................................37

2.2.6

............................................................40

2.3

(Methanogenesis)......................................................................17

............................................................................................................41

2.3.1

...............................................................................................42

2.3.2

.................................................................................................42

2.3.3

.....................................................................................43

.....................................................................43
3.1

...........................44

3.1.1

.......................................................................................................44

3.1.2

.................................................................................................44

vi

3.2

............................................................46

3.2.1

....................................................................46

3.2.2

.................................................................47

3.3

...................................................................................47

3.4

.............................................................................................48

3.5

....................................................................................................49

3.5.1

......................................................49

3.5.2

....................................................50

3.5.3

.................................................50

3.6
3.6.1

..........................................................................52
(Upflow anaerobic sludge

blanket reactors, UASB)...................................................................................................53

3.6.2

(Expanded granular sludge

blanket, EGSB).................................................................................................................54
3.6.3

(Anaerobic packed-bed reactors)......................................................................................54

3.6.4

(Anaerobic fluidised- or expanded-bed reactors).............................................................55

3.7

.............................................................................................55

3.8

, ...........................................56

3.8.1

CO2.....................................................56

3.8.2

H2S...........................................................................57

3.8.3

(2) (2)................................................58

3.8.4

..............................................58

3.8.5

.................................................................................58

3.8.6

.......................................................................................................58

vii

3.8.7

................................................................................................61

3.8.8

..................................68

/ ..................................................................68
4.1

........................................................................................69

4.1.1

.............................................72

4.1.2

.............................73

.................................................................................................78
5.1

................................................................................78

5.2

........................................................................80

.................................................................................................................86
..................................................................................................................90
...........................................................................................91

viii


.
.
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-caption label- ) :
Insert => Reference => Index and Tables => Table of Figures Caption label
.

1: .................................................................3
2: ...........................................................................4

ix


.
.
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-caption label- ) :
Insert => Reference => Index and Tables => Table of Figures Caption label
.

1: ..............................................................2
2: ....................3
3:
...........................................................................................................3
4: .................................................................................................4
5:
..................................................................................................................................4



..:

.:

xi


,
,
. ..:

Data

Metadata

xii



(Pain Hepherd,
1985).
, ,


CH 4 CO2
(Briefing Anaerobic Digestion, 2007), ()

(Monnet, 2003).
.
,
.

,
.


,
.

, ,
.
. ,
2012, 13.800
7400MWel
8.700
1.264 . 22 (EBA, 2012).

xiii

 ,
,
, .
(..)
/,

, , , .
, ,
,
..
, ,
. ,

.
,
/

.

xiv

1
1.1

. , Van
Helmont . 1776 Volta

.
John Dalton Humphrey Davy 1804 - 1808
(Tietjen, 1975 ). Bechamp 1868

. Omelianski 1890
, ,
.

(McCarty et al. 1982).
Cameron

(Chawla, 1986 ).

,


(Mata-lvarez et al., 2000, Weiland, 2000, Vanrolleghem, 2003, Ward et al., 2008).

1.2

.


(Beychok, 1967)

xv

()
(

().

.
(Evans et al., 2009).

,

. , ,
,

(Lema Omil, 2001).
,
.

1.3 /
1.3.1

,
.

.


.

.

,
.

xvi


.
80%
.
40% (MataAlvarez, 2002).


(Batstone et al., 2002. Mata-Alvarez, 2002).

, , 100%
(Bendixen, 1994. Lund et al., 1996. Sahlstrom, 2003).


(Edelmann et al., 2000. Grommen and
Verstraete, 2002. Lema and Omil, 2001. Lettinga, 2004. Kunte et al., 2004. Sahlstrom,
2003.).
, ,
(Biogas, 2014)
(CO2) (H2O)
(Pietroski, 2014).
,


( .., 2008).
1.3.2

..
.

.
.

xvii




.
(Gerardi 2003.
Bitton, 2005.). .

(Svoboda, 2003).
.

.

.
.
.

(Gray, 2004).
,
.


(Dugba Zhang, 1999 Powell Archer, 1989 Kalyuzhnyi et al.,
2000 Veeken Hamelers, 2000). :
(Archaea, )
(Bacteria)
Jeyaseelan (1997), ,
,
, (Acetogenic
microorganisms) ,
(Methanogens). Cavinato (2011),
,

xviii

 (hydrolyzing and fermenting microorganisms).

. ,

.

(Zupani Grilc, 2012).

()

36
80-90
5-16
1-5
(Zupani Grilc, 2012)

(hydrolyzing

and

fermenting

microorganisms)


. :

( Acetogenic
microorganisms).
(Acetic acid),
.

pH,

. (Cavinato, 2011):

(Hydrogen producing acetogens)

xix

(homoacetogens).:
.

CH3CH2CH2COOH + 4H2O CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 6H2

CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2

CH3CH2CH2OH + 3H2O CH3COOH + CO2 + 5H2

(homoacetogens)
4H2 + 2CO2 CH3COOH + 2H2O

(Methanogens)
(, )
( .,
).
pH .
(Cavinato, 2011).

(Nettmann et al., 2008. Bauer, et al., 2008):

Acetoclastic-acetate

degrading

archaea

Hydrogenotrophic

methanogenic

archaea

hydrogen

utilising

xx

Acetoclastic methanogens (Methanosarcina, Mathanosaeta (Methanothrix))

CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
2/3

Hydrogenotrophic methanogens
4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O
1/3

1.4
..
(CH 4)
(CO2).
(Cavinato, 2011. Naik et al, 2010.).


. (Naik et al, 2010.).
(Noykova et al., 2001. Pavlostathis and
Giraldo-Gomez, 1991. Gujer and Zehnder, 1983.).

(. ),
Serna (2009, . . United Tech, 2003), ,
. ,

xxi

 , , ,
, , ()
(Ostrem, 2004).
1
, 2
3 .

.
(Acetate) (H2)
(Funke et al., 1992. Peavy et
al., 1985. Viessman et al., 1985. Sterritt Lester, 1988.).

(4)
, ,
(Ostrem, 2004).
, 1, (Onofre et al, 1983 ):

1.
2.
3.
4.

/ (Hydrolysis),
(Acidogenesis),
(Acetogenesis)
(Methanogenesis)

(Acid
Fermentation)
(2) (4) (Haandel A. Van, 2007).
, ,
, (6)
(6) (5)
Jeyaseelan (1997) :

xxii

,
() ,

xxiii

100% COD

21%

40%

39%

5%

34%

[
]

66%

()

20%

, H2
CO2 .

[CH4]

?%

34%

LCFAs

11%

23%

35%

11%
12%

[Acetate,
C2H3O2]


[Acetic acid,
C2H4O2]

8%

[H2S]

70%

[H2]

30%

[CO2]

[NH4]

(CH4) +

(CO2)

100% COD
[NH3]

xxiv

1.4.1

(Hydrolysis)

().
.
- ()
()
.
(Eastmann Ferguson, 1981. Kaseng
et al., 1992. Shuler Kargi, 2005).


(Eastmann Ferguson, 1981. Kaseng et al.,
1992.).
/, ,

. ,
(Eastmann Ferguson, 1981.
Kaseng et al., 1992.). Elefsiniotis Oldham
(1994):
:

(CO2)
(NH3)
(McInerney, 1988):
(Bacteroides),
Butyrivibrio,
(Clostridium),
Fusobacterium,
Selenomonas and

xxv

 (Streptococcus species)

, ,
.

.
.

.


() (Pavlostathis
Giraldo-Gomez, 1991.).
2


.

.
.., .
, ,
(LCFA)
.
, , .. (Alves et al.,
2009).

xxvi

C50H90O6 + 24.5H2 34.75CH4+15.25CO2

C6H10O5 + H2O 3CH4 + 3CO2

C16H24O5N4 + 14.5H2O 8.25CH4 + 3.75CO2 + 4NH

+
4

(lg1)

CH4 (%)

1.425

69.5

0.830

50.0

0.921

68.8

+ 4HCO3-

(Alves, 2009)
1.4.2

(Acidogenesis)

(
) ,
, .
, 1.3,
(. )
.

pH
(4) (Haandel A. Van, 2007).

(Mosey and Fernandes, 1989).
( ), ,


,
, ,
, , H2 CO2 (Kalyuzhnyi et
al., 2000. Gujer Zehnder, 1983.).
,
:
[Acetate, C2H3O2] [Acetic acid,
C2H4O2 CH3COOH],

xxvii

 (CO2)
(H2).


(Schink, 1997).
(2 )
(4 ). 3 , ,
.

.

McMurry (2003), :

. (... V.F.As)
C
1

Formic

acid

methanoic acid)
2

HCOOH [CH2O2]

( )

2-Hydroxypropanoic

2-

acid ( Lactic acid)

( )

Propanoic

Butanoic

Pentanoic
Valeric acid)

acid)

acid

acid

butyric acid)
5

Acetic acid ( ethanoic ( CH3COOH [C2H4O2]

propionic acid)
4

CH3CHOHCOOH [C3H6O3]

( CH3CH2COOH [C3H6O2]

)
(

( CH3(CH2)2COOH [C4H8O2]

)
acid

( CH3(CH2)2COOH [C5H10O2]

3-Methylbutanoic acid 3--

(CH3)2CHCH2COOH [C5H10O2]

xxviii

( isovaleric acid)

(
)

Hexanoic

acid

caproic acid)

( CH3(CH2)4COOH [C6H12O2]

(Acetic acid) ,
, ,
(Acetate) [C2H3O2] [CH3COO],

( 70% 2/3) (Jeris McCarty,
1965. Smith Mah, 1966. Cappenberg Prins, 1974). ,

( Peter G. Simpson, P.G. William B. Whitman, W.B. 1993, . . Ferry
J.G., 1993).
Zumdahl (1986)
(Acetic acid) pH 5.5
(Zumdahl, 1986):

CH3COOH CH3COO + H+

Acetic acid

C2H4O2 C2H3O2 + H+

C2H4O2
CH3COOH

Acetate

[C2H3O2]

[CH3COO]
(Zumdahl, 1986)

1.4.3

(Acetogenesis)

, ,
(, ,
...) (Acetate, CH3COO-), (Formate, HCOO-),

xxix

 (CO2) (H2).
(Mah, 1982).


(Haandel A. Van, 2007). ,
(Fox Pohland, 1994).
,

(Xing et al., 1997).
,
. ,

(McCarthy, 1982. Fox Pohland, 1994. Salminen et al, 2000. Sekiguchi et al, 2001).
""
"". ,

. /
,
, ( 3),

.

(G0, kJ)

Propionate

Acetate

+76.1

CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O

Butyrate

CH3COOH + CO2 +3H2

Acetate

+48.1

CH3CH2CH2COOH + 2H2O
Ethanol

2CH3COOH + 2H2
Acetate

+9.6

CH3CH2OH + H2O
Lactate

CH3COOH + 2H2
Acetate

-4.2

CH3CHOHCOOH + 2H2O

CH3COOH + CO2 +2H2 + H2O

:
Acetate

-31.0

xxx

CH3COOH + H2O
Carbon dioxide + hydrogen

CH4 + CO2 + H2O

CO2 + 4H2

CH4 + 2H2O

-135.6

:
2CH3CH2CH2COOH + 4H2O
CO2 + 4H2

4CH3COOH + 4H2
CH4 + 2H2O

+96.2
-135.6
-39.4

(Zinder, 1993).:
,
Syntrophomonas wolfeii
,
Syntrophobacter wolinii

,
Homoacetogenic bacteria
1.4.4

(Methanogenesis)

,
, (CO2) (CH4).

. ,
.

(Haandel A. Van, 2007).

. ,
. ,
.
,
(Probiopol, 2014).

xxxi

1.5 /

,

. , ,
,

(Lema Omil, 2001).
, ,
, . ,
,
.

.


, pH , ,
, ,
(Bjrnsson et al., 2000.
Demirel Yenigun, 2002. Rajeshwari et al., 2000.).

.

pH

xxxii

(, 2010)
1.5.1

. (Songa, et al., 2004):

, 20
45C 30 38C.
.
, 49 57 C,
70 C,
.
:

0-20 C

20-42 C

42 - 75 C
(Hulshoff, 1998.)

..
(van Lier et al., 1996.).
20 30%
(Burton Turner, 2003. Gupta, 2010.).

. ,
(Banks, et al., 2008. Wilson et al., 2008.).


(Archer, 1983. Song et al., 2004.).

xxxiii


37C ,
(Heritage et al., 1996.)
.
.

.
(Archer, 1983. Songb et al., 2004.).



. ,
. ,
(Ward et al.,
2008).
(Chae et al., 2008).
():

()

(VFAs)

()

xxxiv

( Ahn Forster, 2000. Ahring, 1994. Ghosh, 1998.)

, ,
.
, . ,

.

(Chae et al., 2008).
(HRT)

(Monnet, 2003. Yadvika et al., 2003).
15 30 12 14.
(Hydraulic Retention Time HRT)
(Maharaj Elefsiniotis, 2001.
Elefsiniotis Oldham, 1994)

(Dugba
Zhang, 1999). , (, 2008).

HRT = VR / V
:
HRT

[]

VR

[m]

[m/d]

(Wellinger c, 1999):

xxxv

12 18

18 36

10 15

(VS)
(TS) .
.
550C .

(Biodegradable Volatile Solids, BVS)
(Refractory Volatile Solids, RVS),
. , ..,
VS RVS (, .. Verma, 2002. Golush, 2008.).

(OLR)

(Organic
Loading Rate). kg g (COD)
(VS) ( )

(Verma, S., 2002).
gVS/l/day gCOD/l/day
, COD VS (, 2009)
(Rajeshwari et al, 2000. Lissens et al.,
2001).
.

(Volatile

Solids,

VS)

.

.
(, 2008):

xxxvi

BR = m * c / VR
:
BR,

[kg/d*m]

m,

[kg/d]

c,

[%]

VR,

[m]

(Wellingerc, 1999):

2.5 - 3.5 kg VS / m3*d
-
5,0 - 7,0 kg VS / m3*d

3,0 - 3,5 kg VS / m3*d

(TS) / (VS)
(VS)
(TS) .
.
550C .

(Biodegradable Volatile Solids, BVS)
(Refractory Volatile Solids, RVS),
. , ..,
VS RVS (, .. Verma, 2002. Golush, 2008.).

, ,

.
.
,
. ,
, (Stafford, 1982.
Yadvika et al., 2003).

xxxvii

1.5.2

pH (Buffers)
pH,

pH (Elefsiniotis and Oldhamb, 1994).

,
(buffering capacity)
.
, , 1:
(VFAs)
2: pH 6,7 7.4 (Parawira et al., 2006. Callander Barford,
1983.).
. pH
,

(Parawira et al., 2006.).

(Lin et al., 1997, Lin et al., 2009, Navia et al., 2002, Lpez,
Torres Espinosa Llorns, 2008).
pH
pH.
pH
, ,
,
(Elefsiniotis Oldham, 1994).
pH 6,8 7,2. pH
(6) (Gerardi,
2003. Ahring et al., 1995)
pH 6,6 (Mosey Fernandes, 1989). pH
(8) (Gerardi .,

xxxviii

2003). ,
pH 6, (Moosbrugger et al., 1993. Zoetemeyer et al., 1982. Mudrak, 1986.)
pH
4,0 8,5 (Hwang et al., 2004). ,
, pH
6,0 8,0 (Demirel Yenigun, 2002). pH


.
pH
. pH

() (Gray et al., 2006. Gerardi., 2003. Reusser et al., 2004.
Wang et al., 1999. Song et al., 2004. Cheunbarn et al., 2000. Buhr et al., 1997.).
(Buffers)
pH,
( )
.

( H3O+ -) pH
. /
pH.
pH /
pH, .
pH,
-. ,
.
pH .
,
: ( CH3COOH)
, (CH3COO-),

xxxix

 (CH3COONa) (Urbansky, 2000. Brown, et al.,

2008. Chang, 2003. Petrucci, et al., 2007.).
, ,

, .
, ( )
, ,

(Hulshoff, 1998).
(VFA)
..
(VFAs) (Parawira et al., 2006)
(Bjrnsson et al., 1997).
,

(Rozzi, 1991). 1.5.2, pH
(VFAs)
. (Ahring et al., 1995).
VFAs pH
. VFAs
pH, ,
. , pH
7,
pH (Bjrnsson, 2000). VFAs
. ,
.
VFAs
0,5 0,1-0,2 (Gray et al., 2006.
Gerardi , 2003. Reusser et al., 2004. Wang et al., 1999. Song et al., 2004. Cheunbarn et
al., 2000. Buhr et al., 1997.).
/ C:N:P

xl

 .

. ,
(Lettinga, 1995).
, ,
, , , , , ...,


(Rajeshwari et al., 2000).
(Lin, 1993.).
, ,
(Rajeshwari et al., 2000).
.
C: N: P
100:3:1, C:N 100:3 (33,3) (Rajeshwari et al.,
2000). , .
(2009) 13:1 24:1
16:1 - 18:1. C: N


, ,
(3)
1500 mg/l 4000 mg/l
6000mg/l ,
(Stronach et al, 2011) , ,
(3+)
(NH4+)
, (2009, . Malina et al, 1991.
Cross et al, 1983) pH 8.5.
pH .
pH
(Shakhashir, 2008). pH

xli

 (, 2010.
Monnet, 2003).

, ,

.
(Heavy Metals, HM)

. , ,
, ,

, (Mudhoo Kumar, 2013).

, (Chiu-Yue Lin, 1993.
Mudhoo Kumar, 2013.).
, , (Cu) >
(Zn) > (Cr0 > (Cd) > (Pb) > (Ni) (ChiuYue Lin, 1993).

(Abdel-Shafy
Mansour, 2014). , ,
.., ()
()
.
(Oxygen Toxicity)
, ,

.

(SOD), .

xlii

 ,
(Hentges,
1996).

2 /
2.1
,

.

, .
,
, ,
.
, /

.
2.1.1

()

.
/ 80:20

xliii

 .
/ 25-50%
(Hartmann Ahring, 2005).

Kg/

% 90-2011

% 2000-11

560
470
530
600
520

33
38
18
-5
73

6
-2
4
-6
27

OECD, 2013

2.1.2

, ...

, , ,
, , , ,
, ... (Steffen,
1998).
2.1.3

()

.

.


(Pinnekamp, 1989).
2.1.4

/
,
, . ,

xliv


(, 2011).
2.1.5

.

.

2.2

, ,
, ....
55-65% 35-45%
(0-3%), (0-1%), (0-1%).
90-95%
(House, 2007).
( , , ..).

()

. (
) (Murphy McKeogh, 2004).

, H 2S NH3
. , .
.
, CH 4
36,6 MJ/m3 (Murphy, 2005).
2.2.1

. -

xlv

.
.
(CO2) .

, , pH
(Angelidaki Sanders, 2004.).
, CO2 :

,
pH,
,

.

, (HC 3- )
( +)
(H2CO3) (, 2012) CO2
CO32.

CO2 (Angelidaki and
Sanders, 2004.).
2.2.2

(kg) COD (STP,
IUPAC = 0 C P= 100.00 kPa), 0,3495m 3 .
20 C (Madigan et al., 1997):
General Gas Law
p1V1
pV
p V T
760 mmHg 0,3495 m 3 293,15 K
2 2 V2 1 1 2

T1
T2
p2 T1
760 mmHg 273,15 K
V2 0,3751 m 3

xlvi

 . '

(VS).
,
VS (L CH 4 [kg
VS]1).
.

,
VS

(M)

CH4
16,043 g/mol

() 0C

0.717 kg/m3

() 20C

0,668 kg/m3

() 25C

0,656 kg/m3

2.2.3

1. (CH4)

Bruswell

Bruswell (Buswell and Neave 1930)

(C), (H), (O), (N) (S)
.
4c h 2o 3n 2 s
H 2O
4

CcHhOoNnSs

4c h 2o 3n 2 s
4c h 2o 3n 2 s

CO2
CH 4 nNH 3 sH 2 S
8
8

(2)

CH4 CO2 2
.
(1) :
h o
s

CcHhOoNnSs c 0,75n H 2O
4 2
2

c h o 3 n s
c h o 3 n s
CO2
CH 4 nNH 3 sH 2 S

8
4
4
2 8 4
2 8 4 8

(3)

xlvii

 9 ( CcHhOoNnSs)
.

10 5

6 10
C 6 H 10 O5 6 H 2 O
4 2

2 8

5
6 10 5
CO2 CH 4
4
2 8 4

C6H10O5 + 1H2O 3CO2 + 3CH4

(NH3) . '
CO2 CH4

7 2

5 7 2 3 1
5 7 2 3 1
C 5 H 7 O2 N 1 5 0,75 1 H 2 O
CO2
CH 4
4 2

2 8 4 8
2 8 4 8
C5H7O2N1 + 3H2O 2,5CO2 + 2,5CH4

104 6

57 104 6
57 104 6
C 57 H 104 O6 57
H 2O

CO 2

CH 4
4
2
8
4
8
4

2
2

C57H104O6 + 28H2O 17CO2 + 40CH4

(Calculations Biogas production, 2010):

2

CO2 : CH4
3:3

%CO2 : %CH4
50 : 50

2,5 : 2,5

50 : 50

17 : 40

29,825 : 70,175

xlviii

1mol 3mol CH 4
1mol 2,5mol CH 4
1mol 40mol CH 4

2.2.4

COD/VS

. COD
(VS), , .
(Angelidaki and Sanders, 2004.)
gCOD/gVS:
h o 3 n
4 c h 2 o 3 n

32 c
32
4
4 2
4

COD / VS

12c h 16o 14n

12c h 16o 14n

g COD
g VS

(1)

c, h, o n, , ,
(CcHhOoNn).
32, (M) (O2)
12, 1, 16 14, (A) (C), (H),
(O) (N) .
(3) (, )
:
3. (CcHhOoNnSs)

(C6H10O5)n

C5H7NO2

C57H104O6
(Angelidaki Sanders, 2004)

xlix


10 5 3 0

32
4 2
4

COD / VS
COD / VS 1,19
12 6 10 16 5 14 0

g COD
g VS

7 2 3 1

32
4 2
4

COD / VS
COD / VS 1,42
12 5 7 16 2 14 1

g COD
g VS

104 6 3 0

32
4
2
4

COD / VS
COD / VS 2,9
12 57 104 16 6 14 0

57

2.2.5

g COD
g VS

()

() ()

(m3kg-1).
. kg , kg
(TS), kg (VS) kg COD.
( )
(ISO 1998) (Esposito, et al.,
2012).
,
(STP L CH4 / g VS )
(Bo th), (Hohenstein, 2011):

Bo th

c h o 3 n

22,414
2 8 4
8

12c h 16o 14n

L CH 4
STP g VS

(4)

H 1
(Vm)
mole 22,414 L/mol 0 C 100 kPa (
STP) (g/mol).

Bo th

6 10 5 3 0

22,414
2 8 4
8

12 6 10 16 5 14 0

L CH 4
Bo th 0.415 STP
g VS

Bo th

5 7 2 3 1

22,414
2 8 4 8

12 5 7 16 2 14 1

L CH 4
Bo th 0,496 STP
g VS

Bo th

57 104 6 3 0

22,414

L CH 4
2
8
4
8

Bo th 1,014 STP
12 57 104 16 6 14 0
g VS

COD (Angelidaki Sanders, 2004):

Bo th

c h o 3 n

22,414
2 8 4
8

h o 3 n

c
32
4 2
4

L CH 4
STP g COD

(5)

COD
:

li

Bo th

6 10 5 3 0

22,414
2 8 4
8

10 5 3 0

6
32
4 2
4

Bo th 0.35

L CH 4
STP g COD

Bo th

5 7 2 3 1

22,414
2 8 4 8

7 2 3 1

5
32
4 2
4

Bo th 0.35

L CH 4
STP g COD

Bo th

57 104 6 3 0

22,414
2
8
4
8

Bo th 0.35
104 6 3 0

57
32
4
2
4

L CH 4
STP g COD

4.

(C6H10O5)n
*
C5H7NO2

C57H104O6

C2H4O2

C3H6O2
* NH3

COD/VS

STP L-CH4/g- STP L-CH4/gg-COD/g-VS

%
VS
COD
1,19
0,415
0,35
50
1,42
0,496
0,35
50
2,9
1,014
0,35
70
1,07
0,373
0,35
50
1,51
0,530
0,35
58
( Angelidaki Sanders, 2004)

kg VS (Hejnfelt Angelidaki, 2009):
CH4, m3/kg VS = (0.496X) + (1.014Y) + (0.415Z)
= VS, %
= VS, %

lii

 = VS, %
: (1) kg
18,1 % VS, 0,181 kg.
4,8% 0,3 % 13 % .
:
CH4, m3/kg VS = (0.496*0,048) + (1.014*0,003) + (0.415*0,13)= 0,0238+0,00342+0,0539

CH4, m3/kg VS =0,0808 m3-CH4/kg -VS

= [0,0238 (70%)+0,0102 (30%)] + [0,00342(50%)+0,00342(50%)] +
[0,0539(50%)+0,0539(50%)] = 0,148 m3/kg VS
5.

(% ..)

TS
VS

Kjeldahl

23,0
18,1
4,80
0,76
0,017
0,30
13,0
(Aslanzadeh et al., ..)

2.2.6

90-95%
.
, , 30-60%
(Angelidaki Sanders, 2004).
Hejnfelt and Angelidaki (2009)
(OLR) 5%
.
5% 0.620 m 3

liii

 kg-VS.
0,600 m3 kg-VS.


(Angelidaki & Sanders, 2004).

2.3
.. , , ,
-
.
, ,
, , ,
,
. ,
. (Soerensen Moeller,
2006. ADBA, 2006. MREC, ..):



:

.
-: .
:
.

: , ,
.
,

.
2.3.1

, .

liv

 .
,
.
2,5 8 (Colleran, 1999).
40%
.
-
, ,

,
(ADBA, 2006. Monnet, 2003.
Mahony, et al., 2002). ,

.

.

. ,
(Walleco, .., Mahony, et al., 2002).
2.3.2

. ,
.
-
. ,
, (Ostrem, 2004).
.
.


.
,

lv

 . //
35:15:35 (kg/t) (ADBA, 2006. ADAS, 2007.).
.
, , .
2.3.3

,
,
(Govasmark et al., 2011).
, ,
,
.
.



.
. .
, , , , ...
(Monnet, 2003).

lvi

3


(, 2011.).
,
, , , ,
( , , ,
...)

3.1
,
.
.

. ,
.
3.1.1

.
.

. ,
, .
( )
.

.

lvii

 .
.
,
.
(, 2012).
3.1.2

- .
- ,
,
,
.
, , ,
.


.
. ,
.

(, 2012).

.
.
(,
2012).

, ,
, , ,
,
.

lviii

.
,
(, 2012).

(, 2012).
.
, .

( )
pH (Xu et al., 2005).

(Hendriks Zeeman, 2009). ,

. .

.

.
,
, ,
.

.
. , 181200 10-15 20-30%
(Bauer et al. , 2009, 2010. Chen et al. , 2005).

3.2
.
.

lix

.

(Walleco, ..).
3.2.1

(Walleco, ..).

.
.

(, ..).

,
.
(Al
Seadi, 2008).
3.2.2

. ()
.
( )
.

lx

3.3
.
.
150mm. .
200mm
300mm .

(Al Seadi, 2008).

.
.

(Walleco, ..).

3.4


(Walleco, ..).
.

lxi

 ( .).

. . (Introduction to Anaerobic Digestion, ..
, 2011).

2.
(Rehau, ..)

3.5

.

.

.
,
.
,
, ,
, , -.

, , .

lxii

 (Ostrem, 2004).
UASB, -
,
.

, ,
(Barber Stuckey, 1999).
3.5.1

.
.


. ,
. ,
.
.

.

(Ostrem, 2004).

(Types of AD, ..).

3.5.2

.

. pH
5,5 .

. pH 5,5 -
.
(Themelis Verma, 2004).
,

lxiii

 .

.
, .
pH,
10-15 .
pH .
.
, 8 , 8
(Davis Cornwell, 1998).
3.5.3

.
. .
,
.

(Brummeler, 2000).


.
.

(Brummeler, 2000 Lissens et al., 2001).

lxiv

 3.

1
2
3
4
5
6

.
.
.

. .

.
.
.
.
50-150 m3
.

lxv

4.

3.6

(Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors, UASB)
(Expanded granular sludge blanket,
EGSB),

, ,
(Borja et al., 1994.
Barber Stuckey, 1999. Rebac et al., 1997).
3.6.1

(Upflow anaerobic sludge

blanket reactors, UASB)

""
(Yan et al., 1990). UASB

(Lettinga et al., 1980. Elias et al., 1999. Zoutberg Eker, 1999.).
UASB

lxvi

 ,
,
, (Callander Barford, 1983. Fox
Pohland, 1994). , ,
, ,
(Lettinga et al., 1984. Yan et
al., 1990. Lettinga, 1995). UASB.

.

5 (UASB)

3.6.2

(Expanded granular sludge

blanket, EGSB)

(UASB).
(Zoutberg Eker, 1999)
(Lettinga, 2001).
5-10 m/h
(Lettinga, 1995).
UASB.
20 - 40 kg COD / m3 / (van Lier et
al., 2001).

lxvii

 6.
( EGSB)

3.6.3

-
(Anaerobic packed-bed reactors)

- ,
, ,
,
. -

,
, .., , , ,
, (Lettinga et al., 1984. Rajeshwari et al, 2000.).
3.6.4

(Anaerobic fluidised- or expanded-bed reactors)

, , ,
.
,

lxviii

 20-50%,
(Chen et al, 1985.
Lettinga et al., 1984.).

3.7
3 . ,
. ,
.
,
,
.
.

.
.
. (Introduction
to Anaerobic Digestion, ..).

3.8 ,
,
,

lxix


, .

(Coelho et al., 2006).
3.8.1

CO2

CO2

,
, .

.
. CO 2
.
.
(Beil Hoffstede, 2010).
,
CO2 H2S .

(Gamba and Pellegrini, 2013. Beil Hoffstede, 2010).
, ,
.
.
,
. CO2 , CH4,
, CO 2
CH 4 (Grande, 2011. Cavenati et al.,
2005).
.

.
,

lxx

CO2, H2O H2S.

.
.


(Chatterjee et al., 1997. Harasimowicz et al., 2007.
Ryckebosch et al., 2011.).
3.8.2

H2S

.
.
(H2S) ,
, , , ,
. ,
(Cavinato,
2011). , H2S 500
ppm 1000 ppm (Van Haren
Flemming 2005). 1000 ppm
6000 ppm
. H2S 20%
.
CO2 (Harding Olliff 2007). ,
/
.

. (Wellinger and Lindberg, ..).
3.8.3

(2) (2)

.

6 12% .
(PSA, Pressure swing adsorption).

lxxi

 (Wellinger and
Lindberg, ..).
3.8.4

(Wellinger and Lindberg, ..).
3.8.5

, ()

.
,
.
(Monnet, 2003).
3.8.6

.
.
(H2S).

.
. -

.
- 0,05 0,5 mbar (Ross, et al., 1996 ).

(Sattler, ..).

lxxii

 8.
(Sattler, ..)

(HDPE),
(LDPE), (LLDPE),
(Hypalon).
0,5 2,5 mm (Ross, et al., 1996, p. 5-15).

(Al Seadi, et al., 2008).

lxxiii

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

9.
(Sattler, ..)

, 5 250 bar.

. , ,
.
.
10 bar, 0,22 kWh / m 200
300 bar, 0,31 kWh / m (Ross, et al., 1996, p. 5-18.
Al Seadi, et al., 2008).
3.8.7

.
4500-5500 kcal/m3 18,8-23 MJ/m3
( , ..).
.
.

lxxiv


.
(Al Seadi, et al., 2008)
1000ppm.
150C,

.

. .

.

(, ., ..
Wellinger Lindberg, ..).
, , , ( Al
Seadi, et al., 2008).

, ,


.

lxxv

 ()

.
, , ...


. 45kW MW.

(H2S)
(Wellinger Lindberg, ..).
( Otto)


(>60kWel) .


8-10% .
-
(, .., ..).

.
. () 45 kW el
29% 31%
. 38%. ,
, 90% (Wellinger
Lindberg, .. Al Seadi, et al., 2008.).

lxxvi

,
23:1


.
.

lxxvii

 (NOx)
, NOx

(CO)
H2S. CO
NOx CO 2
. () 1,5
NOx CO 500ppm (Wellinger
Lindberg, .. Gable, C., Gable, S., ..)
.


. 50 kW
MW 30 kW
250 kW.
62-65 % (Greer, 2012. EPA, 2007).

.

, .

, .



(EPA, 2007).

lxxviii


.

.
30 - 250 kW.


,
.


.

lxxix



.

, .
, 0,2 2 MW.
12000 /kW
.
, .
(Fuel Cell Basics, 2008. Nice, Strickland, .. Lee, 2006).
, ,

.

,
.
,
.
(polymer electrolyte membrane, PEM),
(Phosphoric acid fuel cell, PAFC), (Solid Oxide Fuel
Cell, SOFC), (Molten Carbonate
Fuel Cell, MCFC) (Leo, ., .., Nice, Strickland, .., Al Seadi, et al., 2008. Lee,
J.S., 2006).

,
,
.

.
.
.
.

lxxx

 .
.
. 25-75%

(Caine, 2000. Al Seadi, et al., 2008).

10. (.) (.)

.
. ,
.
(Caine, 2000).
3.8.8

. ,
,
.

(, ., 2012).
.

lxxxi

4 /

.

.

320 /
300
.
2000
(Profits from manure power, ..).
, 60212
175 , 421484 1500
7,4 1.206.302 6000
2 (Simons, 2004).
Clymer
675 337000 $
77000 $ .
,
128931 $ - 75%
.
61689 $
45000 $.
622520 $ 61232 $.
884000 kWh/ (Pronto Gooch, 2008). (2011),
4000 5000 /kW
3000 /kW .

lxxxii

4.1
..
5000 600-800 kg
8%
.
(Sell et al., 2011. Amon, et al.,
2006. Athanasoulia et al., 2013).

:

BOD

(kg)

(kg/day)

220
300
450
600

(kg/day)
13.2
18.0
27.0
36.0

0.35
0.48
0.72
0.96

Nutrient content (kg/day)

N
P
K
0.075
0.024
0.052
0.104
0.034
0.076
0.153
0.050
0.108
0.206
0.068
0.149
Manure production data, (2011)

lxxxiii

C:N

3)

TS [%]
3-8 4)

VS [% TS]
70-80

3-10

[m /kg VS]
0.25-0.50

[d]
20-40

CH4 [%]
70-80

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

5-12 4)

75-85

6-20 1)

0.20-0.30

20-30

55-75

Braun, (1982) Wellinger, (1984)

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

10-30 4

70-80

3-10

0.35-0.60

>30

60-80

Braun, (1982) Wellinger, (1984)

Brachtl, (1998) Kuhn, (1995)

1-5

80-95

n.a.

0.80-0.95

3-10

60-80

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

1-5

80-95

4-10

0.35-0.55

3-10

55-75

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

80

90

30-80

0.10-0.30 2)

8-20

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

80

95

511

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

70

90

90

0.35-0.45 5)

10-50 5)

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

60-70

99.6

723

n.a.

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

60-70

90

100-150

0.20-0.50

8-30

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

20-25

90

12-25

0.55

10

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

15-25

90

10-25

0.56

10

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

15-20

75

35

0.25-0.50

8-20

n.a.

Brachtl, (1998) Thom-Kozmiensky, (1995)

10

80

n.a.

0.50-0.60

10-20

70-80

Nordberg, (1997)

1.295

n.a.

57,9

Amon, (2006)

1)

2) 3) 4) 5) .. =

4.1.1

:
TS = (5+12)/2 = 8,5%,
VS = (75+85)/2 = 80% TS
= (20+30)/2 = 0,25 m3 / kg VS
5000 600 kg :

5000 36

TS 65700

kg
kg
tn
365 65.700.000
65700

tn
tn TS
8,5% 5584,5

VS 5584,5

tn TS
tn VS
80% 4467,58%

4467,5

4467580

tn C 3 H 8 O 3
tn (VS)
8% 357,4

kg VS
m 3
0,25 1116895

:
1116895

m 3 ()
m 3 ()
3 3350685

m 3
3

382,5 m
h

8760

3350685
...

65700 tn/

(TS)

5584,5 tn/

(VS)

4467,6 tn/

357,4 tn/

3350685 m3/

382,5 m3/h

4.1.2

20-26
MJ / m3. 23 MJ / m3 382,5 m3/h
(P):
P 382,5 m

23 MJ

10 6
2443695,3 W
3600

P 2443,7 kW

, &
() 2,4437 MW.
40% 50%
10% :
(P.):
P. 2443,7 kW 0,4 977,5 kW
E(kWh) = P(kW) t(hr)
977,5 24 365 977,5 8760 8562724,8 kWh/ 8562,7MWh/
85,63 kWh/tn

(P.):

P. 2443,7 kW 0,5 1221,85 kW

E = P(kW) t(hr)
1221,85 24 365 1221,85 8760 10703406 kWh/ 10703,4MWh/
107,03 kWh/tn

220 (/MWh):
:

(/MWh)

(
)

220

3 MW
(
)

200

> 3 MW
,2010

2354748 .
4.000 5.000 /kW,
3.000 /kW (,
2011).
3000/kW
997,5kW,
=3000 /kW * 997,5 kW= 2932500
700-800 $/tn (561,48641,69 /tn) (Alibaba, 2014) 601,6/tn :
=357,4 tn/ * 601,6 /

2443,7 kW

977,5 kW

8562,7 MWh/

1221,8 kW

10703,4 MWh/

2354748 /

601,6 /

2932500

.

.

. (Net present
value, NPV) (Internal rate of return, IRR)
.
, .
.
.

, ,
, .
,
, . ,
, .
, ,
.
. .
.

()
.

 .

.
.

.

.
. .
, , ...
.

.
(Amos C., 2012).

5

,
.. 5,25 MW Aegis Energy
100% .

43MW,

40% 2020 10% (nvest In
Greece, 2014).

1971
2002
2010
2011
2012
8,6
5,8
7,9
7,2
7,9

1,2
3,2
9,9
10,0
10,7

7,8
4,9
7,7
7,9
8,7

46,7
75,0
82,5
83,8
84,7

5,6
5,8
10,6
11,9
13,2

5.1
.
23,5 MW .
, ,
35,5 . ,
45%.
..
( .),
.
. (, 2014).

. 4 Deutz TBG 620 v16 ( )
5 MW. :

 ,
,
, , ,
(eco news, 2010).

Deutz TBG 620 v16 .

12 16 ,
,

,
1. Deutz TBG 620 v16

,
,
. Deutz TBG 620
v16 : ,
,

, ,

,
,

(Deutz nergy, 2014).

11 .
GE Jenbacher JGS 620, 2,43 MW
.
GE Jenbacher JGS 620.

1. GE Jenbacher JGS 620

Jenbacher. Jenbacher 6 , 1.8-4.4 MW. 1500

rpm
. Jenbacher 6
. 60.000
(Clarke Energy, 2014).

5.2

.



,
(R&D)
.

Clarke Energy

Global

Water

Engineering
(GWE)

RCM Digester

Gooch

Thermal

Systems

Shand

&

(L&J

Technologies

Jurs
&

L&J Engineering)

Hydro-Thermal

Corporation

Biotel

Organic

Solutions Ltd.

AAT

Abwasser-

und
Abfalltechnik
GmbH

Colsen
International b.v.

AEV

Energy

GmbH

PlanET

Biogas

Solutions Inc.

CH Four Biogas
Inc.

Bio-en Power

Clearfleau
Limited

Zebec

Biogas

Ltd.

Renergon
International AG

Organic

Waste

Systems (OWS)

Clarke Energy
0.3-50MW.
, ,
Jenbacher.
10
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
.
Global Water Engineering (GWE) ,
,
- . 30
300
.
RCM Digesters
.

 .
, , 100 RCM
, .
Gooch Thermal Systems, Inc
.
,
.
.
L&J Technologies ,
.
, ..
Hydro Thermal
.
.

BIOTEL ,
() biotel
.
,

,
.
Colsen ,
,
.
.
Colsen
.

 , , ,
.
AEV ,
,
. AEV
, , ,
, , .

PlanET Biogas Solutions Inc.

. Biogastechnik
GmbH, Vreden
,
300
.
CH Four Biogas,
.

.
Bio-en Power
.

.
Clearfleau Limited

, , .
Zebec Biogas
. -

 .
. Zebec
Biogas
.
Renergon ,

. Renergon

,
. Renergon
.

Organic Waste Systems (OWS)

-
. (OWS) DRANCO, SORDISEP
DRANCO-FARM. :
, ,
- (Enviromental Expert,
2014).

5.3

Heliex Steam.
40,000GWhe
.
Heliex Steam
.
Heliex
Steam :
1.Heliex Steam

 ,
.

CALORIX,
.
CALORIX .
: ,
, .

1. CALORIX

Portagester. Portagester
.
.
Bioplex Technologies Ltd
.

1. Portagester

.


.
Gooch Thermal.

1.

 .

.
.


.
1.

.

,

:
1. American Pulverizer Hammermills

.

.

.
H
,

.

(Schutte Buffalo , 2014)

Technology

(BMH,

BMH

2014).

.

(, 2014)

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