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Management
ELSEVIER
Forest Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
for Reseurch
Institute
in the Amazon
(INPA).
Accepted
26 April
Manuus,
Amazonus,
Brazil
1996
Abstract
Reliable estimates of the biomass of Amazonian forests are needed for calculations of greenhouse gas emissions from
deforestation. Interpretation of forest volume data for the region is the most practical means of obtaining representative
biomass estimates. The density of the wood used in converting volume data to biomass is a key factor affecting estimates of
biomass and of emissions. Interpreting density data for biomass purposes, which is different from the normal use of these
data for commercial timber uses, is complicated by a variety of factors. There is variability among individuals of a given
species, among geographic locations, and within the vertical and radial dimensions of individual trees. Considerable
confusion has resulted from the variety of ways that densities are reported with respect to humidity at time of the weight and
volume
measurements used in calculating the density value. The most appropriate measure for biomass is basic density, or
oven-dry weight divided by wet volume. Corrections for hollow trees and the position of samples within trunks are also
needed. Here, available data are brought together for 268 species of trees, with an unweighted mean basic density of 0.65
(range 0.14-l .21). Weighting the mean by the volume of wood of each species in a sample of vegetation types, and
weighting the means of the vegetation types by the extent of each in the region, yields a mean density of 0.69. Although the
weighted mean density calculated here has a much firmer empirical basis than previously available estimates for this
parameter, uncertainty is still considerable, particularly as a result of doubt concerning taxonomic identifications in the
forestry surveys. Were the wood density of a small but botanically well-studied plot near Manaus to apply to the region as a
whole, Brazils 1990 emissions of greenhouse gases would be higher by an amount equivalent to two-thirds of the countrys
annual emission from fossil fuels.
Kryworcis:
Global
warming;
Tropical
forest;
Deforestation
impacts;
1. Introduction
The question of greenhousegas emissionsfrom
tropical deforestation, particularly deforestation in
Amazonia, is fraught with uncertainties, including
Fax:
55-92-236-3822
pmfeam@cr-am.mp.br.
0378. I 127/97/S
17.00 Copyright
PII SO378-1
127(96)03840-6
or
55-92-642-1838;
0 1997 Elsevier
e-mail:
Greenhouse
gas emissions;
Carbon
stocks; Amazon
forest
estimatesof rates of deforestation, biomassof vegetation being cleared, fate of carbon in cleared vegetation, and fate of the landscape in cleared areas
subsequentto clearing (Feamside, 1992a). Because
of the global importance of greenhousegas (GHG)
contributions from this source,reducing uncertainties
in emissionscalculations is a high priority. Wood
density is an important factor in converting forest
volume data to biomass. Among items contributing
60
P.M. Feumside
90 f 1997) 59-87
low-ground)
in undisturbed productive broadleafed
closed forests of the New World tropics-less
than
half that found by direct measurements of biomass in
Amazonia. Brown et al. (1989. pp. 897-898) later
found errors in the conversion factors used by Brown
and Lugo (19841 to calculate biomass from volume,
resulting in an increase in the estimate by 2%47%.
Among the changes that account for this are a 10%
increase in the value used to account for trees in the
size range between 10 cm diameter at breast height
(DBH, 1.3 m above the ground or above the highest
buttress) and the 25 cm minimum in the FAO forest
inventories (volume expansion factor of 1.2 used by
Brown and Lugo (1984, p. 12921 vs. 1.22 used by
Brown and Lugo (199211, and an 11% increase in the
average wood density (from 0.62 g cm .A used by
Brown and Lugo (1984. p. 12911 to 0.69 used by
Brown and Lugo (1992)). Wood density refers to
basic specific gravity, or oven-dry weight divided
by wet volume. The 0.62 g cm- density value
(Brown and Lugo, 1984. p. 1292) was based on I62
broadleaf tree species listed for tropical America by
LEGEND
-.
RIVER
-----
LEGAL
STATE
.
=__
CITY OR SAMFW
___A
0,
Fig. I. Brazils
Legal Amazon
region (showing
locations
mentioned
1251
2501
in the text).
AMAZON BOUNDCLRY
BOUNDARY
Km
SlTE
P.M. Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
Chudnoff (1980). The 0.69 g cme3 value was calculated from basic density information (range 0.201.05) in a file maintained by the Institute of Tropical
Forestry (ITF), Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico (Brown et
al., 1989). For Brazilian Amazonia, the data set in
the present paper allows more species to be matched
than that of Brown et al. (1989): for a 0.16 ha
sample area near Manaus, where all trees of at least
5 cm DBH were identified by Prance et al. (1976),
Brown et al. (1989, p. 889) were able to match basic
density data for 29% of stems, whereas the current
data set provides densities for 65% of stems.
Because of differences in the abundance of tree
species in different density classes, variation exists
among locations and forest types within Amazonia,
and between Amazonia and other parts of the tropics.
Trees are generally denser in Amazonia than in the
tropical forests of southeast Asia (Whitmore and
Silva, 1990). This is one of the factors contributing
to the greater commercial value and market volume
for Asian tropical timbers. Very dense timbers are
not suitable for peeled veneer, among other common
uses.
There is also geographical variation in wood density within any given species. For example, mean
basic density of Curupa guiunensis
(a common
species) ranges from 0.43 g cm- at Balbina (INPA,
1991) to 0.59 g cmm3 at the Tapajos National Forest
(Do Nascimento, 1993) (Table 1). At a given location there is variation between individuals, and there
is variation within a single individual. These variations may be due to the varying needs of trees for
structural support under different circumstances.
Wood density is known to be a strong indicator of
successional state in tropical trees, with pioneer
species being lighter than mature forest species
(Denslow, 1980). The lighter species have great
variation in density within the trunks of individual
trees (Wiemann and Williamson, 1988). Pioneer trees
grow quickly at first, producing low-density wood,
and later add structural support by adding a shell of
harder wood (Rueda and Williamson, 1992). The
controlling factor for adding the harder wood is the
age of the tree, rather than the diameter (De Castro et
al.. 1993). The occurrence of pith-to-bark gradients
in wood density in tropical trees parallels elevational
and latitudinal gradients in species diversity, with
greatest changes in wood density being found in the
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
61
of wood by species
name
Agonandra
brasiliensis
Mien ex Benth
Aldino hrrerophylla
Benth.
Akxa grandifora
Duckc
Alexa imperafricis
(R.H. Schomb.) Baill.
Anocrrrdium
e.rceLsum Sk&Is
Anacardium
Rigonwum Hancock ex Enpl.
Anacordivm
syrucelrnum
Benfh. ex En@.
Anndewnrhera
mocrocarpa (Benth.) Brenan
Andiru inrrmir (Wright) DC.
Andira parciflnra
Ducke
Aniba canelilla
1H.B.K.) Mea
Anibu spp.
Ape& pe,n,,ma (Gaenn.) Aublet
Apeiba spp.
Apnleia molarir Spruce ex Benth.
Aspidospema
album (Vahl) Ben&t
Aspidosperme
nbrcurineruium
Azambuja
Aspidqspsrma
spp.
Aslrnnium ~racile Engl.
Aslronium ~raoeolenr
Jacq.
Astronium kcoinrei
Ducke
Astronium ufei Mattick
Astronium urundeuco
Engl.
Bqgussn guionensis
Aublet
Beirholleria
excelsa Humb. and Bonpl.
Bka arborea Hubcr
Bowdichia
nitida Spruce ex Benth.
Erosbum
oculifolium
Huber
Brosiqum alicaslrum
SW.
Bmsinwm guianmse (Aabler) Hubet
Broaimum parinorioider
Ducke
Brosimum porobile Ducke
Brosimum rubescenr Taubcn
t3rnrimum spp. (utile group)
B#cher)ocia
capiraro Eichler
B@henecia
hubrri Duckt
Buchenwia
oxycwpa (DC.) Eichler
Byrsosime syicora (Cav.) DC.
Cabrakrr
cdnjerana (Veil.) Man.
Calqhyllum
brasiliense
Cambess.
Caropu ~uiqnenris
Aubtet
Cur&inn0
ht,,&diu
Due ke
Carinima
micronrho Ducke
Cwinitmo
rpp.
Coryocw vi&wuto (Auble:) C.H.Persoon
Cssrie rclwwylov,
Ducke
Caiorremmh spp.
Cecropia p&w
L.
Scientific
Table I
Basic density
0.76
0.55
Amap
(Do Nascimenm
1993)
0.43
0.49
0.72
0.91
0.86
0.67
0.44
0.73
0.53
Balbina
(INPA.
1991)
0.54
0.59
0.79
0.57
0.53
I.21
0.70
0.63
0.32
0.77
0.75
0.76
0.92
0.60
Caraj5.9
(IBDF.
1983)
1.01
0.74
0.85
0.79
0.71
0.73
0.92
CUllI&
Ulla
(IBDF
et al..
1988)
0.93
CUrUriUlla
(Do Nascimento,
1993)
0.62
Jari
(Reid.
Collins
and
Associates.
1977)
0.64
0.98
0.74
Manaus
(INPA,
CPPF.
unpublished.
1981)
0.63
0.32
0.71
Manaur
(Amorim.
1991)
0.79
0.57
0.53
0.73
0.55
0.63
0.36
0.42
0.60
Tapajds
(IBDF,
1981)
0.59
0.59
0.55
0.61
TapajBs
(Do NasctllEk3.
1993)
0.55
0.30
0.46
0.12
0.61
0.55
0.5 I
0.56
0.43
0.63
0.64
0.96
0.74
0.68
0.59
0.75
0.75
0.20
0.60
0.86
0.64
0.48
0.41
Brazil
(Chudnoff.
1980)
0.53
0.87
0.43
0.63
0.79
0.72
0.61
0.55
0.53
0.55
0.49
0.64
0.46
0.72
I .Ol
0.55
0.30
0.55
0.69
0.96
0.58
0.79
0.69
0.62
0.32
0.7 I
0.77
I.21
0.20
0.76
0.76
0.86
0.75
0.73
0.75
0.92
0.60
0.36
0.86
0.42
0.64
0.69
0.74
0.73
0.59
0.52
0.41
0.44
Average
?
e
8
2
8
Y
z
3
2
;;:
2
h
a
s
2
2
g
E
G
a
P.M. Fearnside/Foresr
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
2
d
c:
d
4zr
ddd
59-87
63
8
d
name
Scientific
Table I (continued)
0.x7
Amap
(Do Nasci~
memo.
1993)
0.81
,0.70
0.92
0.79
I .04
0.88
0.81
0.80
0.69
0.3s
0.67
0.66
0.71
Bnlbina
(INPA.
1991)
0.70
0.93
0.57
0.76
0.88
0.3 I
0.39
0.68
0.76
0.85
0.84
0.57
0.62
0.65
0.71
0.74
I .oo
0.63
0.75
Carajks
(IBDF,
1983)
0.57
0.83
0.62
0.73
0.77
0.84
0.76
0.62
0.82
0.58
0.6.5
0.90
0.76
0.65
CWUSUna
(IBDF
et al..
1988)
0.61
0.84
0.62
0.6.5
CWUbUna
(Do Nascimcnro.
1993)
0.93
0.32
lwi
(Reid.
Collins
and
Associates.
1977)
0.80
0.75
Mmalls
(INPA,
CPPF,
unpublished,
1981)
MZWlS
(Amorim.
1991)
0.70
0.68
0.57
0.64
0.31
0.39
0.68
0.63
Tapaj6s
(IBDF.
1981)
3.70
0.5X
0.31
Tapaj6s
(Do Nascilll~,O.
1993)
0.85
0 70
0.82
0.69
0.50
0.78
0.77
0.8 I
0.35
0.46
0.63
0.36
0.64
0.77
0.72
0.49
0.66
Brazil
(Chudnoff.
1980)
0.78
0.80
I .04
0.73
0.82
0.69
0.50
0.62
0.70
0.57
0.85
0.85
0.93
0.57
0.81
0.70
0.68
0.77
0.76
0.88
0.77
0.86
?
%
8
2
g
Y
!i
0.68
0.39
0.83
0.77
0.84
0.8 I
2
2
B
b
a
F
B
8.
R
0.62
0.82
0.58
0.55
0.57
0.72
0.33
0.64
0.65
0.67
0.65
0.72
0.49
0.66
0.75
0.36
0.64
0.74
0.74
0.95
Average
Micropbolis
guyonensis (A.DC.)
Pierre
Micropholis
uenulosa (Man. and Eichlcr) Pie)
Micropholir
spp.
Mora rxcel~o Benth./M.
gonggrijpii
Sandw.
Myrislico
p/Hyspcrma
(Warb.) Spruce
Myroxybn
balsamum Harms
Necmndre rubra (Mcz) C.K.Allen
Necmndra pp.
Orhrona
pyramid&
(Cav.) Urb.
Ocoreo pubnensis
Aublct
Ocoua nerrium (Miq.) Kosterm.
ocorca spp.
Onychopefalvm
amatonicum
R.E.Fr.
Ormosia paramris
Ducke
Ormosia rpp.
Parinari
excelso Sabine
Porinari
mwmno Aublet
Porinori
rodo/phii
Huber
Pwinori
spp.
Parkicr mulrijugo Benth.
Porkio nitida (Spruce ex Benth.) Miq.
Porkia pammsis
Duckc
ParkQ pendulo (Willd.)
Bcnth. ex Walp.
Parkia ulei (Harms) Kuhlm.
Pelrogyne panicuhra
Bonth.
Pel/ogyns paradoxa
Ducke
Pellogyne spp.
Prrsea spp.
Pbyllosrylon
brosiliensis
Capan.
Pipmdenia
commvnis Bcnth.
Piprodcnio
swurolens
Miq.
Pipfadenh
rpp.
Pirhecellobivm
sont~ln Benth.
PLIymiscium
rpp.
Poureria anomala (Pirep) T.D.Penn.
Poureria coimiro (RUB and Pavbn) Radlk.
Poulerio
egregia Sandw.
Pourericl gongrihii
Eyms
Pouwria guiancnsis Aublet
Pouterin manooscnsis (Aubr6v. and
Pellcgr.) T.D.Penn.
Pouwria opposififolia
(Ducke) Baehni
Povrrria (= Planchonella)
pachycarpn
Pradorio
rchomburgkii
(A.DC.1 Cmnquist
Pradnsia spp.
Prorium heprophyllum
(Aublet) Marchand
Prorium rrnuifolium
(En&) Engl.
Prolium f = Telmgdrwis
in pan) spp.
Plerocorpur
spp.
P~erogyne nitcnr Tul.
Qualeo brecipedicellofa
Stafleu
Qualeo lancifolio
Ducke
Qualeo paraenrir
Ducke
Qua/co spp.
Quarsilr simoroubrr (Aublet) L.I.
Rhecdia spp.
0.67
0.91
0.40
0.40
0.71
0.35
0.66
0.63
0.73
0.90
0.52
0.38
0.74
0.63
0.76
0.65
0.74
0.88
0.97
0.72
0.90
0.65
0.76
0.44
0.50
0.63
0.55
0.57
0.67
0.67
0.72
0.5 I
0.38
0.71
0.68
0.67
0.75
0.55
0.65
0.66
0.74
0.83
0.80
0.76
0.44
0.71
0.67
0.81
0.69
0.71
0.34
0.69
0.64
0.86
0.89
0.54
0.52
0.38
0.58
0.55
0.68
0.72
0.5 I
0.38
0.64
0.55
0.37
0.52
0.5 I
0.54
0.55
0.38
,.. -*IL
0.53
0.44
0.66
0.68
0.62
0.48
0.84
0.79
0.47
0.77
0.68
0.59
0.86
0.78
0.56
0.52
0.14
0.6 I
0.80
0.65
0.74
0.73
0.68
0.54
0.65
0.65
0.44
0.66
0.69
0.58
0.67
0.55
0.37
0.72
0.81
0.87
0.89
0.72
0.90
0.64
0.75
0.62
0.48
0.84
0.68
0.77
0.47
0.79
0.55
0.40
0.89
0.91
?
2
23
2
3
2
E
3
iG
a
F
2
2
@I
0.38
0.40
0.44
.?J
3
-7
2
0.65
0.67
0.61
0.80
0.55
0.78
0.57
0.52
0.14
0.63
0.63
0.70
0.61
0.67
0.59
0.68
0.71
0.71
0.68
P.M. Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
67
68
P.M. Fearnside/
Table 2
Scientific
names, synonyms
Scientific
name
and Brazilian
Agonandra
brusiliensis
Miers ex Benth.
Aldinu heterophylla
Benth.
Alexu grandijlora
Ducke
Alexu imperutricis
(R.H.Schomb.)
Baill.
Anucurdium
excelsum Skeels
Anacardium
gigunteum Hancock ex Engl
Anucurdium
spruceanum Benth. ex Engl.
Anadenuntheru
macrocurpa
(Benth.) Brenan
Andiru inermis (Wright) DC.
Andiru parvijlora
Ducke
Anibu canelillu (H.B.K.)
Mez
Anibu spp.
Apeiba petoumu Aublet ( = cchinatu Gaertn.)
Apeiba spp.
Apuleiu molaris Spruce ex Benth.
Aspidospermu
album (Vahl) Benoist
Aspidospermu
obscurinervium
Azambuja
Aspidosperma
spp.
Astronium gracile Engl.
Astronium graveolens Jacq.
Astronium lecointei Ducke
Astronium ulei Mattick
Astronium urundeuva
Engl.
Bagussa guiunensis Aublet
Bertholletia
excelsu Humb. and Bonpl.
Bixa arboreu Huber
Bowdichia niridu Spruce ex Benth.
Brosimum ucufifolium
Huber
Brnsimum alicastrum SW.
Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber
Brosimum purinarioides
Ducke
Brosimum potubile Ducke
Brosimum rubescens Taubert
Brosimum spp. (utile group)
Buchenuviu
capitata (Vahl) Eichler
Buchenavia
huberi Ducke
Buchenaviu
oxycarpu (DC.) Eichler
Byrwnima
spicatu (Cav.) DC.
Cubruleu cunjeruna (Veil.) Mart.
Culophyllum
brusiliense Cambess.
Curupa guiunensis Aublet
Curiniunu integrifoliu
Ducke
Curiniuna micranthu
Ducke
Curiniuna spp.
Curyocar
villosum (Aublet) C.H. Persoon
Cussiu scleroxylon
Ducke
Cutostemmu spp.
Cecropiu peliatn L.
Cedrela odorutu L./Cedrelu
spp.
Cedrefingu
catenueformis
Ducke
Ceibu pentandru
CL.) Gaertn.
common
Forest
Ecology
und Munagement
90 (1997)
59-87
in wood density
common
data sets
names
Pawmarfim
Macucu-de-paca
Melancieira,
Fava-bolacha,
Melancieira-falsa
Caju, Caju-da-mata
-____-.__
Sucupira-pepino
P.M. Fearnside/
Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
69
Table 2 (continued)
Scientific
name
Centrolohium
spp.
Chlorophora
tinctoria Gaudich.
Chrysophyllum
anomalum see Pouteria anomala
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz and Pavdn
Cluthrotropis
spp.
Copaifera duckei Dwyer/C.
reticulata Ducke
Copuijkra
reticulata Ducke
Copuij2ra spp.
Cordia bicolor ADC.
Cordia goeldiana Huber
Cordia sagotii I.M. Johnston
Cordia spp. (gerascanthus gr.)
Cordia spp. (goeldiana gr.)
Corythophora
rimosa W.Rodr.
Couma macrocarpa
Barb.Rodr.
Coumarouna
see Dipteryx
Couratari
guianensis Aublet (= pulchra Sandw.)
Couratari
multiflora (J.E. Smith) Eyma
Courutari
oblongifolia
Ducke and Knuth
Couratari
stellata A.C. Smith
Couratari
spp.
Cynodendron
and Chrysophyllum
spp.
Dendropanax
arboreum
Decne. and Planch.
Dialiam guianense (Aublet) Sandw.
Diclinanona
calycina Benoist
Dicorynia
guianensis Amshoff
Didymopanax
see Scheflera
Dinizia excelsa Ducke
Diploon cuspidatam (Hoehne) Cronquist
( = venezuelanum
Aubrev.)
Diplotropis
purpurea (C. Rich.) Amshoff
Dipteryx
(= Coamarouna)
odorata (Aublet) Willd.
Dipteryx polyphylla
Huber
Drypetes variabilis Uittien
Ecclinusa bacuri Aubmv. and Peilegr.
( = guianensis Eyma)
Endopleura
(= Sacoglottis)
uchi (Huber) Cuatrec.
Enterolobium
cyclocarpam
(Jacq.) Griseb.
Enterolobium
maximum Ducke
Enterolobium
schomburgkii
Benth.
Eprrua falcata
Aublet
Eperua spp.
Eriotheca longipedicellata
(Ducke) A. Robyns
Erisma uncinatum Warm.
Eschweilera
amara see Lecythis iaiztimon
Eschweilera amazonica R. Knuth
Eschweilera
coriacea (DC.) Mart. ex Berg
(= odora (Poepp. ) Miers)
Eschweilera
ovum (Cambess.) Miers
(= blanchetianu
Miers)
Eschweilera sagotiana Miers
Eschweilera
spp.
Brazilian
common
Pau-rainha,
LimZorana,
names
Araiba,
Taitiva,
Araratiba
Tatajuba-de-espinho
Guariuba, Guariuba-amarela
Cabari, Tento-amarelo-de-roraima,
Timborana
Copafba, Copaffa-angelim,
Copaiba-fina
Copafba
Copafba
Freij6, Chap&t-de-sol
Freijo, Cordia-preta
Freijo
Louro-pardo
Freij6
Castanha-jacar6
Sorva, Sorva-mihda,
Sorva-grande
Tauari
Tauari
Matamata-morrZo,
Tauari
Tauari
Tauari
Ma$arandubarana
Maria-mole
Jutai-pororoca,
Jutaf-cici, Sacupembmha
Envira-preta
Angelica-do-par6
Angelim-pedra,
Abiurana-seca
Angelim,
Angelim-vennelho
Sucupira, Sucupira-preta
Cumaru, Cumaru-roxo
Cumantrana
Maparana
Abiurana-bacuri
Uxi, Uxi-liso,
Uxi-amare.
Fava-tamboril,
Tamboril, Faveira-bolacha
Fava-de-rosca,
Sucupira-amarela,
Timbatiba
Apa, Espadeiro
ApP, Muirapiranga
Munguba-grande-da-terra-tirme
@rarubarana,
Vergatho-de-jabuti
Matamata-ci,
Ripeiro-vermelho
Matamad,
Matamat&branco,
Jarana-de-folha-miuda,
Matamat&branco
MatamatCamarela
Mamma&preto
Matamat&preto
P.M. Fearnside/
70
Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
Table 2 (continued)
Scientific
name
Eschweilera
spp.
Eschweilera
spp.
Euxylophom
paraensis Huber
Franchetella
see Pouteria
Genipa americana
L.
Glycoxylon
inophyllam
see Prudosia schomburgki
Glycydendron
umazonicum
Ducke
Goupia glabra Aublet
Guareu guidoniu Sleumer (= trichilioides
L.)
Gaareu spp.
Guatteria
olivace R.E.Fr.
Gwtteria
procera R.E.Fr.
Helicostylis
tomentosa (Poepp. and Endl.) Rushy
Heuea brasiliensis
MIill.Arg.
Holopyxidiam
jarana see Lecythis luridu
Humiria baLsamiferu (Aublet) J.St.-Hil. ( =floribunda
Mart.)
Humiriastrum
excelsam (Ducke) Cuatrec.
Hura crepitans L.
Hyeronima
alchorneoides
Altemao (= laxiflora (Tul.) MiilLArg.)
Hymenaeu courbaril
L.
Hymenuea obbngifolia
Huber
Hymenuea parvifolia
Huber
Hymenolobium
excelsum Duclre
Hymenolobiam
modestum Ducke
Hymenolobium
pulcherrimam
Ducke
Inga ulba (SW.) Willd.
Ingu paraensis Ducke
Inga spp.
Iryuntheru
grandis Ducke/l.
spp.
byunthera
sagotianu Warb.
Iryunthera
tricornis Ducke
Jacuranda copuia (Aublet) D.Don.
Joannesia heveoides Ducke
Laetia procera (Poepp. ) Eichler
Lecythis idatimon Aublet (= Eschweilera
amura Nied.)
Lecythis idatimon Aublet ( = amaru Aublet)
Lecythis idatimon Aublet
Lecythis lurida (Miers) Mori ( = Holopyxidium
juranu
(Huber) Ducke)
Lecythis poifeaui Berg
Lecythis pisonis Cambess. (= nsitatu Miers)
Lecythis zabucaja Aublet ( = davisii Sandw.)
Lecythis spp.
Licunia macrophylh
Benth.
Licaniu oblongifolia
Standl.
Licania ocrandra (Hoffmanns.)
Kuntze
Licunia spp.
Licaria uritu Ducke
Licariu cannefla (Meissn.) Kosterm.
Licaria rigidu Kosterm.
Licaria spp.
Lonchocarpus
spp.
Brazilian
common
names
Matamata-ci
Matamata-roxo
Pau-amarelo
Jenipapo,
Genipapo
Pawdote,
Cupiuba,
Castanha-de-porco,
Cupiliba-vermelha
Miridimba-dote
Muir&gonplo
Jutai-aqu, Jatoba
Jutai-da-varzea
Jutai-mirim,
Jatoba
Angelim-da-ma&
Angelim-vermelho,
Angetim
Angelim-amarelo,
Angelim-da-mata,
Angehm-pedra
Angelim-pedra
Inga-xixica,
Inga
Ing&vermelho,
Ingd, Ingarana, Ingl-branco
IngL, Ingarana
Ucuubarana
Ucuubarana,
Ucuubapuna
Ucutiba-apun&
Apun
Parapar& Caroba
Castanha-de-arara,
Munguba-grande
Pawjacan5, Periquiteira
Jatereua, Matamata-vermelho,
Matamatfi-ripeiro
Jarana
Sapucaia
Jarana, Jaranara. Castanha-jarana
Jarana
Castanha-sapucaia,
Castanha-sapucaia,
Anoera, Anuera,
Anuera-de-ferro,
Carip6, Cara@
Sapucaia
Sapucaia-verdadeira
Macucu-roxo,
Cariperana
Macucu-farinha-seca
Louro-a&u,
Aritu
Louro-canela,
Louro-crave,
Louro-amarelo,
Louro
Timb6,
Imbira-de-sapo
Louro-preto
P.M. Fearnside/Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 11997) 59-87
Table 2 (continued)
Scientific
name
Brazilian
common
names
Luehea spp.
Lueheopsis duckeunu Burrct
Machaerium
spp.
Muloueiia
duckei Marcgr.
Manilkura
(= Mimusops)
umazonica (Huber) Stattdl.
Manilkara
bidentata (A.DC.1 A.Chev.
Manilkara
(= Mimusops)
huberi (Duclre) AChev.
Maquira (= Olmediopereba)
sclerophylla
(Ducke) CC. Berg
Murmaroxyfon
( = Pithecellobium)
racemosum (Ducke) Killip
Mezilaurus
itauba (Meissn.) Taubert ex Mez
Mezilaurus
lindaviana
Schwacke and Mez
Micropholis
guyanensis (A.DC.) Pierre
Micropholis
venulosa (Mart. and Eichler) Pierre
Micropholis
spp.
Mora excelsu Benth./M.
gonggrijpii
(Kleinh.) Sandw.
Myristica ( = Osteophloeum)
platysperma
(Warb.1 Spruce
AFoita-cavalo
AGoha-cavalorana
Pau-ferro
Molongo, Mulungu,
Tamanqueira-de-leite
Maparajuba
Maqaranduba,
MaGaranduba-vermelha
MaGaranduba
Muiratinga,
Muiratinga-da-terra&me
Angehm-rajado
ltatiba, Louro-itauba
Ita6baamarela,
Itaiba-abacate
Abiurana-mangabarana,
Rosadinha, Chicle-bravo
Abiurana-mangabinha,
Rosadinha, Abiurana-branca
Apixuna
Pracutiba
Ucuuba-chorona,
Ucuiiba-branca
Myroxylon
balsamum Harms
Nectar&a
(= Ocotea) rubra (Mez) C.K. Allen
Nectandra spp.
Ochroma pyramidule
(Cav.) Urb. (= lagopus SW.)
Ocotea guianensis Aublet
Ocorea neesiuna (Miq.) Kosterm.
Ocorea rubro see Nectandru rubra
Ocotea spp.
Olmediopereba
see Muquira
Onychopetulum
amazonicum
R.E.Fr.
Ormosiu puruensis Ducke
Ormosiu Spp.
Osteophloeum
see Myristicu
Parinari excelsu Sabme
Purinari montuna Aublet
Purinari rodolphii
Huber
Purinari
spp.
Purkia multijuga Benth.
Parkiu nirida Miq. (= oppositfoliu
Spruce ex Benth.)
Purkia paraensis Ducke
Purkia pendula (Willd.) Benth. ex Walp.
Purkia ulei (Harms) Kuhlm.
Peltogyne paniculuta
Benth.
Peltogyne parudoxu
Ducke
Peltogyne spp.
Persea spp.
Phyllostylon
brasiliensis Capan.
Piptudeniu communis Bentb.
Piptadeniu ( = Newtonia Brenan) suaveolens Miq.
Piptadeniu ~99.
Pithecellobium
( = Samaneu Benth.) saman Benth.
Pithecellobium
see Murmaroxylon
Ptanchoneflu
see Pouteriu
Platymiscium
spp.
Pouteriu ( = ChrysophyNum)
anomala (Pires) T.D.Penn.
Pouteria caimito (Rufz and PavQ) Radlk.
Pau-balsamo,
Louro-vermelho,
Canela, Louro
Pau-de-balsa,
Louro-prata,
Louro-canela,
Louro-canela,
Balsamo, Cabretiva-vermelha
Tento, Louro-gamela
Pau-de-jangada
Louro-itauba,
Folha-de-p&a
Louro-preto
Louro-preto
Envira-fofa,
Envira-preta.
Envira-cajh
Tento, Jatobaf-do-igap
Tento-preto,
Tento, Jatobai-do-igap
Parinari, Pajurazinho
Pajuti, Pajurl-da-mata
Parinari
Fava-arara-tucupi,
Parinari, Pajurfi
Paricl-grande,
Fava-apuna,
Fava-atana
Fava-bcngd
Fava-arara-tucupi,
Faveira
Visgueiro, Fava-bolota
Esponjeira
CoatiquiGaua-vermelha,
Pau-mulato-da-terra-firme
Coatiquigaua
Pau-roxo, Roxinho
Canela-rosa, Canela-ruiva
Pau-branco
Fava-folha-fina,
Timborana,
Jacar6
Fava-folha-fina,
Timborana
Angico-branco
BordZo-de-velho
Macacauba, Jacarandii-do-brejo
Abiu-rosadinha,
Balatinha, Chicle-bravo
Abiu-vennelho,
Abiurana, Abiu-verdadeiro
71
72
Table
P.M. Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
2 (continued)
Scientific
name
Pouteria (= Sandwithiodoxa
Aubmv. and Pellegr.) egregia Sandw.
Pouteria (= Franchetella
Aubt6v.j
gongrijpii
Eyma
Pouteria guiunensis Aublet
Pouteria (= Richardella)
manaosensis (Aubt6v.
and Pellegr.)
T.D. Penn.
Pouteria (= Syzygiopsis Ducke) oppositijolia
Baehni
Pouteria (= Planchonella)
pachycarpa
Pradosia schomburgkiana
(A.DC.1 Cronquist
(= Glycoxylon
inophyllum
Duke)
Pradosia spp.
Protium heptaphyllum
(Aublet) Marchand
Protium ( = Tetragastris
in part) spp.
Protium tenuifofium
(Engl.) Engl.
Pterocarpus
spp.
Pterogyne nitens Tul.
Qualea albiflora see Ruizterania
albi$lora
Qualea breoipedicellata
Stafleu
Qualea lancifolia Ducke
Qualea paraensis Ducke
Qualea spp.
Quassia simarouba L.f. (= Simarouba amara Aublet)
Rheedia spp.
Rhizophora
mangle L.
Richardella
see Pouteria
Rollinia exsucca (Dunal) ADC.
Roupala montana Aublet
Ruizterania
( = Qualea) albiflora (Warm.) Marc-Berti
Sacoglottis guianensis Benth.
Sacoglottis uchi see Endopleura
uchi
Samanea see Pithecellobium
Sandwithiodoxa
see Pouteria
Sapium spp.
SchefJZera (= Didymopanax)
morototoni
(Aublet) Frodin
Schizolobium
amazonicum
Ducke
Sclerolobium
chrysophyllum
Poepp. and Endl.
Sclerolobium
paraense Huber
Sclerolobium
poeppigianum
Baill.
Sclerolobium
spp.
Scleronema micranthum
Ducke
Sickingia spp.
Simarouba see Quassia
Sloanea nitida Ct. Don.
Spondias lutea L.
Spondias purpurea
L. ( = mombin L.)
Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karsten
Sterculia pilosa Ducke/S.
speciosa K. Schum.
Sterculia pruriens (Aublet) K. Schum.
Sterculia speciosa K. Schum.
Swartzia panacoco (Aublet) Cowan
Swartzia spp.
Swietenia macrophylla
King
Symphonia globulifera
L.f.
Sygyziopsis see Pouteria
-Brazilian
common
names
Be&a,
Abiu-pitomba
Abiurana-branca
Abiurana-branca,
Abiurana-abiu
Abiurana-de-massa,
Cutitiriba-peludo
Abiu-ucuubarana,
Abiu-casca-grossa,
Casca-dote
Abiu-branco
Goiabgo
Casca-dote,
Pau-dote
Breu, Brett-bmnco-do-campo,
Breu-manga,
Breu
Breu-preto,
Brett
Mututi
Pau-fava, Amendoim
Almecega-cheirosa
Mandioqueira-aspera,
Mandioqueira-preta
Mandioqueira,
Quaruba
Mandioqueira-escamosa,
Mandioqueira-vermelha
Mandioqueira
Marupii, Tamanqueria
Bacuripari, Bacuri, Pact&t
Mangue-vermelho,
Mangue-verdadeiro
Envira-bob&
Ata-brava,
Biriba-bravo
Faeira, Louro-faia
Mandicqueira-lisa,
Quaruba-lisa,
Casca-preta
Achua, Ax&, Macucu-murici
Burra-leiteira,
Pau-de-leite,
Tap&
Moron5
Pat%&grande
Taxi-amarela,
Taxi-vermelho
Taxi-bmnco,
Taxi-pitomba
Taxi-pitomba
Tachi, Taxi, Taxi-bmnco
Cardeiro, Cordeiro, Castanha-de-paca
Pau-brasil, Arart%ta
UNCuratIa
Tapeteba, Cajarana.
Pau-de-tapera
Cajazeira
P.M. Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
73
Table 2 (continued)
Scientific
name
Tabebuia serratijolia
(Vahl) Nicholson
Tabebuia spp. (ipZ group)
Tabebuia spp. (white-cedar
group)
Tachigali myrmecophila
(Ducke) Ducke
Tapirira guianensis Aublet
Terminalia amazonia (J.F.Gmel.1
Exe11
Tetragastris
altissima (Aublet) Swart
Tetragastris panamensis (Engl.) Kuntze
Tetragasrris
( = Protium in part) spp.
Thyrsodium
guianensis Aublet
Trattinnickia
cf. burserijolia
Mart.
Trichilia lecointei Ducke
Triplaris spp.
Vantanea paruijlora
Lam.
Vatairea guianensis Aublet (= surinamensis
Kleinh.)
Vatairea paraensis Ducke
Vatairea sericea Ducke
Vatairea spp.
Vataireopsis
spp.
Virola michelii Heckel (= melinonii A.C. Smith)
Virola spp.
Vitex spp.
Vochysia guianensis Aublet
Vochysia maxima Ducke
Vochysia melinonii
Beckmann
Vochysia obidensis Ducke
Vochysia surinamensis
Stafleu
Vochysia spp.
Vouacapoua americana
Aublet
Xylopia nitida Dunal
No latin name in original reference
No latin name in original reference
No latin name in original reference
No latin name in original reference
No latin name in original reference
No latin name in orieinal reference
Brazilian
common
Pau-darco-amarelo,
lp&
names
Ifi
74
P.M.
Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 f 1997)
59-87
P.M. Fearnside/
Forest
Ecology
and Management
of sapwood
Species
Andira parviflora
Ducke
Bertholletia
excelsa Humb. and Bonpl.
Brosimum rubescens Taubert
Cedrelinga
catenaeformis
Ducke
Dinizia excelsa Ducke
Dipteryx odorata Willd.
Dipteryx polyphylla
Huber
Endopleura
uchi Cuatrec.
Enterolobium
schomburgkii
Benth.
Erisma uncinatum Warm.
Eschweilera spp.
Goupia glabra Aublet
Guarea guidonia Sleumer
Iryanthera
tricornis Ducke
Jacaranda copaia D.Don.
Licaria aritu Ducke
Manilkara
huberi Standl.
Ocotea guinanensis Aublet
Ocotea spp.
Piptadenia swveolens
Miq.
Pouteria anomala T.D.Penn.
Qualea paraensis Ducke
Quassia simarouba L.f.
Scleronema micranthum
Ducke
Tabebuia spp. (ipE group)
Tachigali myrmecophila
Ducke
Virola spp.
Vochysia surinamensis Stafleu
Abiurana
Fava-vennelha
Macucu-f%fo
Pibzinho
UcuCba-ratiel
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
Sample size
90 (1997)
59-87
75
(H)
Manaus
0.63
0.70
0.46
0.71
0.78
0.91
0.65
0.53
0.70
0.51
0.68
0.68
0.60
0.70
0.68
0.75
0.77
Manaus
s
Jari c
H
0.60
0.62
0.86
0.88
0.91
0.94
0.75
0.77
0.56
0.57
0.69
0.71
0.80
0.37
0.32
0.55
0.54
0.77
0.72
0.93
0.71
0.63
0.69
0.74
0.76
0.81
0.58
0.62
0.37
0.34
0.65
0.60
0.62
0.66
0.69
0.37
0.88
13
0.71
0.32
0.94
13
0.43
0.49
0.98
0.49
Average
0.712
0.636
0.898
0.906
0.536
0.500
0.42
0.43
0.912
0.828
0.775
0.763
0.60
0.37
0.78
16
a INPA (unpublished
data).
b Amorim (1991).
Reid, Collins and Associates (1977).
d Sapwood density is expressed as a percentage
0.912
0.714
0.64
0.34
0.98
16
of heartwood
0.76
0.54
0.91
8
density.
1.080
1.043
0.833
0.875
0.86
0.50
1.08
of all sites
S density
0.63
0.60
0.70
0.46
0.86
0.88
0.78
0.75
0.65
0.55
0.71
0.67
0.68
0.60
0.37
0.77
0.77
0.72
0.55
0.74
0.76
0.63
0.37
0.58
0.90
0.65
0.48
0.62
0.91
0.83
0.78
0.76
0.49
0.67
0.37
0.91
33
0.71
0.62
0.98
0.49
0.91
0.94
0.91
0.77
0.70
0.54
0.91
0.71
0.68
0.75
0.32
0.80
0.93
0.71
0.54
0.69
0.81
0.69
0.34
0.62
0.91
0.60
0.46
0.66
1.08
1.04
0.83
0.88
0.43
0.73
0.32
1.08
33
88.7
96.8
70.9
93.9
94.5
93.6
85.7
97.4
92.9
100.9
78.1
94.3
100.0
80.0
115.6
96.3
82.8
101.4
101.9
107.2
93.8
91.3
107.8
93.5
99.1
108.3
105.0
93.9
84.4
79.4
93.0
87.2
114.0
94.7
70.9
115.6
33
76
P.M.
Fearnside
/ Forest
Ecology
sources of bias
und
Management
90 (1997)
59-87
4. Adjustments
mates
4.1. Hollow
esti-
trees
P.M. Fearnside/Forest
Ecology
and sapwood
density
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
77
78
Table 4
Relative volumes
P.M. Fearnside
of Sapwood,
Heartwood
/ Forest Ecology
and Munagement
90 (1997)
5947
and Bark
Volume
Species
Alexa grundiora
Ducke
Anacardium
spruceanum Benth. ex Engl.
An&z
paru$ora
Ducke
Aniba canelilla Mez
Apeiba petom
Aublet
Astronium grucile Engl.
Astronium lecointei Duke
Astronium ulei Mattick
Bertholletiu
excelsa Humb. and Bonpl.
Bixa arborea Huber
Bowdichia nitidu Spruce ex Benth.
Brosimum acutifolium
Huber
Brosimum parinarioides
Ducke
Brosimum potabile Ducke
Brosimum rubescens Taubert
Buchetwiu
huberi Ducke
Carupa guianensis Aublet
Cassiu scleroxybn
Ducke
Cedrelinga
catenaeformis
Ducke
Ceiba pentandru Gaertn.
Clarisia racemosa Ruiz and Pavdn
Copaifera duckei Dwyer/C.
reticulata Ducke
Cordia bicobr A.DC.
Cordia goeldiana Huber
Cordia sugotii I.M.Johnston
Courutari
guianensis Aublet
Couratari
oblongifolia
Ducke and Knuth
Courutari
stelhta A.C.Smith
Dialium guianense Sandw.
Diclinanona
calycina Benoist
Dinizia excelsa Ducke
Dipteryx
odorutu Willd.
Endopleura
uchi Cuatrec.
Enterolobium
maximum Ducke
Enterolobium
schomburgkii
Benth.
Eriothecu longipedicellata
A.Robyns
Erisma uncinatum Warm.
Glycydendron
amazonicum
Ducke
Hymenaea courburil
L.
Hymenaea parvifolia
Huber
Hymenolobium
modestum Ducke
Iryantheru
grandis Ducke/I.
spp.
Iryunthera
tricornis Ducke
Jucurandu copuia D.Don.
Joann&a
heueoides Ducke
Laetiu procera Eichler
Lecythis pisonis Cambess.
Licunia octanndra Kuntze
Licuria aritu Ducke
Licaria rigida Kosterm.
Lsreheopsis duckeana Burret
Sapwood
relative
to wood (heartwood
+ sapwood)
Bark
1.89
4.49
0.63
6.50
5.91
13.47
6.60
2.56
4.56
7.16
3.77
19.94
14.44
22.63
4.12
5.36
0.46
7.02
6.05
5.75
4.58
4.12
2.48
4.61
0.82
24.89
5.58
6.49
1.66
8.69
7.02
12.17
7.87
25.99
3.59
24.07
13.87
10.65
10.96
5.26
12.62
20.49
0.60
5.1 I
5.43
I .09
4.94
5.71
6.05
8.96
13.16
15.51
0.77
1.91
6.26
volume
(%Io)
P.M. Fearnside/Forest
Ecology
and Management
90 (1997)
59-87
79
Table 4 (continued)
Volume
Species
Manilkara
umazonica Standl.
Maquira
sclerophylla
C.C.Berg
Me~ilaurus
itauba Taubert ex Mez
Mezilaurus
linaiwiana
Schwacke and Mez
Micropholis
venulosa Pierre
Nectandra
rubra C.K.Allen
Ocotea neesiana Kosterm.
Ocotea spp.
Onychopetalum
amazonicum R.E.Fr.
Ormosia paraensis Ducke
Parkia multijuga Benth.
Parkia pendula Benth. ex Walp.
Piptadenio communis Benth.
Piptadenio suaveolens Miq.
Pouteria caimito Radlk.
Protium heptaphyllum
Marchand
Protium tenuifolium
Engl.
Qualea brevipedicellato
Stafleu
Qualea loncifolia Ducke
Qualea paraensis Ducke
Qua&a
simarouba L.f.
Roupala montuna Aublet
Sclerolobium
chrysophyllum
Poepp. and Endl.
Sclerolobium paraense Huber
Spondias lutea L.
Sterculia pilosa Ducke/S.
speciosa KSchum.
Symphonia globulifera
L.
Tapirira guiunensis Aubiet
Terminalia amazonia Exe11
Tetragastris panamensis Kuntze
Trattinnickia
cf. bursertfolia
Mart.
Trichilio lecointei Ducke
Votuireo paraensis Ducke
Vatairea sericeo Ducke
Virotu michehi Heckel
Vochysia guionensis Aublet
Vochysia maxima Ducke
Vochysin melinonii Beckmann
Vochysia obidensis Ducke
Mean
Sample size
Source:
relative
to wood (heartwood
Sapwood
+ sapwood)
volume
(%)
Bark
9.08
5.02
5.80
4.49
7.40
3.03
2.53
4.24
8.16
5.80
6.42
22.19
2.71
30.5 1
3.05
4.66
18.26
4.75
14.10
4.91
4.26
4.94
4.57
3.81
10.11
8.48
4.58
12.32
16.46
7.16
2.71
4.78
11.87
5.58
12.39
3.88
2.2 1
10.97
6.03
3.74
9.68
57
3.20
4.87
47
see text.
The correction for sapwood, considering the average percentage of the volume (9.7%) represented by
sapwood and the average basic density of sapwood
as a percentage of heartwood density (94.7%). lowers the biomass estimate by only 0.52%. The adjustment would be greater for trees below the size range
included in the RADAMBRASIL
forest volume sur-
80
P.M.
Fearnside/
Forest
Ecology
and
Manugenwnt
90 (1997159%87
5. Weighting
P.M. Fearnside
/ Forest Ecology
and Manugement
Table 5
Forest vegetation
Group
Dense
Forest
Da-O
Db-0
DIP0
Ds-0
AaAb-0
As-O
cs-0
Fa-0
Fs-0
La-O
Ld-0
Lg-0
LO-O
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest
Seasonal forest
Seasonal forest
Seasonal forest
Woody oligotrophic
Woody oligotrophic
Woody ohgotrophic
Areas of ecological
ON-O
Pf-0
SM.0
SN-0
so-o
Areas
Areas
Areas
Areas
Areas
Dense forest
Dense forest
Dense forest
Dense forest
Open
Open
Open
Deciduous
Semideciduous
Semideciduous
vegetation of swampy and sandy areas
vegetation of swampy and sandy areas
vegetation of swampy and sandy areas
tension and contact (ecotones)
ecological tension
pioneer formations
ecological tension
ecological tension
ecological tension
81
Subgroup
of
of
of
of
of
59-87
Legal Amazon
Category
Nondense
forest
90 (1997)
Class
Alluvial Amazonian
Lowland Amazonian
Montane Amazonian
Submontane Amazonian
Alluvial
Lowland
Submontane
Submontane
Alluvial
Submontane
Open arboreal
Dense arboreal
Grassy-woody
Woody oligotrophic
vegetation of
swampy & sandy areas-ombrophilous
forest
Ombrophilous
forest-seasonal
forest
Fluvio-marine
influence
Savanna-dense
ombrophilous
forest
Savanna-seasonal
forest
Savanna-ombrophilous
forest
82
Table 6
Basic density
P.M. Fearnside
of wood
/ Forest
by volume
Ecology
und Management
RADAMBRASIL
Volume and
Table Nos.
Cod62
Acre/Amazonas
Acre/Amazonas
Acm/Amazonas
Amazonas
Amazonas
Amazonas
Amazonas
Amazonas
AaAb-0
Db-0
Ab-0
Db-0
Ds-0
Ds-0
LO-O
12(27)
12(17)
12(12)
18(83)
iI81 a
18(51)
18(75)
18(91)
Fat
Fao
Fdb
Fab
[Fdbl
Fdi
Fdr
Fdp-cntc
Amazonas
Amazonas/Para
Amazonas/Para
Amazonas/Para
La-O
Db-0;
Ds-0
so-o
18(29)
7(20)
7(14)
Cbd
Fdb
Fdr
Fdn-cntc
Amazonas/Rondonia
Amazonas/Rondonia
Amazonas/Roraima
Amazonas/Roraima
Amazonas/Roraima
Amazonas/Roraima
Amazonas/Roraima
Mato Gross0
Mato Gross0
Mato Gross0
Mato Grosso
Mato Gross0
As-O
Ds-0
Da-O
Db-0
Ds-0
Ds-0
LO-O
As-O
Da-O
Ds-0
ON-O
SN-0
12(22)
16(35)
18(37)
18(43)
18(67)
18(59)
18(97)
20(31)
20(21)
20(26)
20(50)
20(46)
Fas
Fds
Fdc
Fdb
Fdn
Fdt
Fdb-cntc
Asc
Dae
Dse
Fse3-cntc
SdZ-cntc
Mato Grosso/Rondonia/
Amazonas
Para
Para
Para/Amazonas
Para/Amazonas
Rondonia
Rondonia
Rondonia/Amazonas
Rondonia/Amazonas
Rondonia/Amazonas
Rondonia/Mato
Gross0
Rondonia/Mato
Grosso/
Amazonas
Roraima
Roraima
Roraima
Roraima
Roraima
Roraima
As-O
I6f64)
Fai
Ds-0
so-o
Ab-0
Ds-0
AaDa-O
Ab-0
Ds-0
SO-O; SM-0
Ds-0
As-O
7t2)
7(38)
7(32)
16t54)
l&31)
16(50)
16440)
I6(69)
16(45)
16t59)
Fdt
Fdr-cntc
Fal
Fdr
Fal
Fdp
Fab
Fdt
Fab-cntc
Fdr
Fas
DIP0
Dill-0
Ds-0
Ds-0 d
ON-O
SN-0 d
8(34)
8(39)
8(14)
8(29)
8(9)
8(24)
Fdm
Pbm
Fdt
Fdn
Fdn-cntc
Fsd-cntc
Ds-0
7(26)
T(8)
59%R7
of species present
IBAMA
vegetation
type code
State
90 (1997)
vegetation
Major
veg.
type
Minor
code
veg
Fao; Faa
Faa; Fab
Fdo; Fda
Fdu; Fdr
Fdu
Fdc-cntc;
Pap-cntc
Cap; Cab
Fde; Fdr; Pa
SdZ-cntc;
Fam-cntc
Fdn
Fdp; Fda
Fda
Fds
11
Asc3-cntc
Cse2-cntc;
FseZ-cntc
Far; Fal; Fau
Fam
Fdc
Fao
E
Fdu
Fan; Fas-cntc
Fbm
PFm
Fdt d
d
Percent
of wood
identified
to genus
Percent
of wood
volume
identified
to species
Basic
density
weighted
volume
70.1
75.0
80.2
86.8
73.3
89. I
86.4
76.4
46.2
50.8
5 I5
56.5
31.3
59.7
52.4
42.1
0.60
0.66
0.65
0.70
0.74
0.73
0.75
0.62
79.8
81.8
83.3
90.0
60.6
39.7
42.0
37.9
0.75
0.74
0.74
0.69
94.7
80. I
75.1
86.2
90.4
81.4
x4.4
83.4
86.9
85.1
81.7
87.5
50.1
51.8
42.5
61.4
61.9
52.7
51.4
57.0
63.4
63.2
52.3
57.3
0.66
0.73
0.67
0.67
U-72
0.74
0.68
0.65
Q.66
0.67
Oh5
0.63
79. I
49.2
0.70
86.2
91.3
82.4
86.6
84.5
80.2
81.0
72.3
80.4
79.5
76.6
57.4
35.7
41.1
48.4
60.8
58.3
50.9
45.4
48.7
53.7
5 I .6
0.72
0.74
0.68
0.74
0.64
0.65
0.69
0.68
(1.67
ii.67
0.66
72.8
69.9
70.7
79.5
88.6
86.6
49.9
54.0
39.2
51.2
51.0
46.0
ii.67
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.72
0.75
by
P.M. Fearnside/Forest
Table 7
Basic density
of wood:
Category
Code
Dense
forest
Da-O
Db-0
Dm-0
Ds-0
Dense forests
Non-dense forest
Non-dense
All forests
volume-weighted
AaAb-0
As-O
cs-0
Fa-0
Fs-0
La-O
Ld-0
Lg-0
LO-O
ON-O
Pf-0
SM-0
SN-0
so-o
Acre
0.65
0.73
means by vegetation
Amap
Amazonas
0.67
0.67
0.68
0.73
0.67
0.70
0.68
0.73
0.60
0.66
Ecology
and Management
zone, vegetation
MaranhZo
0.60
0.68
0.66
0.66
Rondka
Roraima
Tocantins/
Goi&.s
Areaweighted
mean
0.66
0.67
0.74
0.68
0.73
0.65
0.71
0.67
0.73
0.67
0.67
0.68
0.71
0.60
0.60
0.67
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.64
0.71
0.67
0.71
0.68
0.73
0.71
0.60
0.67
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.75
0.66
0.66
0.68
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.64
0.7 1
0.66
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.65
0.66
0.65
0.66
0.75
0.66
0.66
0.68
0.72
0.63
0.71
0.64
0.72
0.64
0.71
0.75
0.71
0.66
0.75
0.66
0.66
0.68
0.66
0.71
0.64
0.69
0.66
0.66
0.64
83
Mato
Gross0
0.67
0.73
90 (1997) 59-87
0.73
forests
species-specific
data; the area-weighted
mean for the same vegetation
type in other
forest types with no data from any state, the area-weighted
mean for all non-dense
boundaries), Table 7 contains volume-weighted density information for 97% of the total originally
forested area.
In Table 7, the density values for the vegetation
zones with survey data are weighted by the original
area of the forest in that vegetation zone (from
Feamside and Ferraz, 1995), to produce an areaweighted mean for that vegetation type. These are
then weighted by the area of each vegetation type to
produce the area-weighted mean for the general forest category (dense or non-dense forest), and finally
Notes to Table 6:
This is from the hectare surveyed by Prance et al. (1976) to a minimum DBH of 15 cm. All other data are from RADAMBRASIL
to a DBH of 31.8 cm.
b AM-RR
LO-O minor codes: Cab-cntc; Cap-cntc; Cat-cntc; Cbd-cntc; Cbp-cntc; Fab-cntc; Fat-cntc; Fas-cntc; Fdc-cntc; Fdi-cntc;
Fdp-cntc; Fdr-cntc; Fds-cntc; PFm.
RO-AM
SO-O; SM-0 minor codes: Fai-cntc; Far-cntc; Fas-cntc; Fau-cntc; Fdu-cntc; Fsm; Sad-cntc; Sp-cntc.
d Also includes some grassy-woody
cerrado (IBAMA
vegetation type Sg-0, RADAMBRASIL
vegetation type Sm and Fsm).
suveyed
Fdn-cntc;
84
P.M.
Fearnside/
Forest
Ecology
6. Conclusions
Care is necessary in interpreting wood density
data for use in converting forest volume data to
biomass estimates for use in greenhouse gas emissions calculations. Basic density (dry weight/wet
volume) is the most appropriate measure for making
the conversion. A variety of corrections are necessary to adjust for hollow trees, for bark, for differences between sapwood and heartwood density (radial variation), and for variation along the length of
tree trunks.
Basic density information available for 268 species
allows calculation of a mean value weighted for
und
Management
90 (1997159-87
7. Notes
The upward bias in wood volume estimates resulting from hollow trees is calculated as follows. It is
assumed that no trees below 40 cm DBH are hollow.
For trees greater than 80 cm DBH it is assumed that
the mean DBH is 90 cm. The basal area in -each
diameter class in the INPA Model Basin forestry
management study area (Coic et al., 1991) is converted to volume using the equation: Volume = basal
area X stem height X form factor. The height for each
diameter class is derived using the DBH corresponding to the midpoint for each diameter class -in the
equation developed for tropical moist forest by Brown
et al. (1989, p. 886): Height in metres = exp(l.0710
+ 0.5677 In DBH in cm). The form factors are
specific to each diameter class as derermined -from
field measurements in the study site by Higuchi and
coworkers (N = 309 trees). The volume calcu!ations
of Brown and Lugo (1992) from the FAO data set
are based on measured survey data for trees of at
least 25 cm DBH,
while
those from
the
RADAMBRASIL
data set are based on trees of at
least 31.8 cm DBH. Since these volume values are
then expanded to derive total live above-ground volumes for the stands, the overestimation for trees in
the surveyed diameter classes will be passed on in
the same proportion to the estimate as a whole. To
derive volumes for trees of at least 25 cm DBH, it is
assumed that half of the volume in the 20-30 cm
DBH class is for trees of 25--30 cm DBH. To derive
the proportion of the volume in the surveyed DBH
classes that is represented by hollow trees, the proportion of stem volume of trees in the surveyed
diameter classes that is represented-by each diameter
class is multiplied by the proportion of trees in the
class that are hollow. This is 27% for trees over 25
cm DBH (corresponding to the FAO data set-) and
P.M. Feumside/
Forest
Ecology
Acknowledgements
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