STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
Dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M.Biomed
mandewardana@gmail.com

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
DIVIDED INTO 2 ZONES:
CONDUCTING ZONE
RESPIRATORY ZONE

NOSE
THE NOSE DIVIDED INTO 2 REGIONS:
EXTERNAL NOSE
INTERNAL NASAL CAVITY

EXTERNAL NOSE
VARIES CONSIDERABLY IN SIZE AND SHAPE
APEX, DORSUM OF THE NOSE, ROOT, NARES

(NOSTRIL)
CONSISTS OF BONY AND CARTILAGINOUS
PART
BONY PART:
NASAL BONES
FRONTAL PROCESSES OF THE MAXILLAE
NASAL PART OF THE FRONTAL BONE AND ITS NASAL
SPINE
BONY PART OF THE NASAL SEPTUM
CARTILAGINOUS PART:
LATERAL CARTILAGES, ALAR CARTILAGES, AND
SEPTAL CARTILAGE

NASAL CAVITY
LIES IN AND POSTERIOR TO THE EXTERNAL

NOSE
IS DIVIDED BY A MIDLINE NASAL SEPTUM
(PERPENDICULAR PLATE OF THE ETHMOID,
VOMER, SEPTAL CARTILAGE, AND NASAL
CRESTS OF THE MAXILLARY AND PALATINE
BONES)
OPENS POSTERIORLY INTO THE NASOPHARYNX
VIA CHOANAE
THE ROOF DIVIDED INTO THREE PART
(FRONTONASAL, ETHMOID, AND SPHENOID)
THE FLOOR IS FORMED BY THE PALATINE
PROCESS OF THE MAXILLA AND HORIZONTAL
PLATE OF THE PALATINE BONE)
LATERAL WALL IS UNEVEN BECAUSE OF THE
NASAL CONCHAE (SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, AND
INFERIOR)

PARANASAL SINUSES
MAXILLARY SINUS: MIDDLE MEATUS

SPHENOIDAL SINUS: SPHENOIDETHMOIDAL

RECESS
FRONTAL SINUS: MIDDLE MEATUS
ETHMOIDAL SINUS:
ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE ETHMOIDAL CELL:

MIDDLE MEATUS
POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL CELL: SUPERIOR
MEATUS
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT: INFERIOR MEATUS

PHARYNX
DIVIDED INTO THREE REGIONS:
NASOPHARYNX
OROPHARYNX
LARYNGOPHARYNX

LARYNX
CONTINUOUS WITH THE TRACHEA

POSTERIORLY
EXTEND FROM C3-C6
CARTILAGES (HYALINE) OF THE LARYNX
SHIELD-SHAPED ANTEROSUPERIOR THYROID
CARTILAGE WITH A MIDLINE LARYNGEAL
PROMINENCE (ADAMS APPLE)
SIGNET RINGSHAPED ANTEROINFERIOR
CRICOID CARTILAGE
THREE PAIRS OF SMALL ARYTENOID,
CUNEIFORM, AND CORNICULATE CARTILAGES
EPIGLOTTIS ELASTIC CARTILAGE THAT
COVERS THE LARYNGEAL INLET DURING
SWALLOWING

LARYNGEAL CAVITY
EXTENDS FROM THE LARYNGEAL INLET TO

THE LEVEL OF THE INFERIOR BORDER OF

THE CRICOID CARTILAGE
LARYNGEAL VESTIBULE: BETWEEN

LARYNGEAL INLET AND THE VESTIBULAR

FOLDS
MIDDLE PART OF LARYNGEAL CAVITY:
BETWEEN VESTIBULAR FOLDS AND VOCAL
FOLDS
LARYNGEAL VENTRICLE: RECESSES
EXTENDING LATERALLY FROM THE MIDDLE
PART
INFRAGLOTTIC CAVITY: BETWEEN VOCAL
FOLDS AND THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE

MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX

EXTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES:
INFRAHYOID M: DEPRESSORS OF THE HYOID AND

LARYNX
SUPRAHYOID AND STYLOPHARYNGEUS M:
ELEVATORS OF THE HYOID AND LARYNX
INTRINSIC LARYNGEAL MUSCLES (INFERIOR

LARYNGEAL N):

CRICOTHYROID --- EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL N (CN X)

THYROARYTENOID
POSTERIOR CRICOARYTENOID
LATERAL CRICOARYTENOID
TRANSVERSE AND OBLIQUE ARYTENOID
VOCALIS

TRACHEA
FLEXIBLE AND MOBILE TUBE EXTENDING

FROM THE LARYNX INTO THE

MEDIASTINUM
ITS ABOUT 10-11 CM LONG
EXTEND FROM C6-CV TH5 (STERNAL

ANGLE)
THREE LAYERS

CLINICAL IMPORTANT:
FOREIGN BODIES
BROCHIAL ASTHMA
BRONCHOSCOPY

LUNGS AND PLEURA

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE

LUNGS
LUNGS OCCUPY ALL OF THE THORACIC CAVITY

EXCEPT THE MEDIASTINUM

ROOT SITE OF VASCULAR AND BRONCHIAL
ATTACHMENTS, STRUCTURES THAT IN AND
OUT FROM THE LUNGS
COSTAL SURFACE ANTERIOR, LATERAL, AND
POSTERIOR SURFACES IN CONTACT WITH THE
RIBS; MEDIASTINAL SURFACE,
DIAPHRAGMATIC SURFACE.
ANTERIOR BORDER, POSTERIOR BORDER,
INFERIOR BORDER
APEX NARROW SUPERIOR TIP
HILUS INDENTATION THAT CONTAINS
PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC BLOOD VESSELS,
AREA WHERE ROOT IS IN AND OUT FROM THE
LUNGS

CLINICAL IMPORTANT
PNEUMOTHORAX

PLEURAL EFFUSION
PLEURITIS/PLEURISY
THORACOCENTESIS

THORACIC WALL

THORACIC WALL
CONSISTS OD SKIN, FASCIA, NERVES,

VESSELS, MUSCLES, AND BONES

PROTECTING OF THE THORACIC AND
ABDOMINAL ORGANS; RESISTING THE
NEGATIVE INTERNAL PRESSURES
GENERATED BY THE ELASTIC RECOIL OF
THE LUNGS AND INSPIRATORY MOVEMENTS
PROVIDING ATTACHMENT FOR AND
SUPPORTING THE WEIGHT OF UPPER LIMBS
PROVIDING ATTACHMENT FOR MANY OF THE
MUSCLES OF UPPER LIMBS, NECK,
ABDOMEN, AND BACK, AND MUSCLE OF
RESPIRATION

RIBS AND COSTAL

CARTILAGES
TRUE (VERTEBROCOSTAL) RIBS (1ST-7TH

RIBS): ATTACH DIRECTLY TO THE STERNUM

THROUGH THEIR OWN COSTAL CARTILAGES
FALSE (VERTEBROCOSTAL) RIBS (8TH-10TH
RIBS): THEIR CONNECTION WITH THE
STERNUM IS INDIRECT
FLOATING (FREE) RIBS (11TH-12TH RIBS):
RUDIMENTARY CARTILAGES THAT DO NOT
CONNECT EVEN INDIRECTLY WITH THE
STERNUM