Concrete

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Contents
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977 - 5069 - 50 - 5 : I.S.B.N
- -
/.
Concrete
______
" Structure Materials

"
)( :
) (
% -
% -
%-
/
/ .
.

.
_________________

.

.
Composite Sections
Composite Materials

.
).(-
) (- .

.

Joints
.

.
.
/.
_____________

-
___

/ .

.

.
Abrams

)/( :
kg/cm 2
965.5
)1.5(w/c
= fc
fc / . ) ( w/c
.
.

.

.
) (

.
) (- Normal Strength
Concrete
/
/ )/( .
,

Wet

Dry
Plastic
,
,

) (- )/( .
/.

Superplasticizers

/
High Strength Concrete

/
.

]
) [(-
/ .
/
: - .
:
.
. . .
.
.
) (- .
*********
/.
Admixtures

.
.
______
- -

:
. . . . . . . . - .
_____________________________________
- .
- .
-
.
- .
-
.
-
.
.
-

.
.
-
_______________________

:
- ) (.
- .
- .
-
- .
- .
/.
1-3-2
__________________________
Water
)Reducing and Set Controlling Admixtures (ASTM C494
_______________________________________________________

) ( .
ASTM C494
A G :
-
ASTM C494 - Type A
ASTM C494 - Type B
ASTM C494 - Type C
ASTM C494 - Type D
ASTM C494 - Type E
ASTM C494 - Type F
ASTM C494 - Type G

:
- ) ( ASTM Type A, F
- )(
ASTM Type B
- )(
ASTM Type C
D .A , B

E .A , C
G .F , B

: ) ( Plasticizers and Superplasticizers

______________________________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type A & F
_________________
)( )(
% %
. %
. -
- . F , A ) A( % .
) F ( %
% .
)/( ).(-
. )/( ) .(-
) .(- . - .
/.
) (A ) (F
:
A -
Ligno-Sulfonate
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids
Carbohydrates
F -
Modified Ligno-Sulfonate
Melamine Formaldehyde
Naphthaline Formaldehyde
Phenol Formaldehyde
Beta-naphthaline Sulfonate
)( .

Control of Slump Loss
) .(Type D or G

.
:
-
- .
) (
+

) (
) (- .
1000
0.5
900
)/(
700
600
0.3
500
0.2
400
300
=
=
0.1
200
-/
0.4
800
100
0
0.5
) (- .
/.

:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.
)--(
.
.

)--(.

.

.
1200
1059
1010
814
1000
804
800
647
608
495
412
358
=
= %
600
400
200
-/
843
0
56
28
) (- .
)( )(
)( )(
) (- .
/.
: )( Retarders
________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type B
______________

Rate of Strength Gain

.
. . . .
Carbohydrates Sugar
Zink .Phosphates
: )( Accelerators
__________________________________
ASTM
C494 Type C
______________
: -
. . - .
: -
. . - .
. -

% % .

.
.

.
.Flash Set - .
/.
Air Entraining
Admixtures 2-3-2
_____
__________________________
Durability Frost Resistance
Bubbles ) (
).(-
- Foaming
Resins .
-
.
% %
% % .

% .%

) (- .
Permeability-Reducing Admixtures 3-3-2

______________________
__________________
.

.
Water Proofing Agents -1

Wax % %
.
.
Superplasticizers -2
-3
)Pozzolanic Materials (Filling Effect

Silica Fume

) /( Byproduct
.

).(-
/.
)(

) (- .
_____________________
Antiwashout Admixtures 4-3-2
_____________________

.
.

.

.

% .

.
/ pH
.

.%
:
- .
- .
- .
-

.
-
% .
5-3-2
____________________________
Coloring Admixtures
Metallic Oxide
%
. :

/.
6-3-2
______________________________
Miscellaneous Admixtures
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
*********
/.
()
Special Types of Concrete
-1
-2
-3
( ) -4
Plain Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Prestressed Concrete
Precast Concrete
-5
-6
-7
-8

Fibrous Concrete
Self-Compacting Concrete
Polymer Concrete
( ) -9
-10
-11
-12
Shotcrete
Light-Weight Concrete
Heavy-Weight Concrete
Mass Concrete
-13
-14
-15
-16
-17
Prepacked Concrete
Gap Concrete
Architectural Concrete
Nailing Concrete
Sulfur Concrete
Plain Concrete
_____________________________

.
/ .

.
Reinforced Concrete
___________________________________

.
.
Equilibrium Compatibility
.
. ) (-
.
a/2
0.67 fc
c = 0.003
t d
) (- .
/.
Prestressed Concrete
__________________________________

)(
.
/
.
Tendons Wires
Strands .Bars
.
.
:
Pre-tension
.
) (

) .(-

.
Post-tension
) (
) .(-
.

.
.
- -

.
w t/m
E
L
L
fc1 + fc2
? = L
fc2
fc1
+
= 1
fc3 - ft1
= 1
fc3

ft 1

) (- .
Anchor
Cables
) (- .
/.
- ) ( Precast Concrete
_____________________________________

.
:
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-
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-
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-
) (-) (-
.

.
,.

) (- .

) (

) (

) (
) (- .
/.
____________________________________________
/ /

)/ (
Superplasticizers
)
( . Silica fume
.

.
: 1-5-3
-

. )
( %
.
-

.
- .
/ : )
( .
.
- Silica fume

.
.% %
.
- Superplasticizers

.
.
2-5-3

Classical Applications
.
:
*
*
*
High Rise Buildings

Bridges
Offshore Structures
) (-
. "
" Non-Classical Applications :
*
High Early Strength
*
*
*
*
Arch Girder
Improving Stiffness
Screwing Piles
Nuclear Power Plants
Underground Concrete Pipes
Pavements
:
High Performance Concrete
.

.
.
.
/.
Arch Girder
) (- .
3-5-3

.

.

.
. .

) (
) ( :
-
.
/ %
/
).(-
-
% %
/ / / ) -
.(-
-
% /
.
- ) (
) .(-
- .
/.
) (- .
72%
45%
60
Reduction
61
55
80
72
60
54
37
40
100
40
28
20
20
0
1000
500
750
250
- /
) (- .
100 100
100
80

.

/
/ .%
fc1 =250 -- kg/cm2
fc1
fc1
30x130 --- 14 19
Cross-Section Area = 100%
*********
fc2 =500 -- kg/cm2
fc2>fc1
fc1
30x70 --- 10 16
*********
fc3 =750 -- kg/cm2
fc3>fc2
fc1
30x48 --- 8 16
*********
fc4>fc3
fc1
fc4 =1000 -- kg/cm2
30x36 --- 6 16
) (- .
/.

. :
-
.

.%
-
.

% ) (-
.
-
.
%
) (- %
. .%
-
.
.
- ) (-

.
.
-
) (- .
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
3.82
3.06
3
2.29
2
2
1
1.53
1
3
fc2
fc1
) (- .
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
0.78
0.8
0.64
0.55
0.6
0.50
d2
d1
0.4
0.2
fc2
fc1
) (- .
/.
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
4.05
5
4
3.24
2.43
1.62
Mfl2
fl1
2
1
0
fc2
fc1
) (- .
) (- .
: 4-5-3
- / -) (.
-
Deflection .Deformation
- Durability .
- ) (
.
- - -
Strength / unit Cost Strength / unit volume - Strength / unit
weight
/
/
/ /
//.
//.
/ //.
/ //.
/ //.
/ //.
Brittleness

.
.
/.
Fiber Concrete
______________________________

:
).(-
.

, ,
) (- .

.
) (- .
. ) (-
Toughness .
Dangerous
Sudden Failure .Ductile Failure ) (-
) (
.
.Toughness
.
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.

.
) (- .
) /(
) /(
Toughness
Deflection
) (- .
/.
) (- .
Self-Compacting Concrete
________________________________
: 1-7-3

Deformability Stability
Filling Capacity
.

) (
.
.
.

.
.
.
: 2-7-3
High Deformability :
:
- --- /
.
- --- /
.
/.
Good Stability :
:
- ---
/ / /
.
- ) ( ---
/ /
.
:
Blockage
:
- ---
/ .
-
---
/ .
: 3-7-3
- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
: TMWMS

:
Slump Flow -1
.
.
.
V-Funnel Test -2

. ) (-
.
Filling Capacity -3

.
) (-
.%
Surface Settlement -4
.
.
.
/.
515 mm
75
450 mm
2
1
Outlet
gate
225
65
150
225
) (-
V-Funnel Test
Placement
250
35 16 mm
650
300 mm
250
h
7x50=350
150
500 mm
) (-
Filling Capacity Test
- )
( Shotcrete
________________________________________
) (
. Repair
Tunnels

.

. .
.

. )
(
. .

.

.
. ) (Retarders
Accelerators
.

. .
) (- ) (- .

.

.
/.
) (- .
(
&
) (- .
Polymer-Concrete
__________________________

.

.
% Polyester
Epoxy -
:
-
.
.
/
/
:
Plastic Concrete
)(PC
-
)(PCC
Polymer Cement Concrete
-
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______________

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_____________________
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____
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__________________________ @
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Radiation Thermal method
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/.

% .%

.
: -

.
.
: -
jbi@a@ba@pbjm
_________________________
-
-
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-
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Lightweight Concrete
_____________________________________
) / (

Own weight .
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.

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___________________________________

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Lightweight Aggregate Concrete
_____________________________________________

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Heavy Weight Concrete
_______________________________

.
. /
/ .

/ . )
(
.

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Prepacked Concrete
.
.

.
.
Mass Concrete
_________________________

.
.
:
.Low heat .Lean mix % .
. .
. ) (
.
*******
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Manufacture of Concrete
:
Preparation ( ) - 1
-
-
-
-
Fresh Concrete - 2
-
-
-
-
Green Concrete - 3
- )
( Preparation
_______________________________

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Tamping Rod
Internal
Vibrators
Formwork
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.
. .

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.
.
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Green Concrete
_____________________________
Curing -

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______
Concrete Mix Design
Proportioning
.
Empirical Proportioning
)
(
Placing ) (Finishing .
.
Available Materials
Required
Qualities at Minimum Cost
Quality Slump .

.
.
.

.
Expressing Proportions
___________________________________________
Granular Materials
Ratios
: : :
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Compaction .
Bulking.
Cement/Agrregates Ratio
:

Rich or Lean Mix :
: .

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Cement Factor
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________________________________________________
)( )(
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.
)/( .
.
.
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- Mix Design Methods

_______________________________________
Empirical
Method a@a@Z@c
__________________________
Experience
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Plastic
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:

Consistency
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Absolute Volume Method
______________________________________

Concrete Ingredients :
C S G W
+ +
+
= 1000 Liters
Gc Gs Gg 1.0
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= G
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= Gg , Gs , Gc
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Experience Practice
Laboratory Tests G/S W/C C
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Design of HSC Mixes
_______________________________________________

)( .
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%
%
%
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%
%

(Superplasticizers) -
.ASTM C494 Type F
ASTM C494 Type G
(Superplasticizers) -6

.
/
%
%
%
%
-7
/
) (.
. 20 -8
.
)
(.
( + ) -9
.
) =
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
( .
/.
) (1000 C SF
}
fc
) 3.0*log (
{ log
= w / cm
w/cm ) + (
/
fc
-
C
-
SF

.
) (w/cm
= / = /.
= /
= /
-

%
%
%
%
%
,
,
,
,
,
,
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,
,
,
,
,
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= / = :
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- % = /.
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=
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+ = ) + (
= .
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
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475 47.5 0.375 W W 15.675 153.6

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+
+
+
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= 1000
3.15 2.15
2.65
2.7
1.15
1.0
W .
=
= =
- :
= = = = = ASTM C494 Type G - =
____________________

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_________________________________
Concrete Mixes With Special Requirements

)
( .
.
1
:
= /. . - .
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= /.
= /.
= /.
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2
:
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:
= . =
= / . = /. - = /.
3
:
= /. - .
/ . = ) (. =) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= . =
= / . - = /.
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
- = /.
4
:
= /. - .
/ . = ) (. = ) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= = /. = /. - = /.
5
:
= /. - .
/ . % ) (. = ) (. = % . = % . = % . - % .ASTM type G
:
- =
pba@m@M@ba@lbja
= /. - = /.
6
:
= /. - .
:
/. = ) (. - = ) : (.
:
= = /. = /. - = /.
:
/. = ) (. = ) : (. - % .ASTM type G
:
= = / . = /. = /.
*********
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
bbyg@ba@u@j
Statistical Quality Control

-
__________________

. :
-
-
-
-
-
-
) - - -(.
.
) - - - -(.
.
.
) - - (.
__________________

. ) (
)(
) (- ) (
)( .
Frequency
min
100
fmax
) (-
200 250 300 350

-/
150
fm
Frequency
fmax = fm k
fmin
) (-
a@j@M@ba@lbja
) ( ) (
:
.Distribution Curve

:

Distribution Curve Bell Shape ).(-
) (fm
).(
Normal
f max = f m k
min
k )(fm k
. fm .

2
) (x x
n
or
) (x x
n -1
n > 20
n 20
) (f m - k
) (f m k
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
10%
5%
1.28 1.28
1.64
1.64
10%
5%
Frequency
) (-
fm
) (- .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
-
________________________
(fcu) Characteristic Strength ( ) 1-3-6

% )
= .(%
.
(fm) Target Mean Strength 2-3-6

) (fcu )(M
. fm = fcu + M
) (fcu) (fm :
* % Confidence k = 1.64
fm = fcu + 1.64
* % Confidence k = 1.28
fm = fcu + 1.28
1.64
5%
Frequency
fm = fcu + M
fcu
fm
) (- .
a@j@M@ba@lbja
_____________________
) (
) (-
:
) (- .

/

) (v
) ( ).(-
fm
)fcu = fm (1-kv
=v
fcu
1 kv
fm = fcu + k v fm
= fm
% k .
% k .
:
) ( ) (v
.
/
:
:/
) (- .

% v
Frequency
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
v = 10%
v = 15%
v = 20%
fm
.( -)

( v) ( v)
.(-)
__
-
______________________

:
@wbn@ @ m@ @ c@ @ @ RP@ @ rc@ b@ a@ pbj@ @ b@ ag @ MQ

@a@@@ya@a@@ia@a@ba@@ m@na@pbja@pabjna
@n@@ERU@@HaI@a@c@a@c@i@a@@@c@@b@HEUI
.paaa@
@vn@c@m@@c@@k@ RP@@c@b@a@pbj@@b@ag @ MR
@a@ c@ a@ c@ i@ a@ @ @ c@ @ b@ ia@ a@ ba@ @ bjng
@ .paaa@@n@@ERU@@HaI
a@j@M@ba@lbja
________
1-6-6
fm
) fcu
( .
<<j]<]<^]<<k^<]c<^}<}<j<e]<j]<^]<gu_<VM<^n
<<<q<jû<<<Ds^j]<<AQ<<n_<^<<E< NKs< NQL<<]<^
].f<q<
)(v=0.125
fcu
250
=
= 314.5 kg / cm2
1 1.64v
)1 1.64 (0.125
= fm
)(v=0.175
fcu
250
=
= 350.6 kg / cm2
1 1.64v
)1 1.64 (0.175
= fm
2-6-6

) (.
<<NL<^^<^]<]]<^<< NKs<< NSQ<<^}<<]<^<j<^<]c<V< N<^n

<q<AULE<s^j]<<AML<<n_<^j<<<_<j<j]<^]<<<^ <<JNKs
JDm
fcu = fm - k
or
)fcu = fm (1-kv
% k
fcu = 275 - 1.28 (20) = 249.4 kg/cm2
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
3-6-6

)
( %
.
<<]<^<^<<ê<]je]<<^]<f]<^}<u<<]<<V<O<^n
:<^<^]<k^<j<g<MS
- 213 - 147 - 193 - 181 187 - 153 - 142 - 209 - 173 - 186 - 215 - 177 - 184 - 218
.221 - 200 - 231
<^]<k^<]c<i<_<^]<fi<<<DAUQ<m<qE<^~<]<^]<<<^
][ NK<s<NLL<<^^_<<j]<<j]<

.
:
/
11172
= 25.6 kg/cm 2
=
17
v = 25.6 (100) / 190 = 13.5 %
)fcu = fm (1-kv
)fcu = 190 (1-1.64 x 0.135
= 147.9 kg/cm2 < 200
]<lêû<^c<<i<^
]<< ^< ^_< < j
JNKs<NLL<<e<<MPSzU
11172 =
190=
a@j@M@ba@lbja
-
_____________________________
1-7-6
Average na@M@c
x
n
= X
: - - .
: .
:
=
=
=
Median@@a@Ml

).( N + 1
2
: - .
: .
:

=
=
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: -
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:
.
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2-7-6
- = - .
- ) ( .
2
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.
- .
X
, v :
-
-
=v
/.

/ .
: = ) = ( + +
kg/cm 2
(10 )2 + (10) 2 + (0) 2 = 8.16

3
8.16
x 100 = 3.89 %
210
=v
: = ) = ( + +
kg/cm 2
(50 )2 + (50) 2 + (0) 2 = 40.82

3
40.82
x 100 = 3.89 %
1050
=v
a@j@M@ba@lbja
< <
< <

= =

) (-
3-7-6
: -
< <
> >
) -(
=
________________
=
,, ,, >
,,
,, ,, <
,,
) (x x
4
Frequency
fm
) (- .
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
:
(2/ 415 - 395 - 412 - 410)
(2/ 540 - 305 - 402 - 385)
. %90
( %)
( %)
- - -
+ + + -
: %
fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 408 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.207) 300 kg/cm2
********
a@j@M@ba@lbja
-
__________

:
- ) = - (
- =
____________

___________
-
: = / = ) ( -
= /
= /
= /
)
( .
-
:
:
-
-
:
:
-
:
:
:
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( ,,
,,
,,
)
) (
( ,, ,, ,, ,,
) ,,
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
24
24
20
20
16
16
16
16
410
--/
--/
) (- .
410
390
370
350
330
250
0
410
390
370
310
12
350
390
20
20
12
290
24
24
330
370
270
310
350
--/
290
330
250
--/
270
310
250
290
420
410
400
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
270
12
12
a@j@M@ba@lbja
90
80
70
60
50
40
% )(
30
20
10
420
400
380
360
340
320
300
260
240
280
100
--/
) (- .
2/ 251 250 :
2/ 348
.
__________
= = - /
= .
= ) (-
.
______
____
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
= )( - = = - /
=
= )( + = = + /
=
*********
:
:

. .% %

______________:

a@j@M@ba@lbja
120
105
98
100
81
80
60
52
36
40
31
22
16
15
67
20
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
--/
120
105
100
98
81
80
52
31
36
15
40
22
16
20
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
230
240
--/
220
67
60
@ bg@;ONc@@ba
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
= /
20
315
305
295
285
275
265
255
245
235
225
0
215
%
%
10
100
--/
:

_____________
nx
N
X
n
N
= X
= 220x16 + 230x31 + ............... + 310x15 /
523
- =
) (
- =
) (
a@j@M@ba@lbja
:

___________
) n(x x
N -1
16(220 263.8) 2 + 31(230 263.8) 2 +........... +15(310 263.8) 2

= 20.5 kg / cm2
523 -1
- =

____________

___________
= %
ACI
:

________________________________________
: -
%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.0779) = 236.85 kg/cm2
%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.64 * 0.0779) = 229.47 kg/cm2

: -

fcu (90%) 236 kg/cm2
fcu (95%) 229 kg/cm2
v
) ( / ) (v .%
.
********
bg@ONc@@b;a
uba@ba@pabjng@@a
Properties and Testing of Fresh Concrete

-
Introduction
_________
________
:
Fresh Concrete -

. .
Green Concrete -

.
.
Hardened Concrete -
) (
) (
.

.
.

.
@@uba@ba@pabjna@a@@M@iba@lbja
________________________________________________

) (
. Job site
-

.Segregation

.

.

:

.
.
.
.

_________________________
:
-1
Consistency
-2
-3
Workability
Segregation
() -4
Bleeding
bg@ONc@@b;a
Consistency
-1
_________
___
_______
:

Degree of Wetness Dry Stiff Plastic Wet
.Sloppy
Relative Fluidity .
:

.
.
:
: . . ) .(-
) ( /
).(-
.
).(-
: ) (. : Superplasticizers % -
.
Slump
Slump
)/(
Slump
Slump
Slump
Slump
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
* .Slump Test
* .Flow Test
* .Ball Penetration Test
Slump Test :
______________________________
: .

.
.
:
).(-
- : .
) (- .
: .
.

.
.
).(-
Slump
) .(-
).(-
) (- .
:
. . True Slump Shear Slump Collapse ) (- ).(-

Slipping Collapse.
.
) (- .
)(
- - -
Consistency
Dry
Stiff
Plastic
Wet
Sloppy
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .
) (- .
True Slump
Shear Slump
Flow Slump
) (- .
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .

.
.
.
.
)(

) (

.
: ).(-
) (- .
Flow Test :
_________________________

.
) (- .
:
: .
) (Flow Table - .
:
- .
- .
-

)
(.
bg@ONc@@b;a
-
.
-
.
- .
- ) /(
.
-

.
- ) (
:
)( -
_________________

=
) (

. .
) (- .
%-
%-
%- %- %-
Consistency
Dry
Stiff
Plastic
Wet
Sloppy
Ball Penetration Test () :

____________________________________________

.

) (-

.

. .

.
. .
.
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
Workability
-2
_____
_______
______
______
:

.
:ba MQ
: ) .(-
:
.
: .
:
.
:
) .
(.
:o;a @MR
: .
:
.
:
.
%
%
) (- .
Zb;a@@MS
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/

).(-
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:
Superplasticizers % : .
. - .
:;;ja@a;;a @MV

% .%
bg@ONc@@b;a
Superplasticizer
Superplasticizer
Wet
Dry
Plastic
) (- .
:
:
*
*
Compacting Factor Test

Vebe (VB) Test
Compacting
Factor Test :
_____________________________________

.
.
:
-

.

.
.

= .

= .
) (
__________________________
) (
____
) .(-
.

.
bg@ONc@@b;a
) (- .
) (- .

)(

.

.
- .
Vebe (VB) Test _

:
_______________
___________

) (- .

.

.
.
V2/ V1 V2 V1 .

.
.
) (- .
bg@ONc@@b;a
Segregation -3
________________________
) (
. :
- .
.
- .
@@:ja@ba@ty@lbjc
- :

. .
.
- :
.
- : .
- : .
@@:jja@ba@b
-
/
.
- .Superplasticizers
- .
- .Viscosity Enhancing Admixtures
Bleeding

-4
_____
_____
______
@@@ Z|a@ty@lbjc
)(
. :
-
.
-

.
-
.
@@:|a@b@b

.
.
********
/.
Properties and Testing of Hardened Concrete

-
_____________________________
Compressive Strength

.

Characteristic Strength Working Stress
.

. -
/
- /
/ / .
)
/ ( .
--
) (-
:
.
.
.
.
.
) (- .
/.
:
___________________

.

.
.
/)
.(-
.
).(-
) (- .
) (- .

C2S C3S
C3A .C4AF C2S C3S
. %
C3S C2S
C3S .

.
.

.

....... . ) (-

. ) (- ) (-
.
) (- .
/.
) (- .

/ /
C3 S
C4AF
C3 A
C3S
C2S
C4AF
C3A

) (- .
C2 S

________________
.

.
) (-
. ) (-
.
/
) .(-

.
350 -
300250 -
150 -
3 4
5 6 7

) (- .
) (-
200 -
/.
:
____________________
)/(
Strength .Durability
.High Performance Concrete
)/(
)( .
)/( .
) (-
.
% -
) (- .
% -

) (- .
% -

:
____________________
Strength Gain
.
.
.

.
.
) (-
.

.
Rate of Strength Gain
.
.

.
.

.

. ) (-

.
/.
) (- .
)(
) (

) (
) (- .
:
______________________________
:
) (-
.
.

.

.

.
) (- .
/.

.

.

.
.
.
) (
) .(-
) (-

.
) (- .

)(
__
:
_
_____________
____________

) .(-

.

)/( ) (-

. ) (-
)/(
)/(.
) (- )/(
)(ASTM C 457
)/(
) (- .
/.
:
________________

.
.

Deformation
.
.

.

. ) (-
) (-
.
) (- .
) (- .
:
_______________

. .
a@pbb@j MQ

.
.

.

.
bjna@b@ac@j MR

.
.

.

.
/.
) (- .
a@bjng@b@a@z@i@bnya MS

.
) .(-

- -

.

.
.
.

.
zna@; MT

.
//
.

.

.
:
_____
__________

.

.
%
.

.

.
/.
--

.

.

) .(-
.

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) (-
. %
) (- .
) (- .
--
Compressive Strength Test
:
=
.
:
)
(
%
.
/.
.
.
(
)
) (
.

.

.

-
.

.
Capping
. ) (-
. .
) (- .
//
:
) (- .
) (- .
/.
Tensile
Strength

________
______________
___
--

)
(

. %
% %
) (- )(-

/
/ .
:
= %
=

= : = %

% % % % %
) (- .
% -
-/
) ( -/
) (- .
--

:
Direct Tensile Strength :

_________________________________________
).(-
.

.

=

Pmax
/.
) (- .

.
Indirect Tensile Strength( )
:
______________________________________
______________

.

)( =

2P
/
P
= /
DL
= P .......
= D .......
= L .......
D
L
) (- .

%
) (.

% ) .(-
% .
P
D
12
= 2P
5D
6
DL
D
12
) (- .
).(-
k
.
2P
= k
DL
/.
P
) (- .
/.

) (-

) (- .
)(

Bending
Strength
_____________
______
________
)
( Modulus of Rupture
% - % .
.%
% .
.%

.
:

.

.
) (-

.
) (- .
/.
Two-Point Loading
Pure Bending

. - -

.
Pmax ) ( :
M max .Y
I
) (
= fb
Mmax = Maximum bending moment = Pmax L / 6

Y = h/2 ,
I = Moment of inertia = bh3/12
) (- .
) (- .
Shear Strength
_________________
______

)
(

) (- .
Torsion
.

Diagonal Tension
.
% % .

) .(-
.
) (- .
/.
) (- ) ( .
- Bond Strength
___________
_______________
Adhesion
Friction
Bearing

.
) .(-
/ ) / (
/ .

.
.
.
) (- .
/.
Pull Out Test () -

.
.

) (-
.

.
Slip

.

Initial Slip .
.
:
.

:
P
_______
L
/ .
) (-
Push Out Test () -

) .(-
.
Embedded Rod Test -

) .(-

.

.
Torsion Test -

) (Mt ) .(-

:
2 Mt
= d
= Mt
= L .
d2 L
.
P
Mt
) (-
) (-
) (-.
/.
Beam Test -

) (-

Slip :
Yct
= V
= Yct = 0.87 d
=

.
.
P/2
P/2
) (- .
___ Modulus
of Elasticity

________
__________________
1-6-8
.
.
) Ec = (fc
Elasto-plastic
) .(-
).(-
-
-
-
-
Secant Modulus
Chord Modulus
Stress
Tangent Modulus
Stress
Initial Tangent Modulus
___ =Ec
Strain -
Strain -
) (- .
) (- .
/.
Modulus of Elasticity Test 2-6-8

Stiffness

Deformation
.n = Es / Ec
B.S.S. 1881
@@mbna@zna@

.
) .(-
// ) ( +/ =
.
/
/
Ec = tan
) (- .
/
)+( /
/.
) + ( / .
%
%

.

.
@@ba@bi@a@b@m

.
/.
3-6-8
) (-
:
PL3
= EC
48I
@ Zsy
P
L
I
Deflection
) ( h
L
.
:
2
3
PL3
h
h
= Ec
1 + (2.4 + 1.5 ) 0.84
48 I
L
L
@ Zsy
h )(
) / (
.
P
h
) (- .
4-6-8

. - / - -
- - - .
:
.
.
5-6-8
) (
........................
f cu
E c = 14000
) (
.........................
f CU
.
E C = 0.136 15
fcu , Ec /.
) (

/ . ) ( ACI

0.45 fc
) (.
/.
Modular Ratio (n) 6-6-8
) (Es ) (Ec
.
ES
EC
=n
/

.
= / = / ) = (n
=
/ n .
Poisson's Ratio () 7-6-8

.

.
= h
v
:

h
V
********
/ -
Non-Destructive Testing of Concrete

-
Scope
______
_________

. :
-
- :
-
-
-
-

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.

- .
- - .
- .
- .
- .
-
:
. . . . ) (. . ) (. .
-
-
- ) (
-
Schmidt Hammer
Ultrasonic Puls Velocity
Core Test
Loading Test
Schmdit
Hammer
________________
_____
____
Rebound Number
.
.

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
/ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
.Plunger

)(.

Button .

.
.
.

):(-
- .
- .
:
-
-
-
-
.
.

.
.

- .
- .
- .
- .
-
.
.
- /
/ ) (- ).(-
-
.%
)( .
)( .
) (- .
/ -
) (- ).(R

MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
MPa
kg/cm2
7.3
8.1
9.2
10.2
11.3
12.5
13.3
14.7
16.1
17.4
18.7
20.1
21.6
23.0
24.3
25.8
27.4
28.9
30.5
32.1
33.7
35.4
37.1
38.8
40.6
42.4
44.2
46.1
48.0
49.8
51.7
53.6
55.4
57.3
59.2
61.0
74
83
94
104
115
127
136
150
164
177
191
205
220
234
248
263
279
295
311
327
344
361
378
396
414
432
451
470
489
508
527
546
565
584
603
622
11.9
12.9
14.2
15.4
16.6
18.0
19.2
20.6
22.1
23.4
24.9
26.4
28.0
29.4
30.9
32.5
34.1
35.8
37.4
39.0
40.8
42.6
44.2
46.1
47.9
49.7
51.6
53.5
55.4
57.3
59.2
61.1
63.1
65.0
67.0
69.0
121
132
145
157
169
183
196
210
225
239
254
269
285
300
315
331
348
365
381
398
416
434
451
470
488
507
526
546
565
584
604
623
643
663
683
703
5.3
6.3
7.4
8.4
9.6
10.8
12.0
13.2
14.6
16.0
17.3
18.9
20.5
22.1
23.5
25.1
26.8
28.4
30.1
31.8
33.5
35.2
37.0
38.7
40.6
42.4
44.2
46.1
48.0
49.8
51.7
53.6
55.4
57.3
58.2
61.0
54
64
75
86
98
110
122
135
149
163
176
193
209
225
240
256
273
290
307
324
341
359
377
395
414
432
451
470
489
508
527
546
565
584
593
622
9.9
11.1
12.4
13.6
14.9
16.3
17.7
19.1
20.6
22.1
23.6
25.2
26.9
28.5
30.1
31.8
33.6
35.3
37.0
38.7
40.5
42.4
44.1
46.0
47.9
49.7
51.6
53.5
55.4
57.3
59.3
61.1
63.1
65.0
67.0
69.
101
113
126
139
152
166
180
195
210
225
241
257
274
291
307
324
342
360
377
395
413
432
450
469
488
507
526
546
565
584
604
623
643
663
683
703
R
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
-/
) (- ).(R
/ -

) = 0 .(-
= 45
= +90
= 90
) (- ).(-

.
) (- .

-90o
+ 3.2
+ 3.4
+ 3.1
+ 2.7
+ 2.2
+ 1.7
=0
-45o
+ 2.4
+ 2.5
+ 2.3
+ 2.0
+ 1.6
+ 1.3
= +90
+45o
+90o
- 3.5
- 3.1
- 2.6
- 2.1
- 1.6
- 5.4
- 4.7
- 3.9
- 3.1
- 2.3
= -90
) (R
10
20
30
40
50
60
= -45
) (- .
= +45
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- )
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-
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Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

_________________________
______
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.
.

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- Transmitter Receiver
)
(.
-
.
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V = L / T km/sec.
L = Length
T = Transit Time
- ) (- .

. %
.
Transducers Arrangement
) (-:
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- ) (
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Semi-direct Transmission
Indirect Transmission

.
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Test
____
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_____
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/ -
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max L2t / 20000 t
= Lt t .
* Lt .
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Shrinkage & Creep

-
Shrinkage
_____________
___
.

:
-
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Effective Curing
Movement Joints
Shrinkage Reinforcements
:
-
.
- .
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-
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Autogenous Shrinkage
Drying Shrinkage
Plastic Shrinkage :
___________________________

)(
. )
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. .
.
).(-

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) (- .
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_____________________________________
Hydration

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________________________________
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:

.
Drying Shrinkage :
_________________________________________
)
(

) (-
Invar rod
.L1

.L2
:
L1 L 2
x 100
L1
= Shrinkage %
Moisture Movement :
_____________________________________________

.L3 -
.
L4
:
L4 L3
x 100
L3
= Moisture Movement %
/ -
) (- .

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_____

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Concrete Durability
-
_____

) ( .
Deterioration
.
.
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:
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) (OH
:
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:
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2Fe++ + 4e-
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) (- .
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______________________________

.

.
.
:
Sulphates -1

) Ca(OH)2
( )(
:
Ca (OH)2 + Na2 SO4 . 1OH2O
Ca SO4 . 2H2O + 2 Na OH . 8H2O

Calcium Sulphoaluminate
:Etringite
4CaO . Al2O3 . 19H2O + 3(CaSO4 . 2H2O) + 16H2O
) + Ca(OH)2
( 3 CaO . A12O3 . 3CaSO4 . 32H2O
.

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.
/ -
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)(Soft
.
.
- -
.
.
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.
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Lead -5

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Thermal
Properties
_______________________________

.

. :
Thermal Expansion -1

.
.
= - ) ( .
= - .
- .
= 1 x 10-5 cm / cm . c o
) ( :
) = E . . ( T
( T) .
:

/.
) = E ( T
= 200 (10) 3 x 1x10-5 x 20
= 40 kg / cm2
t+20
/ -
Thermal Conductivity (k) -2

.
/
.

/

/ .
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)(C = k/L
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) .(K ) (C /.
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.
/ . / .
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).(Cp
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= k / CV
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) (
:
/ -
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) (Na2O ) .(K2O

. :
- %
).(Na2O
- ) (Na2O
/.
-
.
- .
Alkali - Carbonate Reaction -
) (Dolomitic limestone
- -
.
.%

.
***********
***********

1]
Given:
h= 50 cm, y = 3600 kg/cm2, E = 20 t/mm2 =20 x 1000 x 100 =2x106 kg/cm2
Required :
W =?
=? P =?
Solution
a 4 84
I=
=
= 341 .33cm 4
12 12
m y
,
I
P =
m = pl
p l y
I
p =
I
ly
3600 341.33
= 2048 kg
150 4
PL3
3600 150 2
L2
=
= 3.375 cm
=
=
6
3EI 3 E y 3 2 10 4
= Q
w (h + ) =
w ( 50 + 3.375 ) =
1
P
2
2048 3.375 w = 64 .75 kg
2]
Given:
Bar a:
y = 18 kg/mm2 = 1800 kg/cm2
t = 38 kg/mm2 = 3800 kg/cm2
E = 2100 t/cm2 = 2.1x106 kg/cm2
Bar b:
y = 14 kg/mm2 = 1400 kg/cm2
t = 38 kg/mm2 = 3800 kg/cm2
E = 2100 t/cm2 = 2.1x106 kg/cm2
Required:

U1 =?
U2 =?
Solution
Bar a:
U1
1800 2
12
2
0
.
77
kg/cm
=
=
=
AL 2E1 2 2.1 10 6
Bar b:
2
2
U2
1400
2
=
=
6 = 1.088 kg / cm
AL 2E
2 0 9 10
a b
3]
E = 2200 t/cm2 =2200 x 1000 = 2.2 x 106 kg/cm2
Given:
Required:
=?
Solution
P= A ,
=
W
[1 +
A
l
E
1 + 2h(
, w (h+) = 0.5 ( A) (l/E)
AE
)]
WL
d 2 1 .6 2
A=
=
= 2.01 cm 2
4
4
60
2 .01 2 .2 10 6
[1 + 1 + 2 100 (
) ] = 6646 .65 kg / cm 2
=
2 .01
60 300
=
6646 . 65 300
= 0 . 906 cm
2 . 2 10 6
******
4]
Given:
y1 = y2
A2 = 2 A1 ,
Required:
w1 / w 2 = ?
Solution
2
U
=
Al 18 E
Since y1 = y2,
E1 = E2, L1 = L2
U1
U2
U
A
1
=
1 = 1 =
A1 L1
A2 L 2
U2
A2
2
U1 w1 (h + 1 ) 1
w
h + 2
=
= 1 =
U 2 w2 (h + 2 ) 2
w2 2(h + 2 )
1 and 2 are very small compared to h. Thus 1 and 2

can be neglected.
1
w1
2
w2
**********
5]
Given:
y = 3400 kg/cm2, E = 660x1000 kg/cm2 = 6.6x105 kg/cm2
Required:
Y =?
P/w =?
Y/ =?
Solution
l2
3400 100 2
=
=
= 1 . 431 cm
12 Ey
12 6 . 6 10 5 3
m y
Q =
,
I
m=
pl
4
pl y
4 I
p =
4 I
ly
64
4 3400
12 = 4896 kg
p =
100 3
1
p = w (Y + )
2
1
48961.431 = 36 (Y + 1.431) Y = 95.877cm
2
p 4896
=
= 136
w
36
Y 95 .877
=
= 66 .93
1.431
*******
6]
Given:
y = 3600 kg/cm2, E = 2100x1000 kg/cm2 = 2.1x106 kg/cm2
Required:
w =?
max =?
Solution
Pab
M =
,
L
=
M y
Pab
, M =
I
L
p
a 2b 2
=
3 EI
L
Paby
LI
P =
LI
aby
84
I =
= 341 . 33 cm 4
12
P =
3600 360 341 . 33
120 240 4
2
a b
3840
P = 3840 kg
120
240
= 4 . 11 cm
P = w (h + )
3840 4 . 114 = w ( 50 + 4 . 114 ) w 146 . 0 kg

********
]7
Given:
Pmax = +18t, Pmin = + 6t,
u = 52 kg/mm2, y = 36 kg/mm2, e = 26 kg/mm2
Factor of safety (n) = 2
Required:
a-
b-
Solution
Pr = 6t, Pm = 12t
r = 6 kg/mm2, m = 12 kg/mm2
2
= 1000 mm
6000
6
Pr
= A
e
26
= A
1000 = 13000 kg = 13 t
n
2
= Pmax
r
18
13
Pr=6
Pm=12
26
18
12
8]
Given:
m = 1.6 t/cm2 = 16 kg/mm2, u = 52 kg/mm2, y = 36 kg/mm2,

e = 22 kg/mm2.
Required:
max =?
min =?
Solution
:
r
= 1 ( m )2
e
u
16
r
= 1 ( ) 2 r = 19 .92 kg / mm 2
22
52
max = m + r = 16 + 19.92 = 35.92kg / mm2
min = m r = 16 19.92 = 3.92kg / mm 2

:
m
r
= 1
e
u
16
r
= 1
r = 15.23kg / mm 2
22
52
max = m + r = 16 + 15 . 23 = 31 . 23 kg / mm 2
min = m r = 16 15.23 = 0.77 kg / mm 2
r
= 1
e
:
m
y
16
r
= 1
r = 12 . 22 kg / mm
22
36
max = m + r = 16 + 12.22 = 28.22kg / mm2

min = m r = 16 12 . 22 = 3 . 78 kg / mm
]9
u = 48 kg/mm2, y = 36 kg/mm, e = 26 kg/mm2, n = 2.
/
/
+
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
max

)( .
e
min
]10
Given:
L = 380 cm, = 6.2 gm/cm3.

u = 50 kg/mm2, y = 36 kg/mm, e = 24 kg/mm2, n = 2.
Required:
.
Solution
Pm = - 4t, Pr = 21t
P
+17 t
Time
-4 t
-25 t
=1(m u )2
n
n
P u 2
Pr e
)
= 1 ( m
A n
A n
21000 24
4000 50 2
) A = 1764.5mm 2
( =1
A
A
2
2
w = V = 6 . 2 17 . 645 380 = 41572 gm = 41.572kg

=
]11
Given:

Required:

Solution
30
25
15
10
5
100
300 351
350 401
400
101 150
151 200
201 250
251 301
6
Number of Cycles 10
= /
*****
50
51
10
Stress kg/mm2
20
]12
Given:
e = 24 kg/mm2, n = 2.
Pmax = -12t, Pmin = -3t

u = 48 kg/mm2, y = 34 kg/mm,
Required:
Solution
:
Pm = - 6t, Pr = - 4.5t
r = 5.51 kg/mm2
m = 9.2 kg/mm2
P
Pr
7.5 1000
= = m
= 815 .2 mm 2
r m
9 .2
=A
r = 6.48 kg/mm2
m = 10.8 kg/mm2
P
Pr
7.5 1000
= = m
= 694 .44 mm 2
r m
10 .8
********

********
=A
Sheet 2
: 1

.

.
:
: 2

.

:
-
:
)(
:

. .
)(
:
)(

. .
w t/m
T
fc2
fc1 + fc2
=
fc3 - ft1

fc1
fc3
ft 1

Anchor

Cables
: : 3
- :

) (:.
515 mm
- :

V

.
75
450 mm
2
1
Outlet
gate
150
- :

. %
225
65
225

Placement
250
- :

.
35 16 mm
650
300 mm
250
h
7x50=350
150
500 mm
: : 4
-
-
-
-
-
....

) (:

.
: : 5
- /

.....
-

)/( :
kg/cm 2
965.5
)1.5(w/c
= fc
-

Superplasticizers

/.

Wet

Dry
Plastic
)/( .
: 6
)(
:

.

.

- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

.
)( :

.
)( :

.

.
.
)( :

.
)( :

. )
(

.
.
)
( /

Toughness
Deflection
: 7
)(
:

.
)( :
.
.
)(
:

.
) (
:

.
)( :

.
: 8
e
X :
-
-
-
-
.
.
.
.
o :
-
-
-
-
p :
-
e :

.
e :
-
-
-
-
e :
-
-
-
-
-
: 9
:
- - - - - - :
- - - = + =
- = + =
: 10
X :

.
)(

o :

: 11
- . - .
- .
: 12
:
)(
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .

) (
+
+

) (
)( :
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
)( )(
)( )(
.
)(
:

.
.
) (
:
(
(
(
(
(
(
: 13
:

.
:
- . - . - . - . -- .
100 100
45%
80
40
Reduction
80
72
61
55
100
60
54
37
40
28
20
20
0
1000
10
60
0
750
500
250
- /

:

.
.
:
- . - . - . - .
- .
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
3.82
3.06
3
2.29
2
2
1
1.53
1
3
fc2
fc1
fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc2> 550 kg/cm2
0.78
0.8
0.64
0.55
0.6
0.50
d2
d1
0.4
0.2
fc2
fc1
.
*******
Sheet 3
+ + + = , - = ,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
: : :
: : :
, : , :
, :
: = :
=1000
C = 450 kg
1.0
= 1000
G
Gg
0.4C
1
+
+
S
Gs
2.4C
2.66
Absolute volume
Gc
1.6C
2.66
C
3.15
=
= = ,
= = ,
= = ,
= ) /( :) + (
= ( :) +
= = ( : ) /
:
:
: : :
, :
, :
:
= /
:
, : , : :
, : , : :
: , : , : ,

:
:
, : , , : , , : ,
,
*********
= , )( = , )( = , - /
= /
= ,
: )( : )(
, :
: )( : )(
: ,
: ,
= , = = , = ,=1000
= 1000
1.0
180
1.0
G
Gg
S
4.5
+
+
S
Gs
0.75 S
Gc
6.7
Absolute volume
S
2.6
400
3.15
S = 964 kg
= )( = = , )( = =
:
: )( : )( :
: : :
*********
: :
- = % .
:
-
= , = , = / - / = ,
- = ,
: :
:
+ 4% 1000 =1000
= 1000
, :
, :
W
1.0
4 1000
100
Gg
0.5C
1
Gs
3.5C
2.65
Absolute volume
Gc
2.5C
2.65
C
3.15
C = 312 kg
=
= = ,
= = ,
= = ,
= ( :) -= = ( :) - /
)( - = :
: : :
: : :
, , : , : :
*********
], , + + ) +/ = [(,
- = ,
- = ,
- = ,
- = /
- = /
- =
= = = = , = = , = = ,
=
= ,
- = , = -,
- = = ,
= =
*********
= /
= /
- = /

- /
% ) , ( = , ) , ( = ) , : , ( % ASTM C494-type G . : +

- = ,
- = ,
- = ,
- = ,
- = X

0.25 450
1.0
0.03 450
1.15
0.65X
2.65
0.35X
2.65
0.15 450
2.15
450
3.15
= 1000
X = 1859 kg
= = , - = = ,
: :
, : : : , : , :
, : , :
: :
, : , : , : , : , :
, : , : , : , :
*********
, :
:
-

= = = - = ,
= , = ,
)-( = /
)-( = /
)-( = /
::

)-(
)-(
)-(
0.75 x 350
= 1000
1.0
(1+9/8+0.5)L
1.3
350
3.1
L = 309.3 Kg
) -( = ,
) -( =
= ,
)-( = , = , ,
)-(
) -(
)-(
*********
: - = ,
- ) , /( =
= = = - = , = , = = , = % , = = % , ) = (,
- = ,
- = /
- = ,
- = /
= :
:148
1.0
1.16
2S
2.7
2.65
40
7.85
400
3.1
= 1000
S = 637.5 kg
- =
- = ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
*********
,
,
= / - :
)(
, , , ,
)( .
)( .
)( .
)( .

= /
= ) + / ( + + + + + + +
= ,
) ----------(

.

) ---------( .

= ( :) += = +
= % = = % = % = = % - ) + ( = ,
= = ( + ) , , = = % = = %
:
= ,-
= ,
-
) ( = ,
) ( = /-
= ,

154
1.0
8
1.15
1.632 S
2.65
2.65
40
2.15
400
3.15
= 1000
S = 712 kg
= = ,
, ,
,
,
*********
,
, ,
v
:

.
:
-
/.
-
% .
-
.
-
/.
- ASTM
.C494 Type F
ASTM C494 Type G
-
% + .
-
/
) (.
- .
.
- ) + (
.
) (1000 C SF
}
fc
) 3.0*log (
{ log
= w / cm
-
.
= /
= /
= /
= /
= /
= ,/
= ,/
-
/
-/
-/
-/
- .
- .
- = ,
- = ,
= , - = ,
- /
:
= = ( :) + ) (
= : - = ,
= 1000
G=1262 kg
0.5 350
3S
2.65
S= 631 kg
350
3.15
: :
: : :
, : , : :
) /= (
= , = , , + , + , + ,
- /
:
- /
) (
= : - )/( = ,
= % .= 1000
0.32 450
1
G=1246 kg
450
1001.15
+
,
3S
2.65
450
3.15
S= 623 kg
: : :
, :
, :
, :
:
:
) /= (
= , = , ,+,+,+, + ,
- /
:
- ) / ( = %
- ) % ( = /
) / % = ( .
) (1000-C-SF
fc
{ Log
= w/cm
3 log
, = 15.0
, = 13.0
)15 (1000- 457-47.5

750
= 0.293
{ Log
= w/cm
3 log 13
: )( : )( = ) : : (
) : : (

)0.293( 475 + 47.5
1
)3 ( 475 + 47.5
1001.15
4S
2.65
10 475
1002.15
475
3.15
= 1000
D(16mm)= 875 kg
D(9mm)= 437.5 kg
S= 437.5 kg

: : : : : :
,:
,:, : :
, : :
, , : ,: , : , : , : :
)/(
= , , + , + ,+ , + ,
, = , , +
- /
) / ( = % - ) % ( = /
) / %, = ( )(w/cm
) (1000-C-SF
fc
{ Log
= w/cm
3 log
, = 15.0
, = 13.0
w/cm = 0.242
: )( : )( = : :

)0.242(450+90
1
D(16mm)= 886 kg
)0.035(450+90
1.15
4S
2.65
D(9mm)= 443 kg
0.20 450
2.15
450
3.15
= 1000
S= 443 kg

: : : :
, : ,: , :
, :
: :
, : :
)/(
= , , + , + , + , + ,
, = , , +
350
300
283.9
248.2
250
187.8
200
150
100
50
0
1000
500
750
250
) /(
*********
) (
309.7
- )(
)/( = ) , (
)/( = ) , = ( %
)( : = : - = ,
- = ,
- = ,
- = /
- = /
- = /
- = /
- = ,/
)(
3S
0.56 x 350
= 1000
1.0
G = 1221 Kg
2.65
350
3.1
S = 610.5 Kg
)( :
= ,/
)( =
, = , , + , + , + ,
)(
0.35 x 250
= 1000
3S
2 x 250
100 x 1.15
G = 1462 Kg
2.65
250
3.1
S = 731 Kg
)(
)(
= , , + , + , + , + ,
= ,
* )(
)(
*********
Sheet 4
n
:
fcu = 300 kg/cm2
:
-
- :

v 10 %
) (
= %
- :
fcu
300
=
= 352 kg / cm2
1 kv 1 1.64 0.09
= fm
v = (15 20 )%
)% = (v
2
= 421 kg / cm
300
fcu
= fm
o
:

:

(fcu) ( )

%
.
(fm)

) (fcu ) (M
. fm = fcu + M
) (fcu) (fm :
1.64
5%
fm
Frequency
fm = fcu + M
fcu
= = 42 49
=
) = k = 1.64 x 45.5 = 75 kg/cm2 ( M

**********
p
:
fm= 360 kg/cm2, v = 12 %
:
.%
):(fcu
fcu = fm (1-kv) = 360 x (1-1.64 x 0.12) = 289 kg/cm2
:%
% k = 1.28
f90% = 360 x (1- 1.28 x 0.12) = 305 kg/cm2
***********
-/
r
:
282, 282, 288, 276, 282
:

282 + 282 + 288 + 276 + 282
=
5
= 282
= 282
:
= 282
0 + 0 + 0 + ( 288 282 ) 2 + ( 276 282 ) 2

= 3 .8
5
3 .8
=
100 = 1 . 347 %
fm
282
***************
s
Frequency
v = 10%
v = 15%
v = 20%
fm
=
=v
t
:
)/(
)/(
325
250
305
320
325 335
220 280
315
210
:
- .
- % .
%) (
% ) (
+ + + - -
- - -
/
/
u
:

/
:

.

%
35
30
28
24
25
22
18
15
12
12
10
4
4
2
205 215 225 235 245 255 265 275 285 295 305 315
5
0
20
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
320
310
300
290
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
200
100
60
50 %
40
Median=254 kg/cm2
20
95%
0
218
195 205 215 225 235 245 255 265 275 285 295 305 315 325
80
:
- =
nx
N
x n N
210 4 + 220 9 + LLL+ 310 2

= 254.96 kg/ cm2
143
- = /
- = /
:
- =
)2
n( x x
N 1
4(210 254.96)2 + 9(220 254.96)2 + LLL + 2(310 254.96)2

=
143 1
= 23.0 kg/cm2
= v
23
=
100 = 9 %
f m 254 .96
=v
ACI
:
:
2
f cu = f m (1 kv) = 254.96(1 1.64 0.09) = 217.33kg / cm
fcu = 218 kg/cm
Sheet 5

p
A
= fc
67500
=
225
)(
= 300 kg / cm 2
)(
)(
300
=
0.97
30.9 ton
309.3 kg/cm
ft = 10% fc
= 0.1 x 300
2
kg/cm
30
)(
ft = 10% fc
= 0.1 x 300
2
kg/cm
30
)(
= P = 309.3x100
=
2P
DL
= ft
P =30**15*30/2
=P= 21.2 ton
2P
= ft
DL
P =30**15*15/2
=P= 10.6 ton

P = fc*A
P =240* *225/4 = fc-cyl=0.8fc-cube

==300*0.8
2
240 kg/cm
42.4 ton
)(
fsh = P/Ash
fsh = 12% fc
)36 = P/(8*12
= 0.12 x 300
P=36*8*12=3.46 t
kg/cm
36
)( .
)
(
2M t
fbond = 16% fc
= 0.16 x 300
kg/cm2
d 2 L
= fb
Mt = 48* *(1.6)2
=*25/2
48
4.825 t.cm
= .
)(
ft = 10% fc
= 0.1 x 300
kg/cm2
30
P
A
2
= ft
)30 = P/ (7.5
P = 5.3 ton
)(
)(
)(

fbending = 14% fc
= 0.14 x 300
kg/cm2
42
ft = 10% fc
= 0.1 x 300
kg/cm2
30
My
I
= f ben
P * 60 * 5 * 12
= 42
* 10 4ton
=30.35 = P
2P
= ft
P =30**12*12/2
=P= 6.8 ton
o
:
= /
:
.

Stress
Strain -
@
@
:
-
-
-
:
E c = 14000 f cu = 14000 280 = 234.3t / cm 2

********
p
:
.
:
.
.
)(
110
100
80
70
90
60
5.5
4.5
x
50
3.5
E = tan = (101.86-79.22)/(5.4-4.5)(10)(-4) 251.5 ton/cm2

*********
-
.
C2S
C3S C3A .C4AF
C2S C3S %
. C3S
C2S C3S .

. .

.

....... .

.
.
C3S
C4AF
C3A
C3S
C2S
C4AF
C3A
C2S
- .
138 : 136
-
/.

* =
= = /
* =
* = = /
r
:

. = =
.
:
- .
-
.

- .
12.5 20 40 5 0.125
+
+
+
+
= 31.25liter
3.19 2.7 2.7 1.0 1.14
:

= = ( )
= = ( )
= = ( )
= = ( )
= = ( )

= =
= =
= =
=
= =
: -
1- For 15 cm cube in compression
fc (28 days) = 1.5 x fc (7 days)
fc ( 7 days) = 54000/15x15 = 240 kg/cm2
fc (28 days) = 1.5 x 240 = 360 kg/cm2
P = 360 x15 x 15 = 81 ton
=
2- For cylinder 15 x30 in compression

fc (28 days) = 0.8 x 360 = 288 kg/cm2
P = 288 x x (7.5)2 = 50.9 ton
=
3- For 10 cm cube in compression

fc (cube 10) = 360/0.97 = 371.1 kg/cm2
P = 371.1 x 10 x 10 =37.11 ton
=
4- For cylinder 15 x 30 in indirect tensile strength

ft = 0.1 x 360 = 36 kg /cm2
ft =
2P
= 36 =
2 P
P = 25.45ton
=
5- For beam 10 x 10 x 70 cm in bending

fflex = 0.14 x 360 = 50.4 kg/cm2
f flex
My
pl
10 4
, M = = 15 P , I =
=
= 833 .33 cm 3
I
4
12
f flex = 50 .4 =
15 P 5
P = 0 .560 ton
833 .33
: -
E c = 14000 f cu = 14000 360 = 265.6 t / cm2

**********
D
L

)( =

2P
DL
P
D
12
5D
6
+
-
D
12
% -
% % % %
% -
) ( -/
-/
Mt
Sheet 6
n
:
. = . - = .
:
- .
- .
-
.

- .
:
. . . . - :
max O (5.4 x 1000)2 / 20000 x 150 = 9.72 mm
max O (Lt)2 / 20000 t
=
< max
=
= )% = / (-
> .%
.
- :
- .
-
- .
- .
- .
o
:
- .
- = /
)(

)(

)(

) (
)/(
)(
= ) + )//( (

)(
= + ) ()/(
% )(
= / %

:()
)( = + ) //( = = (/ + ) /
)( = + ) ( ) /(
= = () / (+) +
= = /
******
p
:
.
)(
)(

=
-
)/ (
)/(
-----
-----
---------
:
--------
)(
)( ---------
)(
---------
)( :
--------
------
-----
)( ---------
% -
%-
) (
)(
)(-

)( -
%+

)(+
q
:
.
.
:
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
:
- .
- .
. - .
- .
:
- .
-
- .
- .
- .
- .
- .
:
)( .
)(
) /(
)/(
)/(
) -(
)/(
)(-) - (+) - (+) (+) (-) (+
) /(
= / %
)(
% = /
)(
) % (
)/(
)(
)(

)(

)/ (

)( = ) + )//( (
)(
= )+ ) (( ) / (

=
)/ (

% = = /
%
% = = /
%

s
:
.

) (T
)(T

----
----
----
----
----
)(
)/( =
L/T

=
-
) /
(

)(
)/(
-
)(

) = (
+

)/(
-
)(
-
)(
= /
Sheet 7
q
fo = 200 kg/cm2
From Table B = 85 mm < 200 mm
Ec = 180 t/cm2

= 3.8
o = fo / Ec = 200 / 180000 = 1.11 x 10-3

cr = . o = (3.8) (1.11 x 10-3) = 4.22 x 10-3
t = o + cr = 1.11 x 10-3 + 4.22 x 10-3 = 5.33 x 10-3

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/ -

@@aa@na@@b@ @ ny@ @ ia@ @ lbna@ @ m

977 - 5069 - 50 - 5 : I.S.B.N

" Structure Materials

High Strength Concrete

ASTM C494 - Type A

ASTM C494 - Type B

ASTM C494 - Type C

ASTM C494 - Type D

ASTM C494 - Type E

ASTM C494 - Type F

ASTM C494 - Type G

: ) ( Plasticizers and Superplasticizers

Durability Frost Resistance

Permeability-Reducing Admixtures 3-3-2

Water Proofing Agents -1

)Pozzolanic Materials (Filling Effect

Special Types of Concrete

High Strength Concrete

High Strength Concrete

High Rise Buildings

High Early Strength

Underground Concrete Pipes

fc4 =1000 -- kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

fc1< 300 kg/cm2

Filling Capacity Test

) (Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete

Heavy Weight Concrete

Concrete Mix Design

-  Aggregate-Paste Relationship

-  Mix Design Methods

Absolute Volume Method

Design of HSC Mixes

475 47.5 0.375 W W 15.675 153.6

Statistical Quality Control

200 250 300 350

@wbn@ @ m@ @ c@ @ @ RP@ @ rc@ b@ a@ pbj@ @ b@ ag @ MQ

<<NL<^^<^]<]]<^<< NKs<< NSQ<<^}<<]<^<j<^<]c<V< N<^n

v = 25.6 (100) / 190 = 13.5 %

)fcu = 190 (1-1.64 x 0.135

= 147.9 kg/cm2 < 200

]<< ^< ^_< < j

(10 )2 + (10) 2 + (0) 2 = 8.16

(50 )2 + (50) 2 + (0) 2 = 40.82

(2/ 540 - 305 - 402 - 385)

= 220x16 + 230x31 + ............... + 310x15 /

16(220 263.8) 2 + 31(230 263.8) 2 +........... +15(310 263.8) 2

%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.28 * 0.0779) = 236.85 kg/cm2

%fcu = fm (1 - kv ) = 263.08 ( 1 - 1.64 * 0.0779) = 229.47 kg/cm2

Properties and Testing of Fresh Concrete

. . True Slump Shear Slump Collapse ) (- ).(-

Ball Penetration Test () :

Compacting Factor Test

Vebe (VB) Test _

Properties and Testing of Hardened Concrete

Compressive Strength Test

Mmax = Maximum bending moment = Pmax L / 6

Pull Out Test () -

Push Out Test () -

Initial Tangent Modulus

- Aggregate-Paste Relationship

- Mix Design Methods