Chapter 7

Ionic and Metallic Bonding

Lesson 1
Ions

Law of Definite Proportions

2 or more elements combine chemically in definite proportions by mass
Explained by Daltons Atomic Theory

The size of the sample does not change the mass ratio (also known as
percent composition)

Atoms and Ions

Atoms:
Electrically neutral
Can gain, lose, or share electrons when forming compounds

Ions:
When number of protons does not equal number of electrons
Ions have positive or negative charge

The Octet Rule

1916: Gilbert Lewis

Atoms tend to achieve noble

gas configuration when
forming compounds (8
electrons in valence shell)
Ex: Sodium form a sodium
ion with a 1+ charge which
has the same econfiguration as neon.

Ions
Metals:
Form positive ions (cations)
o lose 1 or more electrons
Charge for Group A metals can be determined by the group number
o Group 1A metals have a 1+ charge
o Group 2A metals have a 2+ charge, etc.
Group B metals form multiple cations
o Charge of 3+ or more is unlikely -- must consult a table for their
charges
o Group B metals achieve pseudo-noble gas config (18 e-s)

Ions
Non-metals:
Form negative ions (anions)
o gain 1 or more electrons
Charge for Group A non-metals is determined by the group number minus
8
o Group 5A non-metals gain 3 electrons
o Group 6A non-metals have a 2- charge
o Group 7A non-metals have a 1- charge (called hallide ions), etc.

Exceptions to Octet Rule

Silver would have to lose 11 electrons or gain 7 to acquire the
configuration of xenon
Ions with charge greater than 3 are uncommon
Instead silver loses 1 electron to attain pseudo-noble gas configuration (18
electrons)
Other exceptions: Ag+, Au+, Cd2+, Zn2+

Example 1
Write electron configurations for the following ions:
a) Calcium ion

b) Fluoride ion

Lesson 2
Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds

Ionic Bond

Ionic Compounds
Made of positive and negative ions (metals + non-metals)
Cations and anions are attracted by electrostatic force
Arranged in orderly 3D pattern
o Each + ion is between 2 or more - ions
Electrically neutral

Ex: Sodium gives a valence electron to chlorine and

both ions achieve a stable octet

Ionic Compounds
Crystalline solids at room temperature
High melting points
Can conduct an electric current when melted or dissolved in water
o Ions are free to move

Coordination Number
Coordination Number:
The number of ions of opposite charge that surround an ion in a crystal
Example:
o Each Na-ion is surrounded by 6 Cl-ions therefore Nas coordination #
is 6
o Each Cl-ion is surrounded by 6 Na-ions therefore its coordination #
is also 6

Example 2
In TiO2, each Ti-ion is surrounded by 6 O-ions. What is its coordination #?
Each O-ion is surrounded by 3 Ti-ions. What is its coordination #?

Lesson 3
Bonding in Metals

Metallic Bonds & Properties

Metals are made up of closely packed
cations rather than neutral atoms
Valence electrons modeled as sea of
electrons
o Drift freely

Metallic Bonds & Properties

Metallic bonds:
o Attraction of free floating
valence e-s for + metal ions
Force of attraction that
hold metals together

Metallic Bonds & Properties

Sea of electrons explains many physical properties of metals
o Good conductors
Electrons flow freely in them
As electrons enter one end of metal, an equal number leaves the
other end
o Ductile and Malleable
Sea of valence electrons insulates cations from one another
When under pressure, cations slide past one another

Crystalline Structure of Metals

Metals that contain one type of atom are among the simplest forms of all
crystalline solids
Metal atoms are arranged in very compact and orderly patterns
o BCC
o FCC
o HCP

Alloys
Mixtures of 2 or more elements
o At least 1 is a metal!
Properties often superior to
component elements

Alloys
Substitutional alloy:
If atoms of components are similar in size, they replace each other in the
crystal
Interstitial alloy:
If sizes are very different, smaller atoms fit into interstices (spaces)
between larger atoms
Amalgam:
An alloy containing mercury