PREFACE TO PLATO ERIC A. HAVELOCK ‘THE BELKNAP PRESS OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS. AND LONDON, ENGLANDee Plato on Poetry T tometines happens inthe hitory of the witen word that sm importine work of lature cares 9 tile which Joc not accurately eft he contents. pat ofthe work hs become ‘enti with the whol, or the meaning ofa label has shied ‘ntasltion. Batf he abel basa popolarand recognising itcan come to excise kind of thought contrl over those who ‘ake the book in tei hans, "They form an expectation which cords with the tide bu i beled by mach of fe subance of ‘what che author hast ay- They cling toa preconcepcon of is Jntentons, insesbly allowing thie minds to mould he content of what ey ead it the equited shape, hase ema apply with fll force to that teat of Pts styled the Repl. Wereit not forthe tile, it might be ead fr ‘what itis ater danas a exay in utopian polteal theory Tei 4 fit that only about a died! ofthe work concerns isl with seacraft as sch. The text del t kngth and ofen witha gest varity of mats which bar onthe human condton bu hse sre mates which would certainly have ao place jn a modern ‘wea on poli, [Nowhere does this become more evident tothe rade than ‘ben he takes up the rath and lst book, An author posesing Pat's sil in composon it noe iy to Ban the eg of what he is ying by allowing his shought to any away from i t the end. Yec this exminl portion of the Repu opens with a ‘examination ofthe autre not of politi but of poetry. Placing the poet inthe ame company with the pater, i argues that he sucht produces a veson of experience which is twice removed foo reality: his work at bet Gere ond ot wae dangeout‘ muarace 0 rare both to since and to morliy; the major Gack poss fom Home t Earpdes must be Cclied fom the Rasen system of Giese, And tht exsordinry tes pacecd ot sion. The wile amuleocapc the foe aloe ee ara onc that ide ithe Ropaicanno pps or appearance in thi pce of sch Fools open te eee ot Grek terre, If the sgunnt conform oa fl eal i ssl coming whe dc coer an ene pao th, then the puspor of te vhole ate mre Seog ihn he ins of what we el poll ey ‘To the overall seutre of th woth we del etm 2 lie Jz Let fra moment conse fate the to ed en of Pus tack, He open by eharaceting th cfc gore 4 ‘scppingof the min!'* Wis sind of deans Boasts hast acqurean atid, The andar mut come ofc none legs‘ wha things rely ar. In chore posey spec of sett pion and the enmyoftath, Ths acyakkes © the seals of ay modem reader and hs nee ot ene bythe prorason wih whi,» good we ee ee, lito wins opis ngomer: Cra ode dena, spore crac tan we dike chore tae mikes ett ‘nd—to kp fl triphone ae vie ht oF tempo, bit of fine or money ox power ora prey ace even of posry.™ I he ths exh et ght the reed Et sist pty ik 2 Grek Saint Pel waning spine poe of darknes,we cn colds che tat heat et al eo ak ‘roportion, ce tat he eget canot be poe it ats ee kee ‘omching mow fandaneel inthe Grek ompnnns ne powef Thea ben natura relactnce to take what he sy tee Yale. Pat's adie, normaly devoted hs hehe wea phen they reach cone lke he psent sat locke wend for an eape hatch, ad hey find ene which hy foe povided fr them: Jit Bee ths proto, fs hot a a poetry may ofr dence of hele any Hake tbe at dt cenfecl o ht oreponing carat D * eee SPS ie mea tr cere vantst He does indeed so confess, but to think dat his con tion amount a revansion ‘profoundly mistakes his inteation, alee te emnain which he makes the concesion to poetry © TT eT thous ae temas damning Fore Pet her in el as a Kind of prowtste, cea alo edi 's Samson if he lets her, and 90 rob him of his i Seis cot el whee ud en, bt {EM pein te powen te 1 fe Ie en, we Ire to de so only a we counter her spell with one of our own. de cat ver nd ove vo ore the ie of ong Woamne eile Wires at we ‘ey ofthe soul to protect agains ber: “inn fh ge nae a fe iy a recisely the poetic experience as suct Peet oped cae wea Tobin i eee Pe ay ae pe eae Toe Mi ofconmniston Het hing td eee yoetry. This is made even clearer during cde of he argrnnt he bls agit ee. ‘Ths the pct Se getensestlar san deter od Met aol ten ‘the resources of meter, 2 te ecblahty eoang a Shes tt aeay Tho ae iene op a0 Cervus ich oneal he pov af sent Mend a ee Sal copy ps cnioe [eMeigetcet Thats la sacs the very fem dnt cat ecsat nae tiger coe Pec tage tern ayesha Ee eae ‘which the poet chus makes available to us, : ae ‘Tia eracnta hound oss od prc chun So er hate woe. By Foro ‘an unlock a eomesponting find of sympathetic respons in ut‘ ramacn 10 taro 4 P1ATD Ox voerRY 7 sand wok «wie range of our emotions All cfc is dane gt esd. The stack on pty can and mus be expand Bea oe gcc" Pm gnc ot | mm i The ck pony on an tb led DA ce hed Bw nage ym dom ded non i command of te haan nee So uns saben the argumen, and ke all uch i fon pant ah port y ng syne ih jodie which finds necro ine Patt eval ss iota day ca ot Ao ine wo ve Das fom tc concen of what he maybe Meal it En ead olan ye saying in orce i is ilo in wold agree to tf bicion ke i the co of e eenek uolen ate Tht may fr el the method ofrelucion 2 Ah elaine hs dss surly wos nsr e# fiero dab op a in sot ie lee a pros i state Sag polis, chology andethics—and eco in pring ht ur valu a aby. Fo int pecan ea tee aly ace england eset pot Po! onl dane snd aon en as own aking és mt vals and rend hin cane ‘The pening pow hs Ben appl qi Hberly to hat gh ie the eth ese a secon of the Rp wih wee lsking at now), Seve alts sa pore unworthy exp ae typ fmm have en wd othe pry apie nga nel Bn wey te {2 ica part of the agent. On the oval ies Fo frst ison, wold tn See i xcommodaed moiety asin athe popamne Sr Be ov Poy cn be mor ne afte Rb wopn at that he eclaion o pace cps Sr tH Ia ange oor mor yen sd nly toan del ondon treble n the cope re Seco cui ne tee ane oer a ox feat sos Ore mig reply tat re in tt Ug 227 te an epee le ha ofl sp on ein Go sod heats Shc ings sj ow he Mag Bot nf th Ln of cin of Ps game snl he ings nd he yn wih en aE gral wt rsd en ee ee os pls ar oft kid ot ngage you cern (ead) walsh pol. dar athlon ide tol ye he bee te we ms ecg thn the eset of cb Seal won we i dha Pls age intl stan cn ee ela bea lt ke hin a esa. The aces Me tat notof pla toy. The foes which ae propor se wd geri evil Wis nd pee considered to be urgent it the pomnt and ae nor pan Fosthinel commanding spl vhuh Veco esi er ee eee eel {RENE iment in ods ape walle rae ten ean accordingly he csstttion which has wo be isi ter by vi oie orb wen of Sarat hr indnc se dll ihe ply wih he Corer ofc ste poeta edhe Bs crn Sat tes agenc de The cs hve ought ator men of von by p= hich are the secrets ofthe poetic syler No, he must have been that che more extrem: parts of Plato's polemic are directed fon or epory pein. He any sec has aot pg on By eon anFe Sd ye Soph, Thy gid ae we th peel sou stan el tase an had pushed these clans to sks. This explanation wall evo Toto bene essa campo be wos eng tt ptsond They ar ote vl tcp of eon pe slowness oak Home inl pice dt tough ple opin Seeds ero paint Hamer" Ate Ss eae ee LE gage be, dat laos gum oats z enemy but ahi alics in the elution bate he waging eit te po Ths nay net eon te in Fetes of mh open a befor de ont at Poh ped thn rs cet he pi he Satecng nye dg pba ihe ane weg ini any to spud Plato's anger tlt in prt of what he th inet feel wih poy ch a ane sm a va nme we : ta xan eons" Theo homere swt send denims ints Gis Seal spe ft eo Homer, Hel ht ad another pint on dana alo I tte Dat tga he Been nin gy bane eae He et de ning fing on anes Erol aco bc pn ap ie pe obese nH etd fa stein nd ag prune Rese iceman agen ag us aby with dene dfn sae sedi Fea ir be sect keke we men Homo sy Re icine rat he tg ecg Foe ssrmonot, oto neal conpondoe mato ox vorreY ° Incading what men halk ol about th ations tt show rere th zx in ter of el or woe to theses SUMMEr Coropondingjysandsorows Ths defn apps SUR he alo Sy ge lay Inder Hato goon AE etd athe mens by cing the poets dorpdon of 2 Siac ato fh Tis plainly emir Erna ed carer nthe epi whee Pato hiking Stan's cls she lo of Hector Sol wol atv besa tempted > confine Pls get in te comers fo the drama were fe not for the fit dat the tier does scm to be excpid to = ater exttocinary Tr he atl ration on ence » plc SRibetnc, "The ean fori reception wl be wnfoled ititer chapter i dos ded supply ne ofthe uct the vee pus of what Pao s king abet. In ose modern SEE the ely ste sunon ich can provoke such SERRE ropone as fe describ woul! be the pdomance of Fae Ey owe at emp vo conto hat Plo a it ye SEE ote sage, geting that in Grok pate «Pc SET Sealy coma a pormance, and hat he apo ‘Spore ctl a relonhip fo audience stalogoas to thar of an ae “Fe anemia ese th impact of Pos ame Joo by ccyng to dupese ver ars of tga ‘Tey ae ele EES but ey maconie the whle fn and eno of the ume Te forgo any leaned at we al oie in {Ei Mayus Gaga poetiedsatement a suc and Jeeond sao the owt expe sch andi conde, tae emetaon, Pap sped pion in th tones of Wien who iis eking cna mos orale opponent who minuets op cen in SHUR Rin He leds he gor, he denounces be els He Be Died conftmuing some Caliah. And he speaks 3 thoes Teed noche butt fig he bate rf “Phe Bane mypary hee, some histor poze, eanoebeled by pawding domo ext, hat iby pend of he or tl by the poss 0 conse the way at febeag miata Gi cbut aaeic pe |_mapnmte a hy he substance is suceeded by the poss Shatter ge eae’? mm Th aro abr kl Bree peas dal een fey dou ocey say eet ad ee eae are i he evict ae ea Milman hae cing | MRE Eisenstein ee Phe ch psey i cae, Sones latin fpr unde sea pos, oie dexmae lage an ene = vel clea cndca hachrne_mtering eh Tein te carck te 2 What ae he cet is mye whces | ese, or tdoc bh, Home here again inthe foefont fe our common vals that poy new eee 2 Of th phiovophr’s mind; he san exponent ofthe mixed tle Minddtaett ne Pouce Lecdreres (amg apis ei apna oh ‘ind ad heart Wo odes als more lly in the nex chats, Tox the on ling a awe ths rote wl enctey vent tis oa tht Plato obvious to the fhe Bac Pat Poemic agua poetry wenotconheed Aramatesyeassch To bevae situs othe wile ihe fehl ofthe la book Tedd be rds oe © tha i he wil tle the pocry of ested ston and i Peis the book which realh chr oct ier speech provided the chic. Gus prsenied ate ehclly min hd aay bon ried spunea Sipe Bu bythe ine he oll thi conten ce ging, ef mot the lo veal mecantes ee fhe eh bok heh forgo he wa even a tolrantas that Agron Ose! in the tid book of te Repay ME ‘Through mest of wnt he ays in Book Tse there pest Tana ein ck op pty con ch cong undercurrent of suspicion and dislike forthe eamnte iatack he epen ef the en of Book Twa eho tinpathy ss sch, A prc dsrpie syle he sens wo think i por poly of and vecing coats ofc always pefeable, and he sugges tha if Homer were purse fare bok bt and peent. Whar gins hes etek Based wo produce a purl descriptive eft, what he saying Pee Ge falta poy’ ive wx mania aad ‘woul ede sel nghfianes™ We canoe tht hy ade Sy: Tay lites tht fe ke the oe ead The Feling thc eve a th usin, so moc les das in 8 fed heros and onary men at al toy Tey oe Se propa than ht of Book Tes, Pato reveaing fndametal Imac an inet, eocy and teacher, 3 poe at estliy to the pote experente per ato the agiative Sold of wens covattic and maloe. Refers neo act which consis suc a lrg pat of that experience And tlm only nd onion by imed ae ‘hs shold be ping Sono the sol roe. Pao ponton noe aa ‘An approach to aslution ofthe pusale mast begin by fst Soi Som hs who hae adel sar taking the Repu asa whole and geting i into pepe, n Se Ou Tesamens fo younger ale cmp eat der to ak: What the ove cole which potty psn is of Grek mytology big wha i wis ope Fog treatir Ts it confined tothe pags sofa evi, which ore deat fe analy acnion to what the poe syst No, it nt. The So fit the llsopher' objetivo undentandable, wheter Formal dss wach iw be demonstrated and defended in the, ‘Fn we think dey are mitaken Bathe shen sane Gree Udy of de Repl propel for ducwsion atthe opening ofSoh Soe tbat ea iommeatane scene tation, Such «pute moray br neve before bean coved ‘Mdocined in he vew that what al mow mach fom amoral puto mbt ont is ered. ee ean eereee oe rego The oe rath te Gre lok sell, Deo and deat bwin are no abv olated, bur the ine principle of moray i . apnea a ruaro on roster 8 whch ice heen bu, Cracalto eis waition i the condition tnd quay of Grek eduation, ‘Tit proces, whatever iis, by Iohich the mind and stadeof che young ae formed lis tthe Fat of Platosprobles. And a the hear of his proces in rar somehow les the prseace of the poes. They ae cut to the froblem, They emerge even bere athe beginning ofthe tease Bho enemy? and that how they ae made eo play out thee tole in Book Tes Once the Repu svewed as an aac onthe exiting eda tional appa of Greve, the loge of total ergansston be- ‘comes cla. And once i sppeetued that the por ate cent o the edvcational appustin?™ te succeniveeriguer of pos ill into place. That pre of the argument which deal ict ith ‘politcal theory ocmpiet only about hed ofthe nine books?” and ‘when it nterpoes itl tito provide accsiveexcases fx pro- reve dicuson of edacainaltheory2® The politi fxme- Work may be utopian; the educational propos etal ae not Thus ia Book Two, the problem having bon proposed, prob lem which concerns the eoartrcton of jie ine aoe of the Inividen, he device is wed of dercribng frst political society {nthe large, whi shall then corespond to the individual in the Sal, Ths evolution of th sacey ported to the pine where fgancian cla emerges the Key classi he state. Whereupon the argument promptly eas to conser thse eduction, and we fet in fcr a programme of teed clementary and secondary ‘location for exiting Greek pracsice This concloded, te ang= nent vet belt politi, n onder to deverbe the heess State and is vein proc der. Then comes the psychology ‘ofthe individual sus theory obviously devised to conform to Plat's edna! ebjectves Some more polit, socal and ‘cenomic theory then fllows—che aqua of the sexes the fommunisation of the aly and dhe oe of Hmiged wae antl the pax proposed dit the ony af and sible recipient ‘of poll power ithe pilesopher. This is anovery. Native pibfoopher are co say the lout x minty proupy ad heeraces dfnedin exit conta to hat of th theegoe, theaudince at drunaticpeformance andthe lke, Ones oe, by implication, the pors emerges the enemy. Then ee ‘laure ofthe prea ambiguous sat of te piesphe ip ‘Sct Helm ncn nner ST eile ie ny ar ge: Tt Sica rave pnt ite og fom tl ws ns for ee EERO se fk Tey ond wr ta de a See ec pnd nes mele be PSE the hex mins hon wl ad adcrply pel wine smb stepson Dt Seige Tag hee of prot gamers cme’ cn te pt es wpe he Tec Ski mae ewan ot) embie hea gw prot ET toil urn ve ogre mang (ale mci mn? Row eri Meee cee mek flows A8y pcb maker1 val min seen dh pe remble the er malig biel seen he pac” Now hi ipa ll Spee de puto os fay eet tppopehe node mows Ber eld poate ie ee cea spb anor re oe imamewar Jove ees ese hin ecu Heir ethee se ee ry less re ening ore tran ire aca ne el ‘attention he must eng He can refuse to ‘i ati tay lkewrn sop: 8 ew Te dpe Te fee peak ee teow yy oo bat i Whe cone acs ee Oa etmans yon ar vie ss nope at Ih shoe al coiang eslte rte Han fait ta culeural situation ‘which is alien wo ous or ie When in the las thied® of his argumene Plato ret = the poste spi Kemer ae a ed ro he torpor ts ene Fob benre with eens pra a Frome hfe te hitler oe Cee oH pw png wa sett © Simin fen Teg Soa of nin willbe cr snc at ad Thee fn th Paw ls eee ety i sd ps al pe ie iespomerghoar sn we mighcey ne ge ne ensis By “fl ich and unpedicuble Rx of experience. The descptive foe cas ds tendency down toa minimum. Are we thea 10 Mbit the performance of that kindof verse poet whose sil fan enable ln tobe any kind of person and vo epresen any and freeing" Emphatially no. Cty, een, Se ateaion of the creatine artist and ofthe performer of a work of at sil vel ech other in Plato's ind ‘Dt his pecorstion ras sl anther problem which we have tovchl on in the previous chapter. Why isthe pilsopher 10 profoundly hole t the range and versity wich dramatia- flow ines poner Teas been argoed that his target is meely thecxtem and uncouth alum of ome contemporaries But plilosophic objecion is eken to vticty and range in principle, {nd wil apply to good drama a well as bad. How comes it that {postive Gir eyes) which elages both range of meaning inthe prodac and emotional sympathy i uh audiences con ‘ete by Plato precily into a vice? The nervenng section ott argument Plato suddenly uns fiom the ports and performer to conser the young guardians of hit stat, and apple the mimi ation to thee exe. Ate they to emits aa" Now they pesumably aren going to be ether poets or actor, but czen solders, and in that cs, how ean the problem of minal ft be a matter of ste se tnd ethos hema allr ‘The eles inthe ‘cocupition' ‘pursuits “procslce, or ‘pactes’ ll of duse ace posible Exalatios ofthe ingle Greck word epedamnaa) which ae ‘Mimitedly cnt to he fe ofthese young men. They havea ‘ule to beeome crafmen of fsedon™ forthe stare. But hey fo have fo lara this rade, and they lean by pace and by performance, in fice by an edacasion in which they are tained to nae’ previow mise of behaviour!” Hence minis now ‘becomes 4 test applied eo the srtion ofa stadt apprenie, so abot leon, and repeats and hence imitaes” what he i {old to mater, The pons made all the dearer wen Plato teal nt alice soil and cdcasonal pence which ogiAvision of bour and speciation The young guns pose 4 problen of eining Their seed tak wl not be namo tell bat one whch egies character and ei judge “These ays ae precly he elt of ean which employs constan iaon' cated out ‘fom boyhod$* Cle hee= fie he content ofthe mpunet far thie fom the se station co te educa oe. Botton complica all force the myer ofthe ambience of mines Why should Plt, not coment with applying te se word bot tothe creation and othe pefanune oh pt, py it the ering ae schieve! by» poly Why n ict ate aon fet, of coe and of ppl confined Nox doc this xhnst {heambiguiter ofthe word. For ase war tobi hme ofthe Pbllgsrdan ad how his mor condon depends on the forest ind of inicaton, the poles to into 2 grown sta? who fo some reson conta engaged in cig perfocing por himslf which say ave Bim in uniee ena gps of itation Head Bet, mye Plt, be on his gard tence hi wm perfrmanes, Inds, not onl the Pct ston coufied with he eduction, but the cdaestonal then confined withthe recresonl, feat the coset word by which to dacribe the mood of dl ean es hereore not mich wonder fh andr hve Agate ean pore sion by hing he SEE care mordny a at leat improper and inlevan Ncihe poe ean ceria the mater ae sngs af Such prespposon doce noe mes ii oeve: precy thesoposton dat Po in Book sron tops oahu! queso nd ibringy 9 confon ae Ted oe acl pollen Sn the search for costo wit all isa Wenn owe eve of the ene sa whole dh pena hear ict to the plan ofthe Repl abo fouty fend the eal hay 1 dh tose in coteporay soc snd it wat potion [iaqpenty neon te pounds dhe wold fr, mcly Po pens gine cn ot eee) peti mani rpontory of wal xowledge 08 SP Eiopedia ofan ply, try and technology which fhe cate cnn wastes to Tera athe cae of is lsctioml equpment: Posey eeprom no amet ve ‘Sop dc mn, bor an idocsnaon which odey wold be Seer a el of eat hooks and works of teferencePlato inthe tenth book is quite exc: ‘Our nexe ta i tcl examination oftagedy snd Homer the protonype taco We ace told in cetin quiere chat thee pots fonew the kzow-how of all techniques and all haan afi peratnng to vie and vrme, no to mention divine matter” These cane so Plato's eyes at impossible to maintain, Let us however he say, Ignore for the moment the elim to techicl compete sel ome instead ‘those major mater of supreme valec on which Home undertakes to speak, watfie, iliary ndeship, polite, and administration, andthe edaeation of men Tht phase, the claim becomes Homer's own. Thats Pao reporng the traditional enimateplsced upon his pocry and tne ets copalsed ine in the conception of Homer asthe Hellen clocationl manual par exeline. He proceeds to expose it as fale and ask checoically ‘ihe had ely been able edueae tea and make them bec, hen who have been hs pots and his proégés" The Sopbins have dice following, whos o lea proves thir educational. effcvne Homer's flowers, of Heiod's 2 ‘Tas quotion wounds too much like an gamer af hominem Plat a any eae rams from thetic back to dirt, and pos ‘zed to demonstrat at length the complet: gull beavent te truth a5 understood by reason, and te illons cfeced fy poetry. And then, ashe begins to apptoich the terminus of ha polemic, he cits once mote tit conception of Homer which he finds o imposible: When you encounter encomiass of Homes who say thar chi pot has educated Hell forthe purpone of adminsration of human afin and of education three toe his the cormect authority to be eken up and learn, ine as oeecan guide the conduct of mais ene ie. in the bac ofthis cxim one can only reply gently—'You nay be as pood « sana i powile ander the eicmtinces "e's, ae poe dct of Homeric edacaon); but nevertcksn, Hotes a oe havehim isnot amis, Yet how hard isto do this aching Pato, Don't weal fel Homers spell But sell vr fling tp Bue where are “him, though tradiional and deep, is 2 love that we have to Fe acter tected paar aes oes ae pa ae soe eer sees eee ee on Bsn Se BS De eee ey aay Bros ela eae ae Bees cs et Sacco eS ares pase se te eae earee derby or even oft Ltd e sins on dacosing the viscid are roer mad ate ee olan tne hr of ocala making” Hise png Blots snag timer ie apie sorte Susie Sten cterersaise Ene wees a ener amr ane roearith ig own ruler ther than a source of information and ‘yaar offadoctation “This isto us an asoising assumption, but once acepted, i provide the logialexcse for Plato to apply to poetry tt Blowophicexiigue which he doet by pacing pty in ration tothe Theory of Forms. The Theory i pistemologcl sok to define dhe character ofthat knowledge which we would al tnivenl, exact and final. Mathematical scence will in this fnyance fice at an example, Applied scence snot alent this theocec Kind of knowledge. On the contacy i applic ic by wing the unique and exact Forms a mods which ate copied in ‘aiing material prodocs. Ble in the poral are the carpus’ opis of the unique Foem of bed. But the pot simply els ‘howe a bod in his postyaethoue knowing anything aboct i of nempsing to make Thi kindof argument pehape Beto Homer if Homer is eeally pretending to be a manual on the rmanuficture of beds andthe lke, For if so ie a bad anual, ‘yt Plato, Is not composed by that kind of man who tc ily understand beso hie r hors or anything ele, On the comtary what he & doing i saplypsitng wort-pora ‘of what beds look ike ina thoorand diferent confusing stations sd he is effi only in the ilasions hei able to crete by ‘etal and chythmic images, not inexact procedures for man ere. "Ths the inet second remove ™ to which Pao consgns he poet inthe mae Fundamental pat of his eriqu in Book Ten. This tie of mines exenlly indicate tht the pode statements mummery tis ilsionisn a opposed to ee car penters mechniealexciafe and fife and the tem i pphed tothe enti Dae conten ofthe poctied statement st sch and not jt o dra, Such is he lst and final metamorphosis of mines at Plato's and Te aly a prota word, Bue behind the purl of ee sppliaion inde sense of total poe aso i that second (Pure which gives cet dhe Sse This ore rp to the ronishing presumption tha poetry was conceived and intended Tobe + Kind of socal encylopedi ic was so designed, was viously by P's day doing avery poos job, could not | amy out ths tak scrording tothe sandards which Pato re wed che Academy. The ball of is own cus fie Eine Greer pee for which ou word cece pan pile caval. The grate of he Patni cdeny fora trough a ogorow ining in mathematics and ogi TELE teppei to deine the as of aman Hien Tear en deo ey them out in aso whichhas be ‘Connie upon sci ie. The poe ss posible cimant {er Ell iste thus bomen an ey get We fl 0 ey. 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