Ims

IMS - DB
SESSION 1
IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS
SESSION 2
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
SESSION 3
SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS (SSAs)
SESSION 4
COBOL BASICS FOR IMS
SESSION 5
DL/I CALLS
SESSION 6
COMMAND CODES
SESSION 7
DL/I CALLS EXERCISE
SESSION 8
DATABASE ACCESS METHODS
SESSION 9
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
SESSION 10
SECONDARY INDEXING
SESSION 11
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
SESSION 12
DB RECOVERY/RESTART
SESSION 13
EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS
SESSION 14
COMMON IMS ABENDS
SESSION 1
IMS - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

DEVELOPED IN 1968 BY IBM
DATA LANGUAGE-I (DL/I) WAS DEVELOPED AS A INTERFACE BETWEEN
APPLICATION CODE AND DATA IN IMS DATABASE
Continued ...
HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
ROOT SEGMENT (PARENT)
FOLLOWS INVERTED TREE STRUCTURE

A2
-- Level 1
A1
SEGMENT OCCURRNCES
EACH BOX IN THE HIERARCHY REPRESENTS

A SEGMENT
ROOT SEGMENT WILL BE ON TOP
EACH SEGMENT (EXCEPT ROOT SEGMENT)
B3
B1
B2
TWIN SEGMENTS
IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE

C1
D1
-- Level 2
SEGMENT
DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
Continued ...
SEGMENT IS THE SMALLEST INFORMATION THAT DL/I CAN FETCH

EACH SEGMENT WILL HAVE UNIQUE 8 CHARACTER (MAX) NAME
SEGMENTS ARE MADE UP OF 1 OR MORE FIELDS
FIELD IS THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT DL/I CAN HANDLE
EACH FIELD WILL HAVE MAX 8 CHARACTER NAME
SEGMENT TYPE vs SEGMENT OCCURRENCE
SEGMENT OCCURRENCE IS A PARTICULAR INSTANCE OF A
SEGMENT TYPE
Continued ...
TWO TYPES OF FIELDS

KEY FIELDS
SEARCH FIELDS
KEY FIELD IS USED TO SEQUENCE DATABASE AND IT CAN NOT BE
CHANGED
BOTH TYPES OF FIELDS CAN BE USED TO SEARCH DATABASE
Continued ...
TYPES OF SEGMENTS
ROOT
PARENT
CHILD
DEPENDENT
TWIN
SIBLINGS
A SEGMENT WITHOUT PARENT

A SEGMENT WITH ONE OR MORE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS
DIRECTLY UNDER IT
A SEGMENT WHICH IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ANOTHER
SEGMENT
ALL SEGMENTS UNDER A PARTICULAR SEGMENT OF THE
DATABASE
ALL OCCURRENCES (2 OR MORE) OF A SEGMENT TYPE
UNDER A PARENT
OCCURRENCES OF DIFFERENT SEGMENT TYPES UNDER
A PARENT
8
Continued ...
EXERCISE - 1
1 SUPPLIER
3 ORDER
2 BRANCH
4 ITEM
5
PAYMENT
1. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT ON SEGMENT 3?

2. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE CHILD SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1?
3. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT SEGMENTS OF SEGMENT 1?
4. HOW MANY LEVELS?
Continued ...
DATABASE RECORD
ONE OCCURRENCE OF A ROOT SEGMENT ALONG WITH ALL ITS DEPENDENT
SEGMENTS
10
Continued ...
EXERCISE-2
HOW MANY DATABASE RECORDS?
11
Continued ...
IMS DATABASE LIMITATIONS

IMS SUPPORTS
15 LEVELS
255 SEGMENTS
1000 FIELDS
NO LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF SEGMENT OCCURRENCES.
12
Continued ...
IMS ENVIRONMENT
DL/I FORMS BRIDGE BETWEEN
APPLICATION PROGRAM AND IMS
DATABASE
DL/I IS DATABASE MANAGER. IT

CONSISTS OF IMS PROGRAM
MODULES THAT RUN EXTERNAL TO
APPLICATION PROGRAM
App Prog
DB PCB
interface
I/O PCB
interface
DL/I
DC
Database
Terminal
DL/I ALLOWS SEQUENTIAL OR

RANDOM PROCESSING OF DATABASE
13
Continued ...
IMS ENVIRONMENT
MODES OF PROCESSING
BATCH DL/I MODE
MPP MODE
BMP MODE
ONLINE
MPP
BATCH
BMP
DL/I
14
Continued ...
IMS ENVIRONMENT
BATCH DL/I
TRUE BATCH PROCESSING
NO DATA COMMUNICATION SERVICES ARE USED
DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE OFFLINE
MPP (MESSAGE PROCESSING PROGRAM)

TRUE ONLINE PROCESSING
TRANSACTION ARE ENTERED AT TERMINAL AND STORED IN MESSAGE
QUEUE
DATABASES ACCESSED MUST BE ONLINE
15
Continued ...
IMS ENVIRONMENT
BMP (BATCH MESSAGE PROCESSING)
TWO TYPES
1. TRANSACTION ORIENTED:
CAN READ & WRITE TO ONLINE MESSAGE QUEUES
CAN PROCESS ONLINE FILES AND DATABASES
2. BATCH ORIENTED:
CAN ONLY READ MESSAGE QUEUES
ACCESS ONLINE DATABASES IN BATCH MODE
16
SESSION 2
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
17
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
DATABASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

DEFINES THE LAYOUT OF THE DATABASE
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR DEFINES LAYOUT USING DBDGEN MACRO
PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

DEFINES THE PROGRAMS VIEW OF THE DATABASE AND APPLICATION
PROGRAMS ACCESS AUTHORITY TO DATABASE
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR / PROGRAMMER DEFINES THIS USING
PSBGEN MACRO
18
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
DATA BASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

STATEMENTS IN DBD MACRO
STATEMENT
DESCRIPTION
DBD
SPECIFIES DATABASE NAME, ACCESS METHOD
DATASET
SPECIFIES DD NAME TO BE USED IN JCL, DISK TYPE
SEGM
SPECIFIES SEGMENT NAME,SEGMENT LENGTH, PARENT
FIELD
SPECIFIES FIELD NAME, LENGTH, STARTING POSITION

IDENTIFIES A FIELD AS KEY OR SEARCH FIELD
19
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
SAMPLE DBDGEN
PRINT ON NOGEN
DBD NAME=SUPLRDBD,ACCESS=(HISAM,VSAM)
DATASET DD1=SUPPLR01,OVFLW=SUPPLR02,
DEVICE=3390,SIZE=(5120,1024)
SEGM NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0,BYTES=38
FIELD NAME=(SUPLCODE,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=SUPLNAME,BYTES=12,START=7,TYPE=C
SEGM NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER,BYTES=38
FIELD NAME=(BRNAME,SEQ,M),BYTES=12,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=BRLOCN,BYTES=6,START=33,TYPE=C
20
SEGM NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER,BYTES=52
FIELD NAME=(ORDRNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=BALAMT,BYTES=4,START=49,TYPE=P
FIELD NAME=ORDRAMT,BYTES=4,START=45,TYPE=P
SEGM NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER,BYTES=15
FIELD NAME=(ITEMNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=4,START=1,TYPE=C
SEGM NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER,BYTES=30
FIELD NAME=(CHEQNUMB,SEQ,U),BYTES=6,START=1,TYPE=C
FIELD NAME=AMOUNT,BYTES=4,START=7,TYPE=P
FIELD NAME=AMOUNT,BYTES=4,START=7,TYPE=P
DBDGEN
FINISH
END
21
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
DATATYPES USED IN DBDGEN
TYPE
DESCRIPTION
COBOL PICTURE
Character (Default)
Packed Decimal
COMP-3
Zoned Decimal
S9
Half Word Binary
9(4) COMP
Full Word Binary
9(8) COMP
22
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
CAN WE DEFINE OVERLAPPING FIELDS?
23
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE PROGRAM COMMUNICATION BLOCKS (PCBs)
DB PCB - DEFINES PROGRAMS VIEW OF A IMS DATABASE
WHENEVER A DATABASE VIEW DEFINED BY THE PCB IS ACCESSED BY A
CALL, THE RESULTS OF CALL ARE PASSED THROUGH THE PCB TO
PROGRAM
PSB IS GENERATED BY PSBGEN MACRO
24
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PCB GIVES LOGICAL VIEW OF A DATABASE

PORTION OF DATABASE THAT THE PROGRAM PROCESSES IS CALLED
APPLICATION DATA STRUCTURE
DATABASE
1 SUPPLIER
2 BRANCH
3 ORDER
4 ITEM
5
PAYMENT
25
PCBs
1 SUPPLIER
1 SUPPLIER
3 ORDER
2 BRANCH
4 ITEM
1 SUPPLIER
5
PAYMENT
2 BRANCH
1 SUPPLIER
3 ORDER
4 ITEM
3 ORDER
5
PAYMENT
26
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
SAMPLE PSBGEN
PRINT ON NOGEN
PCB TYPE=TP,MODIFY=YES,EXPRESS=YES
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP
SENSEG NAME=SUPPLIER,PARENT=0
SENSEG NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER
SENSEG NAME=ORDER,PARENT=SUPPLIER
SENSEG NAME=ITEM,PARENT=ORDER
SENSEG NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER
PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP
SENSEG NAME=BRANCH,PARENT=SUPPLIER
27
PCB TYPE=DB, DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=AP

PCB TYPE=DB, DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=18,PROCOPT=AP
SENSEG NAME=PAYMENT,PARENT=ORDER
PSBGEN PSBNAME=SUPLRPSB,LANG=COBOL
END
28
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PROCOPTS IN PSB DEFINES SECURITY LEVEL FOR THE PROGRAM

DESCRIPTION
PROCOPT
G
Get or Read
Insert
Replace
Delete
All Options (G, I, R, D)
Initial Load
LS
Sequential Initial Load
Access only Key of segment
Used with G to Indicate that Hold is not allowed
Path Calls
29
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
APPLICATION PROGRAM CAN HAVE MULTIPLE VIEWS OF A DATABASE BY

USING SEPARATE PCBS FOR A SINGLE DATABASE
PSB
PCB1
PCB2
PCB3
DBD1
PCB4
DBD2
DBD3
30
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
PCB
TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=AP
PSBGEN PSBNAME=SUPLRPSB,LANG=COBOL
END
1. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT MAY BE UPDATED USING THIS PSB

2. LIST THE SEGMENTS THAT CANNOT BE UPDATED
3. GIVE THE VALID PROCOPT TO BE CODED FOR ADDING AND
REPLACING RECORDS IN LOCATION SEGMENT
31
DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS
Continued ...
EMPDATA
WORKDATA
DEPTDATA
BENDATA
BASED ON THE ABOVE VIEW OF DATABASE FILL IN THE MISSING PIECES

OF PCB
PCB
TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=EMPDB,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=G
SENSEG NAME=_________________,PARENT=_____________________
PSBGEN LANG=COBOL,PSBNAME=EMPPSBY
END
32
SESSION 3
SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENT
33

THE SSA IS AN AREA IN WORKING STORAGE USED TO IDENTIFY THE
SEGMENT TO WHICH ACCESS IS REQUIRED
IT IS AN OPTIONAL DL/I CALL PARAMETER THAT QUALIFIES A CALL BY
SPECIFIYING A PARTICULAR SEGMENT TYPE OR OCCURRENCE
WHEN SPECIFIED IN A DL/I CALL

THE SSA ALWAYS FOLLOWS I/O PARAMETER
THERE MAY BE 1 TO 15 SSAs IN A CALL STATEMENT
THE SSAs MUST APPEAR IN HIERARCHICAL ORDER BY SEGMENT TYPE
THE SSA CONTAINS INFORMATION TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED SEGMENT. THE
INFORMATION COULD BY SEGMENT NAME OR SEGMENT NAME & SEGMENT KEY
OR SEGMENT NAME & SEARCH FIELD
34
Continued ...
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MAX 15 SSA?
35
Continued ...
TYPES OF SSAS
UNQUALIFIED
SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT TYPE
QUALIFIED
SEARCHES FOR A SPECIFIC SEGMENT OCCURRENCE
MORE EFFICIENT THAN UNQUALIFIED SSA
36
Continued ...
UNQUALIFIED SSA
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION
..
01 SUPPLIER-SSA.
05 FILLER
PIC X(8) VALUE 'SUPPLIER'.
05 FILLER
PIC XX
VALUE '*-'.
05 BG-QUALIFY PIC X
VALUE '('.
Blank in 9th position or * in 9th position - in position 10 and a blank in position 11
S U P P L I E R
S U P P L I E R *
37
Continued ...
QUALIFIED SSA
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION.
WORKING-STORAGE-SECTION
01 SUPPLIER-SSA.
05 FILLER
05 FILLER
05 BG-QUALIFY
05 FILLER
05 FILLER
05 SUPLCODE
05 FILLER
PIC X(8)
PIC XX
PIC X
PIC X(8)
PIC XX
PIC X(6)
PIC X
VALUE 'SUPPLIER'.
VALUE '*-'.
VALUE '('.
VALUE 'SUPLCODE'.
VALUE '= '.
VALUE SPACES.
VALUE ')'.
..
SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
38
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
..
MOVE S00001 TO SUPLCODE.
CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING CALL-FUNC
SUPPLIER-PCB
SUPPLIER-IO-AREA
SUPPLIER-SSA
equivalent to
MOVE S00001 TO SUPLCODE.
CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING CALL-FUNC
SUPPLIER-PCB
SUPPLIER-IO-AREA
SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
39
Continued ...
OPERATORS USED IN QUALIFIED SSA
OPERATOR
SYMBOLS
Equal to
EQ, = , =
Not Equal to
NE, =, =
Less than
LT, < , <
Less than or Equal to
LE, <=, =<
Greater than
GT, > , >
Greater than or Equal to
GE, >=, =>
40
Continued ...
COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODES INCREASE THE FUNCTIONALITY OF IMS CALLS
COMMAND CODES ARE DESIGNATED BY AN ASTERISK * FOLLOWED BY
CHARACTERS
NOTE: Detailed description of Command codes will be covered in Session

COMMAND CODES
41
SESSION 4
42

DATA DIVISION
IN A COBOL-IMS PROGRAM. THE FIRST SECTION TO CONTAIN ANY IMS RELATED
COMPONENTS IS THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
FUNCTION CODES
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
I/O AREA
DATA DIVISION
FILE SECTION
WORKING STORAGE SECTION
LINKAGE SECTION
SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS

PCB MASKS
PROCEDURE DIVISION
43
Continued ...
FUNCTION CODES
A FUNCTION CODE IS A 4 BYTE CODE TO TELL DL/I WHAT KIND OF CALL THE
PROGRAM IS MAKING
SOME VALID FUNCTION CODES ARE
GU
GET UNIQUE
GN
GET NEXT
GNP
GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT
GHU
GET HOLD UNIQUE
GHN
GET HOLD NEXT
GHNP
GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT
DLET
DELETE
REPL
REPLACE
ISRT
INSERT
XRST
EXTENDED RESTART
CHKP
CHECKPOINT
44
Continued ...
INPUT/OUTPUT AREA
IS A STANDARD RECORD DESCRIPTION IN THE WORKING STORAGE SECTION
WHICH HOLDS DATABASE SEGMENTS FOR MANIPULATION
IS USED BY DL/I TO PASS SEGMENTS TO THE PROGRAM
CAN BE USED BY PROGRAMMER TO ADD OR REPLACE SEGMENT DATA
MUST BE EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN THE LENGTH OF THE LONGEST
SEGMENT TO BE USED BY THE PROGRAM
IN CASES WHERE MULTIPLE SEGMENTS OF A HIERARCHY ARE UPDATED OR
RETRIEVED, THE I/O AREA MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH TO HOLD THE LARGEST
CONCATENATION OF THESE SEGMENTS
45
Continued ...
THE PCB MASK

USED IN LINKAGE SECTION
LINKAGE SECTION
01 PCB-PAYMENT.
05 DBN-PAYMENT
05 LEV-PAYMENT
05 STC-PAYMENT
05 PRO-PAYMENT
05 RES-PAYMENT
05 SGN-PAYMENT
05 LKF-PAYMENT
05 NOS-PAYMENT
05 KFB-PAYMENT
PIC X(8).
PIC XX.
PIC XX.
PIC X(4).
PIC S9(5)
PIC X(8).
PIC S9(5)
PIC S9(5)
PIC X(100).
COMP.
COMP.
COMP.
(Depends on the concatenated key)
46
Continued ...
THE PCB MASK

THERE SHOULD BE ATLEAST ONE PCB FOR EACH DATABASE USED
STATUS CODE OF PCB MASK EXPLAINS WHETHER A CALL IS SUCCESSFUL

OR NOT
THE SEQUENCE IN WHICH PCB MASKS ARE DEFINED IN LINKAGE SECTION

NEED NOT BE SAME AS THAT IN PSBGEN MACRO
47
Continued ...
PROCEDURE DIVISION
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DIVISION
ENTRY DLITCBL USING SUPPLIER-PCB, ORDER-PCB,. <= Sequence should
match that of PSB Macro
::::::::::::
CALL CBLTDLI USING CALL-FUNC
SUPPLIER-PCB
PAYMENT-IO-AREA
SUPPLIER-SSA
ORDER-SSA
PAYMENT-SSA
::::::::::
GOBACK.
48
Continued ...
RUN JCL EXECUTES THE BATCH PROCESSOR

DFSRRC00 AND PASSES THE APPLICATION
PROGRAM NAME AND PSBNAME AS
PARAMETERS
RUN JCL
ENTRY DLITCBL PASSES THE PCB ADDRESS TO

THE PROGRAM
PROGRAM NAME
PSB NAME
IMS
DATABASE
CBLTDLI
GOBACK
DLITCBL
DL/I
APPLICATION
PROGRAM
CBLTDLI ACCEPTS PARAMETERS LIKE

FUNCTION CODE, I/O AREA AND SSA TO DO
THE NECESSARY DATABASE OPERATIONS AND
RETURNS DATA AND STATUS CODES
DESCRIBING THE SUCCESS OF THE CALL
GOBACK IN THE COBOL PROGRAM TAKES THE

CONTROL BACKTO DL/I WHICH PERFORMS IMS
FILES CLOSING AND TERMINATES THE BATCH
STEP. STOP RUN SHOULD NEVER BE USED
AS IT WILL NOT FREE RESOURCES
49
SESSION 5
DL/I CALLS
50
DL/I CALLS
DL/I RETRIEVAL CALLS
ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS WILL BE USED IN A RETRIEVAL DL/I CALL
GU
- GET UNIQUE
GN
- GET NEXT
GNP
- GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT
WHEN A RETRIEVAL IS DONE WITH AN INTENT TO UPDATE OR DELETE

RECORDS, THE ABOVE FUNCTION CODES WILL BE PREFIXED WITH HOLD
GHU
- GET HOLD UNIQUE
GHN
- GET HOLD NEXT
GHNP - GET HOLD NEXT WITHIN PARENT

51
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
GET UNIQUE
CALL CBLTDLI USING
GU , PCB-MASK,
SEGMENT-IO-AREA
(SUPPLIER-SSA)--------------->SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
(ORDER-SSA)------------------->ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
(ITEM-SSA)----------------------->ITEM
*-(ITEMNUMB=I003)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTD WITH ITEMNUMB=I003 WILL BE IN SEGMENT-IO-AREA
SUPPLIER
S00001
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ITEM
O00001
I002
I001
ORDER
I003
C12346
PAYMENT
C12345
EXERCISE: WRITE A GU TO RETRIEVE CHEQNUMB=C12346
52
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT OF A GU CALL WITH NO SSA?
53
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
GET NEXT
RETREIVAL SEQUENCE
TOP TO BOTTOM
FRONT TO BACK
AKEY
LEFT TO RIGHT
EKEY
11
BKEY
GA
10
GK
CKEY
DKEY
FKEY
54
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
CALL CBLTDLI USING
GN , SUPPLIER-PCB,
ITEM-IO-AREA,
(SUPPLIER-SSA)--------------->SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE= S00001)
(ORDER-SSA)------------------->ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
(ITEM-SSA)----------------------->ITEM
*-(ITEMNUMB=I003)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH ITEMNUMB= I003 WILL BE IN PROGRAM I/O
AREA
SUPPLIER
S00001
BRANCH
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ITEM
ORDER
O00001
I002
I001
I003
C12346
PAYMENT
C12345
EXERCISE: WHAT WILL BE THE RESULTS OF FOUR CONSEQUETIVE GNs AFTER ITEM=I003 IS
RETRIEVED
55
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
GET NEXT WITHIN PARENT

CALL CBLTDLI USING GU , SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA,
SUPPLIER*-(SUPLCODE=S00001)
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP , SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA

AFTER THE CALL ITEM WITH ITEMNUMB=I001 WILL BE RETRIEVED
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ITEM
I001
ORDER
O00001
I002
C12345
C12346
PAYMENT
56
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
WHAT WILL BE THE OUTPUT IF GNP IS DONE 4 MORE TIMES IN

PREVIOUS EXAMPLE?
57
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
PATH CALLS EXERCISE

CALL
CBLTDLI USING GU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,

SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001)
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB= O00001)
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT AFTER SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF THE ABOVE

CALL?
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ITEM
I001
ORDER
O00001
I002
C12345
C12346
PAYMENT
58
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
GET HOLD CALLS (GHU/GHN/GHNP)

FUNCTIONS IDENTICAL TO GU/GN/GNP
INDICATES THE REQUESTED SEGMENT(S) MAY BE DELETED OR REPLACED
FORCING IMS TO PUT A LOCK ON THESE SEGMENTS WHICH WILL BE RELEASED
ONLY AFTER ANOTHER CALL BY SAME PCB
THIS ENSURES DATA INTEGRITY
59
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
DELETE/REPLACE CALLS
MUST HAVE BEEN OBTAINED WITH A GET HOLD CALL (GHU, GHN, GHNP)
NO INTERVENING CALLS BETWEEN GET HOLD CALL AND REPLACE/DELETE

CALLS
MULTIPLE REPLACE ALLOWED AFTER GET HOLD
60
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
DELETE CALL
CALL CBLTDLI USING GHU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, SEGMENT-IO-AREA
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
CALL CBLTDLI USING DLET, SUPPLIER-PCB

1
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ORDER
O00001
PAYMENT
ITEM
I001
I002
C12346
C12345
WHAT WILL BE THE RESULT IF THE FIRST GHU CALL IS SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001)

61
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
REPLACE (REPL)
UPDATE CONTENTS OF A SEGMENT
KEY FIELD SHOULD NOT BE ALTERED
SSAs ARE NOT USED NORMALLY
COMMAND CODES
D - TO REPLACE PATH OF SEGMENTS
N - TO EXCLUDE SEGMENTS FROM PATH
STATUS CODES
DA - TRYING TO CHANGE KEY
DJ - NO PRECEDING GET HOLD CALL
RX - REPLACE RULE VIOLATION
62
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
CALL CBLTDLI USING GHU ,SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA,

ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
ITEM
*-(ITEMNUMB =I001)
Change contents of ITEM-IO-AREA
CALL CBLTDLI USING REPL, SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-IO-AREA
WILL RESULT IN UPDATE OF I001
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ORDER
O00001
I001
ITEM
I002
C12346
C12345
PAYMENT
63
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
INSERT (ISRT)
TWO MODES OF INSERT
LOAD MODE
- FOR INITIAL LOADING OF DATABASE
UPDATE MODE
- ADD TO EXISTING DATABASE
LOAD MODE:
MODE
FOR LOAD MODE PROCOPT = L or LS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB
PROCOPT=L LOADS DATABASE BUT NOT NECESSARILY IN
SEQUENTIAL ORDER
64
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
INSERT (ISRT)
UPDATE MODE:
MODE
FOR UPDATE MODE PROCOPT=I or IS MUST BE SPECIFIED IN PSB
PROCOPT=I INSERTS SEGMENTS IN SEQ OR RANDOM ORDER
PROCOPT=IS ADDS NEW SEGMENTS ONLY IN ASCENDING ORDER
COMMAND CODES
F OR L
- OVERRIDES INSERT RULE
- INSERT PATH OF SEGMENTS
65
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
MOVE DATA FOR ITEM INTO ITEM-IO-AREA WITH ITEMNUMB=I003

CALL
CBLTDLI USING ISRT,SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA,
(SUPPLIER-SSA)
(ORDER-SSA)
ORDER
*-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
(ITEM-SSA)
ITEM
*- ITEMNUMB=IOO3)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTE WITH EKEY=99 IS INSERTED

S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ORDER
O00001
C12346
I003
I001
I002
C12345
PAYMENT
ITEM
66
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
SOME COMMON STATUS CODES

STATUS CODE
DESCRIPTION
CALL TYPES
SPACES
SUCCESSFUL CALL
ALL CALLS
AC
CALL HAS SSA WITH A HIERARCHICAL ERROR
ALL GET CALLS

ISRT
AI
ERROR WHILE OPENING DATABASE. COMMON CAUSE IS

LOADING A DATABASE WHICH IS NOT EMPTY OR DO
OTHER THAN LOAD PROCESSING ON EMPTY DATABASE
ALL CALLS
AJ
CALL SPECIFIES AN INVALID SSA
ALL CALLS
AK
FIELD NAMED IN A QUALIFIED SSA IS NOT CORRECT
ALL GET CALLS

ISRT
DA
SEQUENCE FIELD IS CHANGED
REPL
DJ
CALL IS NOT PRECEDED BY A SUCCESSFUL GET HOLD

CALL
DLET
REPL
GA
A HIGHER LEVEL SEGMENT IS RETRIEVED IN SEQUENTIAL

PROCESSING
GN, GNP
67
DL/I CALLS
Continued ...
SOME COMMON STATUS CODES

STATUS CODE
DESCRIPTION
CALL TYPES
GB
END OF DATA BASE WAS REACHED DURING SEQUENTIAL

RETRIEVAL
GN
GE
SPECIFIED SEGMENT NOT FOUND
ALL GET CALLS

ISRT
GK
A SEGMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPE, BUT AT THE SAME

LEVEL IS RETRIEVED DURING SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING
GN, GNP
GP
PROPER PARENTAGE IS NOT IN EFFECT
GNP
II
DUPLICATE INSERT
ISRT
68
SESSION 6
COMMAND CODES
69
COMMAND CODES
ONE OR MORE COMMAND CODES CAN BE USED IN SSA
EACH COMMAND CODE IS REPRESENTED BY A SINGLE CHARACTER
FOLLOWING AN ASTERISK AFTER SEGMENT NAME
S U P P L I E R *
DL/I CONSIDERS ALL CHARACTERS FOLLOWING * TO BE COMMAND

CODES TILL IT ENCOUNTERS A BLANK OR (
RESULTS IN MINIMIZING THE NUMBER OF CALLS AND HENCE IMPROVE
PROGRAM EFFICIENCY
70
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
SOME COMMAND CODES
COMMAND CODE
DESCRIPTION
RETRIEVE A PATH
FIRST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE
LAST OCCURRENCE OF SEGMENT TYPE
MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS LEVEL
MAINTAIN CURRENT POSITION AT THIS AND HIGHER LEVELS
DO NOT REPLACE THIS SEGMENT
USE A CONCATENATED KEY
ESTABLISH PARENTAGE AT THIS LEVEL
NULL/IGNORE
71
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE D
REQUESTS DL/I TO USE PATH CALLS
ALLOWS ENTIRE PATH IN SEGMENT HIERARCHY TO BE RETRIEVED IN ONE
SINGLE CALL
FOR PROGRAMS USING PATH CALLS PROCOPT IN PSB SHOULD HAVE P AS
ONE OF THE VALUES
DL/I DOES NOT RETRIEVE SEGMENTS IF THE CORRESPONDING SSA DOES
NOT HAVE PATH COMMAND CODE D
72
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE D
SEGMENT IN THE LAST SSA WILL ALWAYS BE RETRIEVED EVEN IF SSA DOES
NOT HAVE COMMAND CODE D
FOR ISRT CALLS COMMAND CODE D DESIGNATES THE FIRST SEGMENT TO
BE INSERTED
FOR ISRT CALLS SSAS FOR LOWER LEVEL SEGMENTS NEED NOT HAVE D
COMMAND CODE, D COMMAND CODE IS PROPAGATED TO ALL SPECIFIED
SEGMENTS AUTOMATICALLY
I/O AREA USED SHOULD BE BIG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE ALL SEGMENTS
IN PATH
73
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
PATH CALLS EXAMPLE

CALL CBLTDLI USING GU , SUPPLIER-PCB, WS-SEG-IO-AREA,
SUPPLIER*D(SUPLCODE=S00001)
ORDER
*D(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
ITEM
*-(ITEMNUMB=I002)
AFTER THE CALL SEGMENTS S00001, O00001 & I002 WILL BE RETURNED IN I/O
AREA
S00001
SUPPLIER
BRANCH
O00002
HABIBULLAH
CATHEDRAL
ORDER
O00001
C12346
I003
I001
I002
C12345
PAYMENT
ITEM
74
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE F
CALL PROCESSES FIRST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE
EXAMPLE:
SEGMENT I001(ITEM) CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER C12346(PAYMENT) BY USING
CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP
SUPPLIER-PCB, ITEM-IO-AREA,
ITEM
O0001
*F
ORDER
C12346
I002
I001
C12345
ITEM
PAYMENT
75
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE L
CALL PROCESSES LAST OCCURRENCE OF THE SEGMENT TYPE
EXAMPLE:
SEGMENT CAN BE RETRIEVED AFTER SEGMENT 2 BY USING
CALL CBLTDLI USING GNP
SUPPLIER-PCB, PAYMENT-IO-AREA,
PAYMENT*L
O00001
ORDER
C12346
I002
I001
C12345
ITEM
PAYMENT
76
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE N
USED IN REPL CALLS FOLLOWING PATH CALLS
IF ANY SEGMENT RETRIEVED DURING PATH CALL NEED NOT BE REPLACED
COMMAND CODE N IS USED IN SSA OF THAT SEGMENT
77
COMMAND CODES
Continued ...
COMMAND CODE P
IS USED TO SET PARENTAGE TO A SPECIFIC SEGMENT IN THE HIERARCHY
USED IN SSAS
EXAMPLE:
CALL CBLTDLI USING GU SUPPLIER-PCB, ORDER-IO-AREA
SUPPLIER*P(SUPLCODE=S00001)
ORDER *-(ORDRNUMB=O00001)
WILL RETRIEVE ORDER SEGMENT TO I/O AREA BUT PARENTAGE WILL BE SET TO
SUPPLIER
S00001
SUPPLIER
O0002
CATHEDRAL
BRANCH
O00001
ORDER
78
SESSION 7
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
79
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...
COURSE
COURSE#
TITLE
PREREQ
COURSE#
DESCRIPN
OFFERING
TITLE
DATE
TEACHER
EMPNUM
LOCATION
FORMAT
STUDENT
NAME
EMPNUM
NAME
GRADE
80
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...
GIVE SYNTAX OF DL/I CALLS FOR THE FOLLOWING SCENARIOS

1. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS
CHENNAI
2. GET ALL STUDENT OCCURENCES FOR THE OFFERING FOUND IN 1
3. GET ONLY STUDENT OCCURENCES WITH GRADE OF A
4. SEQUENTIAL READ OF ALL SEGMENTS IN THE DATABASE
81
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...
5. GET ALL STUDENTS WITH GRADE OF A IN COURSE IMS
6. ADD A STUDENT OCCURRENCE FOR THE COURSE IMS OFFERED ON DATE

3/26/02
7. DELETE THE OFFERING OF COURSE XYZ ON 26 March, 2002
8. CHANGE THE LOCATION OF COURSE IMS OFFERED ON 3/26/02 TO

MUMBAI
82
DL/I CALL EXERCISE
Continued ...
9. GET THE FIRST OFFERING OCCURRENCE WHERE THE LOCATION IS

CHENNAI, TOGETHER WITH ITS PARENT COURSE OCCURRENCE
10. INSERT A NEW COURSE ABC TOGETHER WITH AN OFFERING AT CHENNAI

ON 26 March 2002, FOR WHICH TEACHER IS EMPLOYEE NUMBER 12345
11. GET THE TEACHER OF THE FIRST OFFERING ATTENDED BY STUDENT 222222
83
SESSION 8
DATABASE ACCESS METHODS
84
IMS DATABASE ACCESS METHODS

DL/I PROVIDES TWO BASIC DATABASE ORGANIZATIONS
HIERARCHICAL SEQUENTIAL (HS)
HIERARCHICAL DIRECT (HD)
Database Organization
Access Methods
HS
HSAM - Hierarchical Sequential Access Method

HISAM - Hierarchical Indexed Sequential Access Method
SHSAM - Simple HSAM
SHISAM - Simple HISAM
HD
HDAM - Hierarchical Direct Access Method

HIDAM - Hierarchical Indexed Direct Access Method
DL/I PROVIDES GSAM(Generalized Sequential Access Method) TO ACCESS

NORMAL SEQUENTIAL DATASETS
85
Continued ...
HSAM / SHSAM
SEGMENTS OF A DATABASE RECORD ARE STORED IN SEQUENTIAL
ORDER
VERY EFFICIENT FOR SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING
NEW SEGMENTS CAN NOT BE INSERTED. DATABASE HAS TO BE
UNLOADED AND LOADED AGAIN.
ONCE DATABASE IS LOADED ONLY GET OPERATIONS ARE VALID (GU, GN
, GNP, NOT GET HOLD)
ISRT CALL IS VALID ONLY WHILE LOADING NEW DATABASE
REPL AND DLET ARE NOT ALLOWED
SHSAM IS A SUBSET OF HSAM AND CONTAINS ONLY ROOT SEGMENTS
ONLY HSAM/SHSAM DATABASES CAN BE STORED ON A TAPE
SEGMENTS CAN NOT SPAN OVER RECORDS
86
Continued ...
HSAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE

Delete byte
00 -FF
00
SEGMENT DATA
Segment
Identifier
HSAM DBDGEN
DBD
NAME=EXHSAM,ACCESS=HSAM
DATASET DD1=EXHSAMI,DD2=EXHSAMO,DEVICE=3380,RECORD=(512,512)
SEGM
FIELD=.
87
Continued ...
HISAM / SHISAM
SIMILAR TO HSAM AND IN ADDITION INDEX IS ADDED FOR DIRECT
ACCESS TO ROOT SEGMENT
VERY EFFICIENT FOR SEQUENTIAL AND FAIRLY GOOD FOR RANDOM
PROCESSING
HISAM DATABASE REQUIRES TWO SEPARATE DATASETS
PRIMARY DATASET
OVERFLOW DATASET
OVERFLOW DATASET IS NOT REQUIRED FOR SHISAM
SEGMENTS CAN BE DELETED
PREFERABLE IF DATABASE HAS ROOT SEGMENTS ONLY
88
Continued ...
HISAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE

4 Byte RBA
RBA
00 -FF
Delete byte
00
SEGMENT DATA
Segment
Identifier
HISAM DBDGEN
DBD
NAME=EXHISAM,ACCESS=(HISAM,VSAM)
DATASET DD1=HISAMPR,OVFLW=HISAMOV,DEVICE=3380,RECORD=(512,512)
SEGM
FIELD=.
89
Continued ...
HDAM
DIRECT ADDRESS POINTERS TO RELATED SEGMENTS ARE STORED
ALONG WITH SEGMENTS
VERY EFFICIENT FOR RANDOM PROCESSING BUT NOT FOR SEQUENTIAL
PROCESSING
ROOT SEGMENTS ARE STORED ACCORDING TO SOME RANDOMIZING
SCHEME
HDAM SEGMENT STORAGE IN DATABASE
Delete byte
00 -FF
00
POINTERS
SEGMENT DATA
Segment
Identifier
90
Continued ...
HDAM DBDGEN
DBD
NAME=EXHDAM,ACCESS=(HDAM,VSAM),RMNAME=(DFSHDC10,,10)
DATASET DD1=EXHDAM,DEVICE=3380
SEGM
NAME=SEG1,BYTES=48,POINTER=TWIN
FIELD
SEGM
NAME=SEG2,PARENT=((SEG1,SNGL)),BYTES=32,POINTER=TWIN
91
Continued ...
HIDAM
SIMILAR TO HDAM AND IN ADDITION INDEX TO ROOT SEGMENTS WILL
BE STORED
EFFICIENT FOR BOTH SEQUENTIAL AND RANDOM PROCESSING
MOST COMMON TYPE OF DATABASE ORGANIZATION
HIDAM DBDGEN
DBD
NAME=EXHIDAM,ACCESS=(HIDAM,VSAM),RMNAME=(DFSHDC10,,10)
DATASET DD1=EXHIDAM,DEVICE=3380
SEGM
NAME=SEG1,BYTES=48,POINTER=TWIN
FIELD
SEGM
NAME=SEG2,PARENT=((SEG1,SNGL)),BYTES=32,POINTER=TWIN
.
92
Continued ...
GSAM
COMPATIBLE WITH MVS DATASETS
NO HIERARCHY
CAN HAVE FIXED OR VARIABLE LENGTH RECORDS
NO DELETE OR REPLACE
INSERT ONLY AT THE END OF DATASET
GETS RECORDS SEQUENTIALLY
USUALLY USED WHEN CHECK/POINT RESTART IS USED
93
SESSION 9
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
94
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
MULTIPLE PROCESSING MEANS A PROGRAM CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE
POSITION IN A SINGLE DATABASE AT THE SAME TIME
ESTABLISHED BY
MULTIPLE PCBS
MULTIPLE POSITIONING
MULTIPLE PCBS CAN BE DEFINED AND USED FOR A SINGLE DATABASE TO

ESTABLISH MULTIPLE POSITIONING HAS THE DRAWBACK OF IMPOSING
OVERHEAD DUE TO THE EXTRA PCBS THUS CAUSING INEFFICIENCY
95
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
Continued ...
MULTIPLE POSITIONING LETS A PROGRAM MAINTAIN MORE THAN ONE

POSITION WITHIN A DATABASE USING A SINGLE PCB. THE PCB HAS TO BE
CODED SUITABLY IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS (POS=M)
MULTIPLE POSITIONING IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN USING MULTIPLE PCBS

WHEREAS MULTIPLE PCBS OFFER MORE FLEXIBILITY
96
MULTIPLE PROCESSING
Continued ...
EXAMPLE
CALLS
GN SEGMENTB, GN SEGMENTC, GN SEGMENTB, GN SEGMENTC

A1
A2
C13
B13
B12
B11
C12
C11
C22
B22
B21
C21
97
SESSION 10
SECONDARY INDEXING
98
SECONDARY INDEXING
ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS DB IN A SEQUENCE OTHER THAN PRIMARY
SEQUENCE
ALLOWS YOU TO ACCESS A SEGMENT WITHOUT SUPPLYING ITS

CONCATENATED KEY
THE SECONDARY INDEX ITSELF IS A DATABASE WITH ITS OWN DBD

DEFINITION
SECONDARY INDEX DATABASE CONTAINS POINTER TO TARGET SEGMENT AND

KEY VALUE OF SOURCE SEGMENT
99
SECONDARY INDEXING
SECONDARY INDEX DATABASE IS MAINTAINED AUTOMATICALLY BY DL/I

SECONDARY DATA STRUCTURES
NEED TO USE PROCSEQ OPTION IN PCB STATEMENT OF PSBGEN MACRO
ELSE DATABASE IS ACCESSED AS PER NORMAL HIERARCHY
DATABASE TO BE INDEXED MUST BE IN HISAM, HDAM, OR HIDAM, NOT IN
HSAM
LIMITATIONS:
32 SECONDARY INDICES ON ONE SEGMENT TYPE

1000 SECONDARY INDICES FOR A DATABASE
100
SECONDARY INDEXING
Indexed Database
Continued ...
Secondary Index DB
Prefix | Data
Customer
Pointer Invoice No
Index pointer
segment
Index
Target Segment
Ship-to
Index
Source Segment
Buyer
Receivable
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item
101
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
SECONDARY DATA STRUCTURE
Receivable
Ship-to
Customer
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item
Buyer
102
SECONDARY INDEXING
Indexed Database
Continued ...
Secondary Index DB
Prefix | Data
Customer
Index
Pointer Invoice No
Index pointer
segment
Target Segment
Ship-to
Index
Source Segment
Buyer
Receivable
Payment
Adjustment
Line Item
103
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
COURSE
COURSE#
TITLE
PREREQ
COURSE#
DESCRIPN
OFFERING
TITLE
DATE
TEACHER
EMPNUM
LOCATION
FORMAT
STUDENT
NAME
EMPNUM
NAME
GRADE
104
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
INDEXING THE ROOT ON A FIELD NOT THE SEQUENCE FIELD

MAINDBD MACRO
INDEX DBD MACRO
DBD
SEGM
FIELD
FIELD
LCHILD
XDFLD
DBD
SEGM
FIELD
LCHILD
NAME=EDUCPDBD
NAME=COURSE,BYTES=256
NAME=(COURSE#,SEQ),BYTE3,START=1
NAME=TITLE,BYTES=33,START=4
NAME=(TPTR,TXDBD),POINTER=INDX
NAME=XTITLE,SRCH=TITLE
NAME=TXDBD,ACCESS=INDEX
NAME=TPTR,BYTES=33
NAME=(TITLE,SEQ),BYTES=33,START=1
NAME=(COURSE,EDUCPDBD),INDEX=XTITLE
PSB MACRO
PCB
SYNTAX:
SENSEG
SENSEG
SENSEG
TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=EDUCPDBD,KEYLEN=15
PROCOPT=G,PROCSEQ=TXDBD
NAME=COURSE
NAME=OFFERING,PARENT=COURSE
NAME=STUDENT,PARENT=OFFERING
GU
COURSE (XTITLE=DYNAMICS)
105
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
WHAT HAPPENS IF PROCSEQ=TXDBD IS NOT USED?

DL/I BY DEFAULT USES PRIMARY PROCESSING
SEQUENCE
106
SECONDARY INDEXING
Continued ...
INDEXING THE ROOT ON A FIELD IN THE DEPENDENT

MAINDBD MACRO
INDEX DBD MACRO
DBD
SEGM
FIELD
FIELD
LCHILD
XDFLD
DBD
SEGM
FIELD
LCHILD
NAME=EDUCPDBD
NAME=COURSE,BYTES=256
NAME=(COURSE#,SEQ),BYTE3,START=1
NAME=TITLE,BYTES=33,START=4
NAME=(LPTR,LXDBD),POINTER=INDX
NAME=XLOC,SRCH=LOCATION,SEGMENT=OFFERING
SYNTAX:
GU
NAME=LXDBD,ACCESS=INDEX
NAME=LPTR,BYTES=..
NAME=(LOCATION,SEQ),BYTES=.
NAME=(COURSE,EDUCPDBD),INDEX=XLOC
COURSE (XLOC=CHENNAI)
107
SESSION 11
LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
108
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO SEGMENTS IN TWO PHYSICALLY SEPARATE
DATABASES
CAN ALSO CONNECT TWO SEGMENTS WITHIN THE SAME DATABASE
ALLOWS APPLICATION TO HAVE DIRECT ACCESS FROM A SEGMENT IN ONE
PHYSICAL DATABASE TO A LOWER LEVEL SEGMENT IN ANOTHER PHYSICAL
DATABASE
RESULTS IN A NEW HIERARCHY- ONE THAT DOES NOT EXIST IN PHYSICAL
STORAGE BUT CAN BE PROCESSED BY APPLICATION PROGRAMS AS THOUGH
IT EXISTS
THREE TYPES OF LOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS
UNIDIRECTIONAL LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
BIDIRECTIONAL PHYSICALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
BIDIRECTIONAL VIRTUALLY PAIRED LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP
109
Logical Parent
PART Database
Continued ...
ORDER Database
of DETAIL
Physical Parent
PART
ORDER
of DETAIL
Logical Relationship
STOCK
DETAIL
SHIPMENT
Logical Children
Physical Children
of PART
of ORDER
110
PART /ORDER
ORDER/PART
Logical Database
Logical Database
PART
STOCK
DETAIL
SHIPMENT
Continued ...
ORDER
ORDER
DETAIL
PART
SHIPMENT
STOCK
111
SESSION 12
DB RECOVERY / RESTART
112
DATABASE RECOVERY
WHY?
TO RESTORE A DATABASE AFTER ITS PARTIAL DESTRUCTION
WHEN?
A DLI BATCH UPDATE JOB FAILS AFTER MAKING AT LEAST ONE DATABASE
UPDATE
A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED ON A PHYSICAL DASD DEVICE
A FAILURE HAS OCCURRED IN A DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY
A FAILURE OF DYNAMIC BACKOUT OR BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY HAS
OCCURRED
AN IMS ONLINE SYSTEM FAILURE AND EMERGENCY RESTART HAS NOT BEEN
COMPLETED
113
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
HOW?
ONLINE RECOVERY PROCESS

IMS DOES DYNAMIC BACKOUT USING THE LOG INFORMATION FOR DL/I
PROGRAMS
FOR BMP PROGRAMS UPDATES ARE AUTOMATICALLY BACKED OUT TO
THE LAST CHECKPOINT
BATCH RECOVERY PROCESS
FORWARD RECOVERY
BACKWARD RECOVERY / BATCH BACK OUT
114
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
UTILITIES FOR RECOVERY

DFSUDMP0:
DFSUDMP0
DATABASE IMAGE COPY UTILITY FOR CREATION OF IMAGE COPIES OF
DATABASES
DFSUCUM0:
DFSUCUM0
DATABASE CHANGE ACCUMULATION UTILITY FOR ACCUMULATION OF
DATABASE CHANGES FROM DL/I LOG TAPES SINCE THE LAST COMPLETE
IMAGE COPY
DFSURDB0:
DFSURDB0
DATABASE RECOVERY UTILITY FOR RESTORATION OF THE DATABASE,
USING A PRIOR DATABASE IMAGE COPY AND THE ACCUMULATED CHANGES
FROM DL/I LOG TAPES
DFSBBO00:
DFSBBO00
DATABASE BACK OUT UTILITY FOR REMOVAL OF CHANGES MADE TO
DATABASES BY A SPECIFIC APPLICATION PROGRAM
115
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
FORWARD RECOVERY
RESTORE MOST RECENT IMAGE COPY DATASET
CHANGES MADE TO DATABASE SINCE THE LAST IMAGE COPY ARE APPLIED
ON THE RESTORED DATABASE BY USING
CHANGE ACCUMULATION DATASETS
LOG DATASETS
116
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
BACKWARD RECOVERY
USES BATCH BACKOUT UTILITY TO DO A FULL BACKOUT OR BACKOUT TO
ANY PRIOR CHECKPOINT
PSB USED IS SAME AS PSB OF THE PROGRAM WHOSE EFFECTS HAVE TO
BE BACKED OUT
INPUTS
LOG DATASETS
DATABASES WHOSE UPDATES ARE TO BACKED OUT
CHECKPOINT ID
WARNING: DO NOT USE CHECKPOINT ID WHILE BACKING OUT BMP. IT
TAKES BY DEFAULT THE LAST CHECKPOINT ISSUED.
OUTPUTS
BACKED OUT DATABASES
LOG DATASETS
117
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
CHECKPOINT CALL (CHKP)

CHECKPOINT RESTART IS USED DURING BACKWARD RECOVERY
CHECKPOINT COMMITS PROGRAMS UPDATES TO THE DATABASE AND LOGS
THE UPDATES
TWO TYPES OF CHECKPOINTS
BASIC CHECKPOINT
STORES JUST CHECKPINT ID ( 8 BYTES STORED IN IO-AREA)
SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-CHKP, IO-PCB, IO-AREA
SYMBOLIC CHECKPOINT
STORES CRITICAL DATA APART FROM CHECKPOINT ID
MUST USE XRST FOR RESTARTING
SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-CHKP,
IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA,
IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1
118
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
RESTART CALL(XRST)
USED TO RESTART A PROGRAM AFTER ABNORMAL TERMINATION
RESTART FROM
SPECIFIC CHECKPOINT ID
TIME/DATESTAMP
LAST CHECKPOINT (LAST) - BMPs ONLY
MUST BE THE FIRST CALL IN THE PROGRAM
SYNTAX: CALL CBLTDLI USING WS-XRST,
IO-PCB, IO-AREA-LEN, IO-AREA,
IO-AREA-LEN1, IO-AREA1
119
DATABASE RECOVERY
Continued ...
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CHKP & XRST CALLS

ALL FILES (INCLUDING SYSIN, SYSOUT) USED BY PROGRAM SHOULD BE DL/I
(GSAM) DATABASES OTHERWISE THERE WILL BE DUPLICATE DATA OR LOSS OF
DATA
GSAM OUTPUT FILES SHOULD USE DISP=(NEW,KEEP,KEEP) FOR INITIAL RUN
AND DISP=(OLD,KEEP,KEEP) FOR RESTARTS
120
SESSION 13
EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS
121
PROGRAMMING TIPS
INSTEAD OF USING GET CALL PRECEDING A ISRT CALL USE ISRT WITH
APPROPRIATE SSA
USE QUALIFIED SSAS WHEREVER POSSIBLE
IMPLIED SSAS SHOULD BE AVOIDED EVENTHOUGH DL/I CONSTRUCTS
MISSING SSAS
MINIMIZE THE NUMBER OF DL/I CALLS BY USING COMMAND CODES
USE SEARCH FIELDS IN DL/I CALLS INSTEAD OF USING IF STATEMENTS IN
COBOL PROGRAM
122
PROGRAMMING TIPS
Continued ...
TRY USING SECONDARY INDICES

DESIGN YOUR PROGRAM TO RUN IN BOTH BMP AND BATCH MODE
USE CHECKPOINT/RESTART
THERE IS ONLY A SMALL PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE GET
AND GET HOLD CALLS. SO USE GET HOLD CALLS WHENEVER THERE IS A
CHANCE ( > 5%) OF SEGMENT UPDATE/DELETE
IT IS GOOD PRACTICE TO PROGRAM FOR EASY ADJUSTMENT OF
CHECKPOINT FREQUENCY
123
SESSION 14
COMMON IMS ABENDS
124
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0047
DESCRIPTION
ONE OF THE DBPCBS IN THE PSB FAILED TO OBTAIN THE DATABASE
AUTHORIZATION THROUGH DBRC. USUALLY OCCURS WHEN DATABASE IS UP IN
ONLINE OR DATABASE IS USED IN UPDATE MODE BY ANOTHER PROGRAM.
SOLUTION
BRING DOWN THE DATABASE USING /DBR DB DATABASE NAME
WAIT TILL CONTENDING JOB COMPLETES AND RESTART THE JOB
125
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0456
DESCRIPTION
A DL/I BATCH REGION, BMP PROGRAM COULD NOT BE INITIATED BECAUSE THE
PSB HAS BEEN STOPPED OR LOCKED BY A COMMAND OR A PRIOR PROGRAM
FAILURE
SOLUTION
ANALYZE WHY THE PSB IS LOCKED OR STOPPED. RESTART THE JOB AFTER
THE PSB HAS BEEN UNLOCKED
TO UNLOCK PSB FOR A BMP PROGRAM USE /START PROGRAM psbname
COMMAND
126
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0476
DESCRIPTION
A DL/I CALL DOES NOT INCLUDE A VALID PCB ADDRESS
PROBABLE CAUSES
PSB LANGUAGE TYPE SPECIFIED IS NOT SAME AS THAT OF APPLICATION
PROGRAM
COBOL MAIN PROGRAM ENTERED AT PROCEDURE DIVISION INSTEAD OF
DLITCBL BECAUSE ENTRY DLITCBL NOT INCLUDED IN LKED
WRONG PCB WITH FEWER PCBS THAN EXPECTED IS USED
127
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U0852
DESCRIPTION
THE SEGMENT CODE RETURNED IS NOT VALID FOR THE DATABASE
SOLUTION
ANALYZE THE DATABASE. IF THERE IS AN INVALID POINTER, RECOVER THE
DATABASE.
128
COMMON IMS ABENDS

U3303
DESCRIPTION
APPLICATION PROGRAM TRIED TO USE A DATABASE THAT WAS NOT AVAILABLE
FOR ACCESS AND/OR UPDATE. DFS3303I MESSAGE ACCOMPANIES THIS ABEND
SOLUTION
CHECK THE STATUS OF DATABASE GIVEN IN DFS3303I MESSAGE USING
/DISPLAY DB database name
IF DATABASE IS DOWN START THE DATABASE USING THE COMMAND
/START DB database name
129

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IMS - DB

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

SEGMENT SEARCH ARGUMENTS (SSAs)

COBOL BASICS FOR IMS

DL/I CALLS EXERCISE

DATABASE ACCESS METHODS

EFFICIENT PROGRAMMING TIPS

COMMON IMS ABENDS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

FOLLOWS INVERTED TREE STRUCTURE

EACH BOX IN THE HIERARCHY REPRESENTS

IS DIRECTLY DEPENDENT ON ONLY ONE

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

SEGMENT IS THE SMALLEST INFORMATION THAT DL/I CAN FETCH

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

TWO TYPES OF FIELDS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

A SEGMENT WITHOUT PARENT

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

1. WHICH SEGMENTS ARE DEPENDENT ON SEGMENT 3?

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

HOW MANY DATABASE RECORDS?

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS DATABASE LIMITATIONS

NO LIMITATION ON NUMBER OF SEGMENT OCCURRENCES.

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

DL/I IS DATABASE MANAGER. IT

DL/I ALLOWS SEQUENTIAL OR

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

MPP (MESSAGE PROCESSING PROGRAM)

IMS GENERAL CONCEPTS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATABASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATA BASE DESCRIPTION (DBD)

SPECIFIES DATABASE NAME, ACCESS METHOD

SPECIFIES DD NAME TO BE USED IN JCL, DISK TYPE

SPECIFIES SEGMENT NAME,SEGMENT LENGTH, PARENT

SPECIFIES FIELD NAME, LENGTH, STARTING POSITION

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

DATATYPES USED IN DBDGEN

Half Word Binary

Full Word Binary

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

CAN WE DEFINE OVERLAPPING FIELDS?

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PROGRAM SPECIFICATION BLOCK (PSB)

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PCB GIVES LOGICAL VIEW OF A DATABASE

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PCB TYPE=DB, DBDNAME=SUPLRDBD,KEYLEN=16,PROCOPT=AP

DL/I CONTROL BLOCKS

PROCOPTS IN PSB DEFINES SECURITY LEVEL FOR THE PROGRAM

All Options (G, I, R, D)

Sequential Initial Load

Access only Key of segment