ASHRAE Laboratory Design Guide American Society of Heating, Reftigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.© 2001, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Ci Engineers, Inc. (werwashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted ‘without ASHRAE’s prior written permission. ASHRAE Laboratory Design Guide SRS apmeaueO paused 8 Buna owosnoait, 4 ON ‘quo on sono 0p LOH HOR 90 IN LUPIN O} Postos OPE PoyThis publication was prepared under ASHRAE Research Project 969. Ir was sponsored by TC 9.10, About the Authors Jan BD. Melntosh, PhD. is a recent Ph.D. graduate in mechanical engineering from the University of Wiscon. sin—Madison and ts a member of ASHRAE and ASME. While working on his Ph.D. dissertation, he completed an eight- monthresearch internship at Stemens Building Technologies —Landis Division, where he gave business and tech- nical presentations toaid in the marketing of potential product concepts related to fault detection and diagnosis in HVAC subsystems. Currently, he ts with Farnsworth Group, Inc.. and was the lead engineer in change of research and devel ‘opment ofthis publication, Chad B. Dorgan, P-E.,Ph.D.,1s3 licensed professional engineerin Wisconsin, South Carolina, Oregon, and California and Is a recent Ph.D. graduate in indoor air quality from the University of Wiscansin—Madison. Between 1989 and 1993, he coordinated a 60-person operationsand maintenance section for the United States Air Force. Asan engineering teclinician, he was involved inthe analysisand optimization of over 30 large commercial and industrial facilities, includ ing a Large enamel oven complex in Wisconsin and several auto manufacturer's facilites in Michigan. As part of these studies, several publications for EPRI were developed, including EPRI's Cold dar Disiribution Design Guide, Field Evaluation of Cold Air Dismibution Spstems, and Detailed Field Evaluation of a Cold Air Distribution System. Since 1993, he has led engineering activities at Farnsworth Group, Inc. (formerly Dorgan Associates) Charles E,Dorgan, PE: Ph.D, has been invatved in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and energy projects since 1960. A professional engineer since 1964, he is registered in Wisconsin, Ohio, Kansas, and South Carolina. He isan ASHRAE fellow. He received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Wisconsin—Madisan in 1979. He has ‘authored or contributed to more than 25 books and more than 100 articles and other publications, plus various educa tional presentations and engineering reports. Since 1980, he has had partial appointments at the University of Wis- consin, while working for three different consulting firms, including Dorgan Assoctates. Any updates/errata to this publication willbe posted on the ASHRAE Web site at worwashrae org'pablicationspdate:, on 100 BYUHSY fa panqiasia ‘paaused 8 Cunvomiey 10 vorRnpoider quo nn" pve o1.0} LOOP HOR NOUN (UPC) Pos Oy FORE PORASHRAE Laboratory Design Guide lon B.D. Mdntosh Chad B. Dorgan Charles E. Dorgan w a, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating iaY>/” and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 4 on 2 Pat 1uad #1 Bunsen 10 uorpapoidos 102 vo 1 LEM O} Po eeu 0 pat i fa pan PUROISBN 10: 1-883413-97-4 ISBN 13: 978-1-883413-97-2 ©2001 American Society of Heating. Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE. Ailania, CA 30825, ‘wwrw.ashrae.org, All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America on 10% post-consumer waste, Cover design by Tracy Becker. ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, bat ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure. design othe like that may be described herein. The ‘appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, desiga, or the lke. ASHRAF does not warrant thatthe {Information in the publication is free of errers, and ASHRAE does aot necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk ofthe use of any information inthis publication is assumed by the user. [Na part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may {quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations ina review with appropeiate credit: nor may any part of this book be repro duced, stored in a reieval system, or transmitted in any way of by any means electronic, photocopying, recording, or cother—without permission in writing from ASHRAE, Requests for permission should be subraited at wwwashae.org/ permissions ASHRAE STAFF Special Publications Publishing Services Mildred Geshrwiler Barry Kurian editor Manager Erin S. Howard Jayne Jackson Assistant Fdtor Production Assistant Christina Johnson Eduortal Assistant Publisher Meter W.Stephen Comstock Secretary ByaNsy Karamar payed s Buncoms 0 vornooida Jeary oN gue 950"§ PEON DH LOO VO 902 WN LPS OF Pos OH UI POR OMESDTable of Contents Adowedgments. Chapter 1 Inttoduction Overview. a ‘Organization. ss Chapter? Background Oveniew no Laboratory Types. Laboratory Equipment, References Chapter. laborotory Panning Overview... Risk Assessment. Sosa ‘Identification and Understanding of Hazards. Laboratory Codes, Standards and References Integration of Architecture and Engineered Systems, Development of Planning Documents. References... rst Bibliography... Yay Mapapa 8 panies turamin 1 vorenpcntos ge ON quo oxn Hee DF LOT OPIN 80 OLN LAMM CH PR U2 LOR POLES,SHRAE obumta Design Guide Chopier4 Design Process Overview . Design Process ci Special Space Considerations References coe Chapter 5 Exhaust Hoods Overview (Chemical Fume Hoods Perchloric Acid Hood... Biological Safety Cabinet Other Hood Types “ Hood Safety Certification and Continous Monitoring, Selection of Exhaust Hoods References. Chapter 6 Primary Air Systems Zone Air Distribution .... Zone Heating. ‘Exhaust Air System. Supply Air System Duct Construction. a Energy Efficiencies ....... References. Chopter7 Process Cooling Overview. e ‘Types of Water Cooled Loads. Water Treatment and Quality Requirements ‘Temperature and Pressure Requirements ‘Pumping System Configurations. 7 References. “= etary Chopier8 Ai Treatment Overview. Requirements. Scrubbing ‘Condensing. References. ieSY Kapaa paula’ stun 1 vrEnpcitas gy ot yuo sn ¢ paeONOI Dh LOTITO 00 WEMMO} Poe oy Le PORTOGhogier 9 haust Stack Design QVETVEW on nennnnnene nnn Elements of Stack Design... Dispersion Modeling Approach .. References 2 2 Chapter 10. Energy Recovery Overview. 7 Alir-to-Alir Heat Recovery. Woater-o-Air Heat Recovery... Selection Parameters... References Bibliography. Chapter 11. Contols Overview. - Equipment Control... Room Control... 0 (Central System Emergency Situations References 7 Chapter 12 Airflow Pattems and Air Balance Overview. Aiflow Pattems Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Laboratory Testing Requirements References z “ Chapter 13 Operation and Maintenance Overview . 7 - Decontamination of Existing Laboratories ‘Maintenance of Equipment and Systems. (Cost Information ... “ Training .. Reference.. Chapter 14 Laboratory Commissioning Process Overview. . ‘The Commissioning Process Planning Phase Design Phase. . ‘Construction Phase... ielSY Mapepaie9 panied s tunuomin 1 vornpontos ge oN Poweutac quo 080 $eaeoo OF LOVOPIOZ WO IEW WENA} PaURDS PLOISHRAE ebony Design Gude Chapter 15 HVAC System Economics Overview. s Initial Price of System een Life Cycle Cost ANALYSIS. ocnniminnnnn Chapter 15 Microbiological ond Biomedical Laboratres Overview... a Biological Containment Animal Overview... 7 Design of Laboratory Animal Areas ARP EN ono References... Amototed Bibliography. Index SYUNSy Aa para eG, pamuiedw Oungonin 0 vormoode ary oN wad ‘yuo oer tsaeoo OF LO LOPIOZ UO HOT WuESIAN) Poe uo BuOPeUAcknowledgments BRSY a pape patie | unsonie 0 wlEnpcada ey ot yuo sn teen Dh LITO HL 00 1 WENEMON Poe soy URE PERIOD ‘This guide was developed through a cooperative effort of the Famsworth Group, Inc. formerly known as Dorgan Associates, and laboratory industry experts. The input of the ASHRAE Project Monitoring Subcommittee, chaired by John Mentzer (Giffels Associ- ates, Inc.) and including members Pete Gardner, Joim Varley. Bob Weidner, and Randall Lacey, was instrumental in achieving a successful guide. Special thanks to Jack Wunder forhis detailed review of the draft guide and access to the laboratories at the University of Wisconsin-Madison ‘The input provided by several key people, including designers, manufacturers, and others, was invaluable in making the guide whole. These include Todd Hardwick, Otto Van Geet, Victor Neumm, Carl Lawson, Greg De Luga, Geoftiey Bell, Luis Solarte, Daniel Ghidoni, Patrick Chudedke, Edward Fiance, Robert Haugen, Tom Begley, Bob Parsons, and Gary Butler ‘Dorgn Associates’ staff members who deserve recognition for their contributions inchide Svein Momer, Ph.D. and Zachary Obert for their detailed input on writing various sections of the guide and endless hours of reviewing background material for ensuring fechmical accuracy of the guide. Chad Grindle’s efforts in creating and editing the Inm- reds of graphics required to make the guide understandable and useful are appreciated. Sincere thanks go to Joan Dorgan for proofieading. Finally, we would have never finished the guide without the tireless efforts of Suzanne Bowen in word-processing and prooftead- ing fo ensure consistency in formatting. and general legibility was maintainedRpyrgtied ateit tant to Winn Mi econ 7014.0. Icon ne ony No kirber reproduction or networking is permed, Ont buted by ASHEChopter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW ‘The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), commis- sioned this design guide in response to the need for a comprehensive reference miamual for the planning, layout, and design of laboratories. Its intended that the information in this guide assist engineers, owners, and system operators in determining the needs of their Inboratory facility and how to best match these needs to mechanical system options. ‘The Guide is written in a manner that progresses from general to specific to reach a wide target audience of designers, architects, engineers. owners, operations and maintenance personnel, and others in the heating, ventilating, sir-conditioning, and refrigerating (HVACR) industry. The beginning chapters of the Guide present general back ‘ground information and prescribed desizm frameworks, whereas the later chapters are more specific, providing detailed design and application information. ‘A primary benefit of this structure is that many types of readers can use the Guide. Whereas an owner may only read the first fo chapters, an engineer may focus on the design chapters. ‘To improve the comprehension of the material for those unfamiliar with laboratory design, the guide is organized around a typical project. progressing through the basic steps of planning, design. construction, and operation and maintenance (OSM). This Guide consists of sixteen chapters. ORGANIZATION * Chapter 2, “Background” provides basic background information on laboratories including their various types and typical equipment found in them The intent of this chapter is to provide a basic understanding of laboratories, their importance, as well as their different fictions and needs Chapter 3, “Laboratory Planning” describes the many important issues that are addressed during the plan- ning phase ofa laboratory project. At the very core of this phase is the need to ensure the utmost safety for the laboratory occupants via risk assessment and hazard analyses while achieving experimental integnity. good comfort and indoor air quality, the capacity to meet operating loads, and successful integration of architecture ancl engineering systems. These Various important considerations are then carefully documented in the owner's program of requirement and the owner's design intent. Chapter 4, “Desizn Process” outlines the design process with guidance provided to designers and engineers on the key steps in meeting or exceeding the owner's design intent. Also included in this chapter is a review of special space design considerations forthe different system types encountered in a laboratory. + Chapter 5, “Exhaust Hoods” details the operability, types, and applications of exhaust hoods. BRSY a pape patie | unsonie 0 wlEnpcada ey ot yuo sn teen Dh LITO HL 00 1 WENEMON Poe soy URE PERIODASHRAE Lobutay Design Guide Chapter 6, “Primary Air Systems” describes the many EAC system options that are avail- able for conditioning and contaminant removal, including supply systems, room or space air diffusing, exhaust systems, duct con- struction, and energy efficiencies (Chapter 7, “Process Cooling” examines the if. ferent system options available to meet supple- mentary process cooling needs. This includes the types of water-cooled loads found in labo- ratories, water treatment and quality, tempera- ture and pressure requirements, and pumping system configurations Chapter 8, “Air Treatment” presents several methods of treating the air as it is either expelled to the outside environment or drawn into the laboratory space from the outside. Chapter 9, “Exhaust Stack Design” deals with the final conduit through which air is expelled and diluted into the environment ~ exhaust stacks. Required elements for good exhaust stack design in addition to modeling techniques available for design verification are described. Chapter 10, “Enerzy Recovery” addresses the recovery of the temperature humidity content of the exhaust air or other sources of energy that would othenwise be wasted, to realize eco- nomic savings. The two main energy recovery technologies discussed are air-to-air and water- to-air heat recovery. In addition, key parame- ters are presented that are used to properly select heat recovery options Chapter 11, “Controls” discusses control for constant volume fume hoods, variable volume fame hoods, and other exhaust equipment. Room control discussion includes the theory of room control, outside air needs, minimum ven- tilation air changes per hour, control stability, variable and constant volume strategies, con- trol of critical spaces, and building pressuiza- tion. Chapter 12, “Airflow Pattems and Air Bal- ance” provides an understanding of airflow ‘pattems throughout the laboratory environment and how they need to be maintained in a spe- cific direction and velocity to protect against malicious pollutants or contamination. This is followed by descriptions of the proper air and hydronic balancing and testing procedures. Chapter 13, “Operation and Maintenance details how to properly operate and maintain laboratory systems to ensure the contimual safety of occupants, quality of laboratory experiments, and efficiency of HVAC and lab- ‘oratory equipment, To this end, this chapter discusses the training needed for O&M person nel and laboratory users. In addition, operating ‘costs and the importance of continual fume hood and biological safety cabinet testing and certification is also addressed ‘Chapter 14, “Laboratory Commissioning Pro- ‘ces5" introduces the quality method known as the commissioning process, which commences ‘during the planning phase and follows through to the design, construction, acceptance, tum- ‘over, and operation phases of the laboratory building project. In so doing, the commission- ing process ensures that the diverse require- ments for the laboratory and the owner's sdesign intent are met. ‘Chapter 15, “HVAC System Economics” cov- rs both the initial costs (costs associated with planning. design, and construction) and life- ‘oycle costs (costs associated with operation and maintenance) of the laboratory facility. Although more emphasis is often given to the initial cost due to budgetary constraints, this chapter also considers the life-cycle cost in designing the laboratory. This is important since a substantial investment is required to effectively operate and maintain the laboratory systems and equipment over a lift span of 15 to 30 years, ‘Chapter 16, “Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories” provides specific information about laboratories that specialize in biological ‘containment and that house animal areas. Due to the importance of containing and controlling Diohazards and product protection within these special laboratories issues such as system reli- ability, redundancy, proper space pressuriza- tion, envelope design, and sanitation are addressed. Reference Sources American Society of Heating, Refrigerating cand is-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE is an intemational professional society ‘with more than 50,000 members worldwide. The Soci- ety was organized for the sole purpose of advancing the arts and sciences of heating, ventilation, air-condition. ‘ng, and reftigeration for the benefit of the public. The Society achieves these goals through sponsorship of research, standards development, contiming education, ‘and publications. For additional information. contact the Society a: BYUSY pane. panied 8 bunsoniy 0 vornpoides ry pou Agus oun tsar OF LOOP IOZ 00 IW LHPSIMO} Poets eeeAmerican Society of Heating, Reffigerating ‘and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc 1791 Tullie Cucle, NE Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 Tel: (404) 636-8400 Fax: (404) 321-5478 Infemet: wwwashrae org Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. Building Officials and Code Administrators Inter- national, Ine. (BOCA), is a nonprofit association that hhas been establishing and enforcing building codes since 1915. The association curently has over 16,000 members fully dedicated to the development and enforcement of codes that benefit the public safety and health For additional information contact BOCA at ‘Building Officials and Code Administrators Infemational, Inc 4051 W. Flossmoor Ra Country Club Fills, 160478 Tel: (708) 799-2300 Fax: (708) 799-4981 Intemet: www bocai org Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDO is a federal institation whose primary goal and pledge is “to promote health and quality of life by pre- venting and controlling disease, injmy, and disabibty.” Toachieve this pledge. the CDC uses federal and private fimding for research and development in several fields and sciences at its 11 different laboratories and loca- tions. For additional information the CDC may be con- tacted at (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Road, NE Atlanta, GA 30333 Tek: (BOO) 311-3435 Intemet: wor ede gov Institute of Environmental Sciences ‘and Technology ‘The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Tech- nology (EST). founded in 1953 as a nonprofit organiza tion, is an intemational society in the area of contamination control and publishes recommended practices for testing cleanrooms, HEPA/ULPA filters, and clean air filtration systems. For additional informa- tion, contact IEST at: Institute of Environmental Sciences and Teclnology ‘940 E. Northwest Highway Mount Prospect, IL 60056 Tel: (847) 255-1561 Fax: (847) 255-1699 Intemet worwiest org Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources TLAR, or the Instiule of Laboratory Animal Resources, has been a national leader in the research, publication, and collection of information pertinent to ‘animal care and use inthe laboratory setting since 1952 For additional information contact ILAR at Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources 2101 Constitution Avene. NW ‘Washington, D.C. 20418, Tel: 200) 334-2590 Fax: 202) 334-1687 E-mail: ITAR@mas.ecu Intemet: www nas eduiclsilarhome nsf ‘National Insrinutes of Health The National Institutes of Health (NTH) is a feder- ally fmded laboratory dedicated to the research and development of medicine to aid the health of people around the world. Founded in 1887, the NIH fimds rational and intemational research in numerous medical fields to accomplish this dedication to health. For addi- ‘ional information contact the NIH at ‘National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD 2089? Tel: 201) 496-4000 Research funding E-mail: grantsinfo@nih gov Intemet: wewnih gov National Fire Protection Association ‘The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is ‘a intemational leader in the development of fire, elec- trical, and life safety for the public. This nonprofit, member association was founded in 1896 to develop consensus codes and standards, as well as training research, and education in fire and other hazard protec- tions in various buildings, NFPA has over 67,000 mem bers and is associated with 80 national and professional ‘organizations from across the globe. For more informa- tion contact the NFPA at: ‘National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park PO. Box 9101 Quincy, MA 02269-9101 “Tek: (617) 770-3000 Fax: (617) 770.0700 Intemet: www nfpa org National Reseasch Council ‘The National Research Council (NRC) was formed by the National Academies of Science in 1916 to bridge the gap between the science and technology communities and the federal goverment. Today, the NRC continues ‘his initiative by supplying information and advice tothe federal. and public sectors on the cument issues and 3 BYUISY Ma paPeneD pated 9 tunsony 0 woRnpode aay ot Po bulde yuo o8n tea OF LOO PIO 0 AW LaPAAO} Pow sos