VOLCANOES

Global Pattern of Volcanoes

The worlds major volcanoes are
found at the following locations:
Where plates collide-destructive
Where plates move apart and
rift valleys occur-constructive
At hot spots (in the middle of
plates)

LAVA TYPES
BASIC
Low in silica content
Very hot (1,000C)
Runny
Constructive plate
boundaries
Hotspots
Shield Volcano
Hawaii

Acid Lava
High in silica content
800C
Thick
Destructive Plate
Boundaries
Explosive gases
Dome Volcano
Mount St. Helens

Other Volcanic Materials

Volcanic gases e.g. CO2,Sulphur
dioxide and chlorine.
Pyroclasts e.g. ash, lava and
volcanic bombs
Nuee Ardents- high speed
clouds of ash and rock
Tephra- pumice, dust, ash.
Lahars- volcanic mud slide
Water Vapour

TYPES OF VOLCANO
1. Active- Mt.
Vesuvius
2. Dormant- Mt.
Pinatubo
3. Extinct
Slemish, Co.
Antrim.

How do volcanoes occur?

1.Heat in the mantle between
1000-1200C melts the
rock of the subducted
plates to form molten
magma.
2.Molten magma is less dense
than the rock from which it
was formed.
3.Therefore, it forces its way
towards the surface
4. This magma accumulates
in a magma chamber.

How do Volcanoes Occur?

5.The upward movement is aided by gases
held under very high pressure in the
magma.
6.As the magma rises, the gases expand
helping to drive the magma upwards.
7. When the pressure becomes great
enough the magma is forced upward
through a fissure to the ground surface
and an eruption occurs.

Classification of Volcanoes
There are two types of volcanic
structures:
1. Extrusive- these form on the earths
surface.
2. Intrusive-these for beneath the earths
surface.

Extrusive feature
Geologists generally
group volcanoes into
four main kinds--cinder
cones, composite
volcanoes, shield
volcanoes, and lava
domes.

Shield Volcano
Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid
lava flows.
Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a
central summit vent, or group of vents, building
a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical
shape, with a profile much like that of a warrior's
shield.
They are built up slowly by the accretion of
thousands of highly fluid lava flows called basalt
lava that spread widely over great distances, and
then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets.

Shield Volcano
Lavas also commonly erupt from vents along
fractures (rift zones) that develop on the flanks
of the cone. Some of the largest volcanoes in the
world are shield volcanoes.
The Hawaiian Islands are composed of linear
chains of these volcanoes including Kilauea and
Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii-- two of the
world's most active volcanoes.
The floor of the ocean is more than 15,000 feet
deep at the bases of the islands. As Mauna Loa,
the largest of the shield volcanoes (and also the
world's largest active volcano), projects 13,677
feet above sea level, its top is over 28,000 feet
above the deep ocean floor.

Lava Domes
Volcanic or lava domes are formed by relatively
small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow
any great distance; consequently, on extrusion,
the lava piles over and around its vent.
A dome grows largely by expansion from within.
As it grows its outer surface cools and hardens,
then shatters, spilling loose fragments down its
sides.
Some domes form craggy knobs or spines over
the volcanic vent, whereas others form short,
steep-sided lava flows known as "coulees."
Volcanic domes commonly occur within the craters
or on the flanks of large composite volcanoes.

Lava Dome

Hot Spots
These are sections of the mantle where
the magma is much hotter than in
surrounding areas.
The magma rises as a plume.
It eventually cuts through the crust.
Lava erupts and forms a volcanic cone.
Hotspots are at fixed points in the mantle.
They DO NOT MOVE with plates.

Intrusive Features
Magma that does not reach the crust
surface becomes intrusive igneous rock.
As it cools it forms a number of internal
structures called plutons.
Plutons are revealed when ersoion
uncoveres them, by removing the
overlying rock.

Plutonic Structures
Plutons vary greatly in size and shape.
As the magma pushes up through the
crust it forces itself into the bedding
planes.
This can fracture the rock and wedge
them open.

Batholiths
These are the
largest plutons.
Deeply buried.
Magma cooled very
slowly.
Very coarse grained
granite.

Other Plutonic Structures

Sills
Horizontal sheets of magma between
sedimentary rock
Close to the surface of the crust
Dykes
Vertical sheets of magma
Cut across layers of rock

Predicting Volcanoes
Changes in Shape.
Before an eruption,
magma build up in
the chamber & can
cause the surface of
the volcano to bulge.
Lasers are used to
measure any change
in the development
of the bulge.

Predicting volcanoes
Increase in the hot magma may cause
snow or ice on the volcano to melt.
An increase in magma gases usually
indicated an eruption is imminent.
Seismic activity; vibrations/tremors
created as the magma is traveling and
rocks crack and break.

Impact of Volcanoes
Positive and negative impacts to
volcanoes.
1. Volcanic soil is very fertile. Ash &
cinders contain minerals which act as a
fertilizer.
2. Volcanic soils do not take long to
support vegetation.

Impact of Volcanoes
1. Important
tourist
attraction &
have a positive
effect on the
local economy
generating
employment.

Impact of Volcanoes
They can cause large
scale destruction and
death.