gesa jDr ds ckjs esa

dSls irk pyk\

vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT BLOOD?

By: Isaac Asimov
Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

gesa jDr ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\

1 n;

n;

vxj gekjk 'kjhj dgha dV tk, rks mlesa ls [kwu fudyrk gSA
tkuojksa esa Hkh blh rjg [kwu fudyrk gSA blls ge [kwu ds ckjs esa
tkurs gSaA
[kwu cgqr t:j gS] ;g ckr Hkh ge tYnh le> tkrs gSaA ftu
yksxksa ds 'kjhj ls cgqr T;knk [kwu fudyrk gS os cgqr detksj gks tkrs
gSaA mUgsa LoLF; gksus esa cgqr le; yxrk gSA 'kjhj ls cgqr T;knk [kwu
fudyus ls yksx ej Hkh ldrs gSaA
bl otg ls cgqr ls yksx [kwu dks thou ekuus yxsA oks jDr
dks 'kjhj dk thou okyk Hkkx ekuus yxsA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ckbfcy esa bZtjkbyokfl;ksa dks ;g fgnk;r nh
xbZ gS fd os jDr ls luk eakl u [kk,aA cqd vkWiQ M~;wVksjeksuh
3

(v;k; 12] Nan 23) esa fy[kk gS% ^;g lqfuf'pr djks fd rqe jDr er
[kkvks] D;ksafd jDr thou gSA*
;g lgh ugha gks ldrkA D;ksafd [kwu fcuk fudys Hkh cgqr ls yksx vkSj
tkuoj ejrs gSaA bldk ;g eryc ugha fd jDr thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ugha
gSA bldk ;g vk'k; gS fd thou ds fy, jDr gh ugha vU; ckrsa Hkh
egRoiw.kZ gSaA
bZlk ls 400 lky igys ;wukuh fpfdRld fgiksdjksgVht (460&370 bZlk
iwohZ) vkSj muls vuq;kf;;ksa ds vuqlkj 'kjhj esa pkj egRoiw.kZ rjy Fks ftuesa
ls ,d jDr FkkA bu pkjksa rjyksa dk vkil esa lgh larqyu gh vPNh lsgr dk
jkt FkkA
vkt ge tkurs gSa fd vPNh lsgr dk ekeyk blls dgha vf/d tfVy
gSA ij vPNs LokLF; esa jDr dh ,d vge Hkwfedk gS bls Hkh ge Lohdkjrs
gSaA
,slk ugha gS fd 'kjhj esa jDr ,d txg ij lks;k iM+k jgrk gSA tc
fdlh dk 'kjhj dVrk gS rks mlesa ls [kwu cgqr rsth ls cgrk gSA blds
lkFk&lkFk [kwu dk cguk fny dh /M+du ds lkFk de&T;knk gksrk gSA blls
dqN yksxksa dks yxk fd gekjk n; [kwu dks yxkrkj vanj dh vksj [khaprk gS
vkSj ckgj dh vksj /Ddk nsrk gSA
gjsd O;fDr dk fny /M+drk gSA lhus ij gkFk j[k dj vki vius n;
dh /M+du dks eglwl dj ldrs gSaA n; fu;fer :i ls /M+drk gS &
O;Ldksa ,d feuV esa lRrj ckj vkSj cPpksa esa dqN vf/d rsth lsA tc rd
vki ftUnk gSa rc rd vkidk n; /M+drk jgsxkA ejus ij fny dh /M+du
can gks tk,xhA
blls yxrk gS fd [kwu ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gS & cgrk gqvk [kwu tks
n; }kjk lEiUu gksrk gSA
izkphu dky esa dqN yksxksa dk ekuuk Fkk fd n; 'kjhj dk thfor vkSj
Hkkoukvksa dks le>us okyk vax gSA vxj vki Mjs gksa] ;k cgqr xqLls esa gksa rks
vkidk n; cgqr T;knk rsth ls /M+drk gSA vkSj lksrs le; fny dh /M+du
Hkh /heh gks tkrh gSA tc vki vf/d lf; gksrs gSa rks vkidk n; Hkh
T;knk lf; gksrk gSA tc vki 'kakr gksrs gSa rks fny Hkh /hes /M+drk gSA
;wukuh nk'kZfud vjLrw (384&322 bZlk iwohZ) n; ds egRo ls brus
izHkkfor Fks fd mUgsa n;] 'kjhj esa lksp dk dsanz yxkA ckn esa ;g xyr
lkfcr gqvk ij fiQj Hkh n; csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA
4

'kjhj ds vanj D;k gks jgk gS blds ckjs esa ge dSls tku ldrs gSa\ vki
,d thfor 'kjhj dks dkVdj mlds vanj >akd ldrs gSaA ,slk djus ls ml
O;fDr dks cgqr nnZ gksxk vkSj oks ej tk,xkA mldh ctk, vki pkgsa rks
fdlh e`r nsg dks dkV ldrs gSaA ij izkphu dky esa bls cgqr ?k`f.kr ekuk
tkrk FkkA blfy, 'kjhj ds ^fMlsD'ku* ftldk ySfVu esa vFkZ gksrk gS
^vyx&vyx fgLls djuk* ij eukgh FkhA
ij tkuojksa dks rc Hkh fu;fer :i ls dkVk tkrk FkkA tkuojksa dks
Hkkstu idkus ds fy, ;k fiQj bZ'oj dks cfy p<+kus ds fy, dkVk tkrk FkkA
dlkbZ;ksa dh tkuojksa ds vaxksa dk v;;u djus esa dksbZ jQfp ugha FkhA
mudh jQfp ml tkuoj dk eakl csapus esa ;k fiQj mls Hkkstu ds fy, idkus
esa FkhA
tks iqtkjh tkuojksa dks cfy p<+krs os dHkh&dHkh tkuojksa ds vakrfjd
vaxksa esa jQfp ysrsA vaxksa ds vkdkj ds vk/kj ij os Hkfo";okf.k;ak djrsA (,slk
djuk ljklj xyr FkkA)A Hkfo";ok.kh djus esa mUgsa fcYdqy nsj ugha yxrh
vkSj oks tkuojksa dk v;;u Hkh Bhd ls ugha djrsA vkSj vxj os viuh
takp&ij[k Bhd ls djrs rks Hkh tkuojksa ds vax euq";ksa ls cgqr vyx gksrs
gSaA
vjLrw ds ckn ls oSKkfud euq"; ds 'kjhj ds vkarfjd vaaxksa dk xgjkbZ
ls v;;u djus yxsA
feL=k ds 'kgj ,fyXtSfUM;k esa blds fy, ,d v;;u dsanz 'kq: fd;k
x;kA bldk uke iM+k E;wft;e vkSj 300 ls 250 bZlk iwoZ esa ;gak euq"; ds
e`r 'kjhjksa dh lEHkky dj dkV&NakV (fMlsD'ku) dh xbZA 'kjhj ds <akps dks
le>k x;kA bldk uke ^,ukVeh* iM+k ftldk ;wukuh esa vFkZ gksrk gS
^dkVuk*A
bZlk iwohZ 300 esa ;wukuh fpfdRld izSdlSx;wjl us fn[kk;k fd n; ls
ufy;ak tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA muesa ls dqN ufy;ak jDr ls Hkjh FkhaA mUgsa ^osUl* ;k ul
dgrs gSaA
n; ls dqN vkSj ufy;ak tqM+h Fkha tks [kkyh Fkha vkSj muesa fliQZ gok
FkhA izSdlSx;wjl dks yxk fd ;g ufy;ak 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa rd gok
igqapkus dk dke djrh gSaA vkt Hkh ge mu ufy;ksa dks ^vkjVht* ;k /efu;ak
dgrs gSaA ;wukuh esa ^vkjVht* dk eryc gksrk gS & gok dh okgdA ^vkjVht*
vkSj ^osUl* dks jDr/efu;ak Hkh dgrs gSaA

vkjVh

osu

dSfiyjh

jDr/efu;ak

iYeujh vkjVh
,vksjVk
osUl
cak;ak vkSjksdy
s
okYo
nak;ak
vkSjksdy
s

nak;ak osfUVhdy

cak;ak osfUVhdy
n; dk dVku

fMlsD'ku ds v;;uksa ls MkDVjksa dks thfor izkf.k;kas esa jDr /efu;kas dh

fLFkr ds ckjs esa ekywe iM+kA fgjksfiQyl us ik;k fd tc /efu;ak Ropk ds
ikl vkrh gSa rc vki mudh /M+du dks oSls gh eglwl dj ldrs gSa tSls oks
,d NksVk n; gksA bls ^iYl* ;k ukM+h dgrs gSaA mUgsa nksuksa vkjVht vkSj osUl
jDr dh okfguh yxha] u dh gok dhA
vkSj ;g lgh Hkh FkkA n;] /efu;ksa esa jDr iQsadrk gSA n; dh gjsd
/M+du ds lkFk vkSj jDr ds tksj ls iQsads tkus ds ckn vkjVh dh eksVh
eaklisf'k;ksa okyh nhokj iQSyrh gS vkSj mlds ckn ;g nhokj nqckjk fldqM+rh gSA
blls gh ukM+h dh /M+du tkjh jgrh gSA osUl esa iryh eaklisf'k;ksa dh nhokj
gksrh gS ftuesa 'kakfr ls jDr cgrk gSA

xs;yu (130&200)

fdlh O;fDr ds ejus ds ckn mlds fny dh vkf[kjh /M+du ls /efu;ksa

esa vafre ckj jDr cgrk gS vkSj mlds ckn cguk can gks tkrk gSA blfy,
e`r nsg dh /efu;ak [kkyh gksrh gSaA 'kk;n fpfdRldksa us vkSj Kku vftZr
fd;k gksrk ij rHkh ,fyXtSfUM;k esa 'kjhj jpuk dk v;;u can dj fn;k
x;kA fMlsD'ku dks xSjdkuwuh djkj fn;k x;k vkSj fiQj gtkjkas cjlksa rd 'kjhj
foKku ds ckjs esa cgqr de tkudkjh gkfly gqbZA
,d ;wukuh fpfdRld xs;yu (130&200) ds vuqlkj /efu;ak
(vkjVht) n; esa ls fudyrh FkhaA n;] /efu;kas esa jDr iEi djrk ftlls
oks 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa esa tkrk vkSj ogak mldk iks"k.k ds fy, mi;ksx gksrkA
7

xs;yu ds vuqlkj ulsa (osUl) ftxj esa fudyrh Fkha tgak ls [kwu cudj ulksa
}kjk n; esa tkrk FkkA
ij rc rd ,fyXtSfUM;k esa fpfdRld n; dh phj&iQkM+ dj pqds FksA
mUgsa n; dks nks Hkkxksa esa cakVk & ck,a osfUVhdy vkSj nk,a osfUVhdy easA mudh
nhokjsa eksVh eaklisf'k;ksa dh cuh Fkha & [kkldj ck;ha okyhA izR;sd osfUVhdy ds
mQij ,d iryh nhokj okyk d{k Fkk & cak;k ,Vh;e ,d vksj vkSj nak;k
,Vh;e nwljh vksjA gjsd ,Vh;e ,d Nssn }kjk vius uhps okys osfUVhdy ls
tqM+k FkkA ijUrq ,d ,Vh;e&osfUVhdy nwljh ds lkFk ugha tqM+h FkhA
,slk yxrk Fkk tSls n; ,d Mcy&iEi gksA mldk gjsd vk/k fgLlk
viuh vkjVht vkSj osUl ds lkFk tqM+k FkkA
ijUrq n; ds nksgjk gksus dh D;k t:jr gks ldrh gS\ fuf'pr rkSj ij
,d iEi i;kZIr gksxkA
xs;yu dk ekuuk Fkk fd n; esa ,d gh iEi gSA mls yxk fd nksuksa
osfUVhdyksa ds chp dh eksVh eaklisf'k;ksa okyh nhokj esa mUgsa tksM+us okys dqN
Nsn gksaxsA ;g Nsn brus NksVs Fks fd 'kk;n vak[k ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs gksaxsA (;g
dYiuk ljklj xyr Fkh ijUrq xs;yu ds nsgakr ds ckn Hkh yksx bls 1400
lkyksa rd lp ekurs jgsA)
1300 ds vklikl bVyh ds fpfdRldksa us fiQj ls e`r nsgksa dh
phj&iQkM+ 'kq: dhA 1316 esa brkyoh MkDVj ekSuMhuwg Ms ywV~tVh
(1275&1326) us 'kjhj&jpuk ls lEcaf/r igyh iqLrd fy[khA mlesa T;knkrj
rks ogh Fkk tks xs;yu us fl[kk;k FkkA
ij fiQj 1543 esa ,d csfYt;e ds 'kjhj&'kkL=kh ,aMh;kt osglsfy;l
(1514&1564) us [kqn bl fo"k; dk v;;u fd;k vkSj 'kjhj&jpuk ij dgha
csgrj iqLrd fy[khA rc rd Nkis[kkus 'kq: gks pqds Fks vkSj osglsfy;l fd
iqLrd vPNh rjg Nih Fkh vkSj mlesa lqanj fp=k FksA bl iqLrd dks leLr
;wjksi esa i<+k x;k vkSj blls oSKkfud euq"; ds 'kjhj ds ckjs esa vkxs dk 'kks/
djus yxsA
ijUrq osglsfy;l Hkh xsgyu dh vo/kj.kkvksa dks & [kkldj n; ds
dk;Z lEca/h elyksa dks cgqr vkxs ugha ys tk ik;kA

osglsfy;l }kjk cuk;k x;k 'kjhj&jpuk dk fp=k] 1543

9

2 ifjog.k (ljD;wys'ku)
;wjksih; MkDVjksa dks blds ckjs esa irk ugha Fkk ijUrq xs;ysu dh vo/
kj.kkvksa esa lq/kj gqvk FkkA vkSj bl dke dks vatke fn;k lhfj;k ds ,d
MkDVj bCu vy ufiQl (1210&1288) usA
1242 esa mlus 'kY;f;k lEcaf/r ,d iqLrd fy[khA xs;ysu us ,d
osfUVhdy ls nwljs esa fNnzksa }kjk jDr ds cgko dh ckr dgh FkhA uiQhl us
bldk [kaMu fd;kA ufiQl ds vuqlkj nksuksa osfUVhdYl ds chp] eksVh
eaklisf'k;ksa dh cuh ,d Bksl nhokj Fkh vkSj mlesa ls fdlh rjg dk fjluk
lEHko ugha FkkA
bldk eryc D;k n; ,d Mcy&iEi Fkk ftlesa ,d iEi nwljs ls
fdlh rjg ugha tqM+k Fkk\
ughaA bCu vy ufiQl us nk;ha osfUVhdy ls ck;ha osfUVhdy esa jDr tkus
dk ,d nwljk rjhdk lq>k;kA mlds vuqlkj n; ds fldqM+us ds lkFk nk;ha
osfUVhdy dk [kwu ,d cM+h ^iYeujh* vkjVh esa tkrk gSA ^iYeujh* ,d
ySfVu 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ iQsiQM+k gksrk gSA vly essa ^iYeujh* vkjVh iQsiQM+s
eas [kwu ys tkus dk dke djrh gSA

ck;ak iQsiQM+k
,vksjVk

nk;ak iQsiQM+k

ck;ha vksfjfdy

ysLlj ljD;wys'ku
10

tSl ^iYeujh* f'kjk iQsiQM+s esa igqaprh gS oks ,d isM+ dh Hkakfr NksVh
vkSj NksVh 'kk[kkvksa esa caVrh tkrh gSA /hjs&/hjs ;g /efu;ak bruh NksVh vkSj
eghu gks tkrh gSa fd mUgsa dsoy ekbksLdksi ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iQsiQM+s
dh eghu f'kjkvksa eas jDr gok bdV~Bh djrk gSA ;g NksVh f'kjk,a fiQj bdV~Bh
gksdj cM+h gks tkrh gSa vkSj fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ;s jDr f'kjk,a (osUl) gksrh gSaA
/hjs&/hjs bu jDr f'kjkvksa dh la[;k de gksrh gS vkSj os cM+h gksrh gSa vkSj
var esa buls ,d cM+h f'kjk ^iYeujh* f'kjk curh gSA
^iYeujh* f'kjk esa vc jDr ds lkFk feyh gok vc ck,a ,fV;e esa
tkrh gS vkSj ogak ls ck,a osfUVhdy esaA tc n; ldqM+rk gS rc ck;ha
osfUVhdy dk jDr ftlesa gok feyh gksrh gS oks ,vksjVk esa pyk tkrk gSA
,vksjVk 'kjhj dh lcls cM+h /euh gksrh gSA mlds ckn ;g jDr 'kjhj ds lHkh
vaxksa esa cg dj tkrk gSA
blls gesa Mcy&iEi dh ckr le> vk,xhA gks ldrk gS fd jDr ftxj
(;r) esa cudj fiQj n; esa tkrk gks vkSj ogak ls iwjs 'kjhj esa tkrk gksA
ij lcls igys oks nk,a ,fV;e vkSj osfUVhdy esa tkrk gS vkSj ogak ls oks
iQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj okil ykSVrk gSA mlds ckn esa oks ck,a ,fV;e vkSj osfUVhdy
esa tkdj fiQj iwjs 'kjhj esa tkrk gSA n; dk nk;ak Hkkx ,d fo'ks"k iEi dk
dke djrk gS vkSj jDr vkSj gok dh lIykbZ dk dke djrk gSA
dYiuk djsa jDr ds nk;ha osfUVhdy ls iQsiQM+ksa rd tkdj fiQj n; esa
okfil vkus dhA rc ge dg ldrs gSa fd jDr ^ljD;wysV* gks jgk gSA
^ljD;wysV* ,d ySfVu 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ ,d xksys esa ?kweuk gksrk gSA iQsiQM+s
rd tkus vkSj okfil vkus ds nkSjs dks ^ysLlj ljD;wys'ku* blfy, dgrs gSa
D;ksafd ck;ak osfUVhdy jDr dks ,d yEch ;k=kk ij Hkstrk gSA bCu vy ufiQl
us ck;ha osfUVhdy ls fudys jDr ds ckjs esa dqN ugha fy[kkA 'kk;n ogak ls
fudyk jDr 'kjhj lks[k ysrk gks vkSj blfy, u, jDr ds fuekZ.k dh t:jr
iM+rh gksA
ftl izdkj xs;yu }kjk lq>k, osfUVhdYl ds chp ds fNnzksa dks fdlh us
ughsa ns[kk FkkA mlh rjg iQsiQM+ksa dh ,dne ckjhd vkSj eghu f'kjkvksa dks Hkh
ml le; fdlh us ugha ns[kk ugha gksxkA bCu vy ufiQl ds lq>ko esa ;gh
cM+h xyrh FkhA
11

,d vkSj fnDdr FkhA ;wjksi esa fdlh dks Hkh bCu vy ufiQl dh iqLrd
ds ckjs esa irk ugha FkkA 1924 esa ;wjksi esa yksxksa dks mlds ckjs esa irk pykA
blfy, mUgsa ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dks [kqn gh [kkstuk iM+kA ;g [kkst lcls
igys ,d LiSfu'k MkDVj fe'ksy lsjohVql (1511&1553) us dhA
lsjohVql dk tekuk dkiQh mFky&iqFky okyk FkkA if'peh ;wjksi dk
dSFkksfyd ppZ nks Hkkx esa foHkDr gks pqdk FkkA tks yksx mlls fudys mUgksaus
[kqn dks izksVsLVsUV~l dgkA bu nksuksa blkbZ leqnk;ksa dSFkksfyDl vkSj izksVsLVsUVl~ ds
chp Hk;adj oSeuL; FkkA
lsjohVql ds /kfeZd fopkjksa ls nksuksa dSFkksfyDl vkSj izksVsLVsUVl~ leqnk;
ukjkt FksA 1553 esa lsjohVql us ,d iqLrd Nkih ftlesa mUgksaus vius fopkj
O;Dr fd,A mlus tkucw> dj fdrkc ds ys[kd ds :i esa viuk uke ugha
NkikA ijUrq mlus fopkjksa dh lkoZtfud rkSj ij bruh ppkZ gqbZ Fkh blfy,
lc dks iqLrd ds ys[kd dk uke irk FkkA
akl ds dSFkksfyDl us lsjohVql dks fxjrkj fd;k ij oks ogak ls iQjkj
gksdj tusok] fLoVtjySaM pyk x;kA ml le; fLoVtjySaM esa ,d cgqr dBksj
'kkld Fkk & tWku dkfYou (1509&1564)A dkfYou] lsjohVql ds /kfeZd
fopkjksa dks lqudj bruk gSjku gqvk fd mlus lsjohVql dks lwyh ij tyk nsus
dk vkns'k fn;kA mlds ckn lsjohVql dh iqLrdksa dh lkjh izfr;ksa dks bdV~Vk
dj mUgsa Hkh tyk fn;k x;kA
HkkX;o'k dqN izfr;ak cph jgha vkSj 1694 esa & lsjohVql dh e`R;q ds Ms<+
lkS o"kZ ckn ,d izfr lkeus vkbZA MkDVjksa dks i<+dj cgqr vk'p;Z gqvk fd
iqLrd esa u dsoy lsjohVql us vius
/kfeZd fopkj izdV fd, Fks ijUrq mlus c[kwch ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* ftlesa
jDr iQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj okfil vkrk gS dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k FkkA ;g [kkst vc
rhljh ckj gqbZ FkhA
1559 esa lsjohVql dh e`R;q ds Ng lky ckn ,d bVSfy;u MkDVj js;sYMks
dwyEcks (1516&1559) us Hkh jDr ds ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dh [kkst dh vkSj
ml ij ,d iqLrd fy[khA
;g iqLrd cph jgh vkSj ftUnk jghA cgqr ls fpfdRldksa us mls i<+k
vkSj oks dwyEcks ds er ls lger gq,A dwyEcks dk fopkj lsjohVql vkSj bCu
vy ufiQl ds cgqr ckn lkeus vk;k] ij dwyEcks dh fdrkc gh ;wjksi ds
MkDVjksa dks miyC/ FkhA dwyEcks ds dke ds vk/kj ij oks vkxs dk 'kks/ dj
ik,A blfy, dwyEcks dks jDr ds ^cgko ds NksVs iFk* dh [kkst dk Js; tkrk
gSA
12

1574 esa bVSfy;u MkDVj fxjksykeks iQScfjph (1537&1619) iSj dh

f'kjkvksa dk v;;u dj jgs FksA mls muesa NksVs&NksVs ^okYo* utj vk,A vxj
jDr ,d fn'kk esa cgrk rks okYo d{k dh nhokj dh vksj eqM+ tkrsA blls
fcuk fdlh izfrjks/ ds jDr ml fn'kk esa cgrkA ij vxj jDr nwljh fn'kk esa
cgrk rks okYo [kqy tkrs vkSj f'kjk dks can dj nsrsA

okYo

f'kjk esa okYo

bldk eryc Fkk fd ;s ,d&fn'kk essa dke djus okys okYo FksA blls
lh/s [kM+s O;fDr dk [kwu cg ldrk FkkA ij jDr uhps dh vksj ugha cg
ldrk FkkA
;g le> esa Hkh vkrk gSA tc dksbZ O;fDr vius iSj fgykrk gS ;k fiQj
iSj dh eaklisf'k;ksa dks dlrk gS rc oks eaklisf'k;ksa f'kjkvksa dks nckrh gSa vkSj
mu f'kjkvksa ds vanj jDr dks uhps dh vksj xqjQRo ds izHkko ds foijhr mQij
cgus dks etcwj djrh gSaA vxj dksbZ O;fDr vius iSj dh eaklisf'k;ksa dks
f'kfFky j[krk gS] rks f'kjkvksa esa vf/d jDr rks ugha cgrk gS] ij oks xqjQRo
}kjk uhps Hkh ugha f[kaprk gSA okYo] jDr dks uhps tkus ls jksdus dk dke
djrs gSaA
ij mlds ckn ,d fczfV'k MkDVj fofy;e gkosZ (1578&1657) dk
vkxeu gqvkA MkDVjh djus ds ckn oks mPp f'k{kk ds fy, bVyh x, tgak oks
iQScfjph ds f'k"; cusA
gkosZ us e`r O;fDr;ksa ds n;ksa dks dkVk&NakVk vkSj ,fV;e vkSj mldh
osfUVhdy ds chp ds okYo dk v;;u fd;kA mlus bu okYo~l dks nks&rjiQk
ik;kA os fcuk fdlh leL;k ds ,fV;e ls osfUVhdy dh vksj jDr dks cgus
13

nsrsA ij n; ds fldqM+us ij okYo ds dkj.k osfUVhdy ls ,fV;e dh vksj

jDr ugha cg ikrkA bldh ctk, ,d /Dds ls lkjk [kwu jDr /efu;kas esa
tkrkA
fiQj gkosZ iSj dh f'kjkvksa ds okYo ds ckjs esa lkspus yxs ftldh [kkst
mlds f'k{kd iQScfjph us dh FkhA os okYo fliQZ ,d&fn'kk okys Fks vkSj os
jDr dks n; dh vksj /dsyrs FksA
mlus tkuojksa dh vyx&vyx f'kjkvksa (osUl) dks cak/dj bl ckjs esa
ijh{k.k fd,A gj ckj f'kjk,a cak/us ds ckn ml LFkku ij iQwyrha tks n; ls
nwj FkkA ,slk yxrk tSls jDr n; dh vksj cgus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk FkkA
vkSj D;ksafd cak/us ds dkj.k oks n; dh vksj ugha cg ik;k blfy, cak/us ds
LFkku ds uhps f'kjk iQwy xbZA ;g ckr lHkh f'kjkvksa ij ykxw gksrh FkhA

fofy;e gkosZ (1578&1657)

/efu;ksa (vkjVht) dks cak/us ls n; dh vksj ul iQwyrh FkhaA ,slk

yxrk tSls jDr n; ls nwj tkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gks vkSj ck/k vkus dh
otg us ugha cg ik jgk gksA
vc gkosZ dks tks dqN gks jgk Fkk oks le> eas vk;kA n; jDr dks
/efu;ksa (vkjVht) esa /dsyus dh dksf'k'k djrk] vkSj fiQj [kwu f'kjkvksa
(osUl) }kjk n; esa okil vkrkA nksuksa osfUVhdy ds lkFk ;gh gksrk gSA jDr
14

dk nksgjk cgko gksrk gSA vxj nk;ha osfUVhdy ls 'kq: fd;k tk, rks jDr
/efu;ksa (vkjVht) ls gksdj iQsiQM+ksa esa tkrk gS vkSj fiQj f'kjkvksa (osUl) esa
ls gksdj ck,a ,fV;e esa tkdj fiQj ck,a osfUVhdy esa tkrk gSA ck,a osfUVhdy
ls jDr /efu;ksa (vkjVht) esa tkdj fiQj f'kjkvksa (osUl) esa ls nk,a ,fV;e
ls xqtjrk gqvk nk,a osfUVhdy esa tkrk gSA(;g ^cM+s cgko dk iFk* gSA)A vkSj
cgko dk ;g p nqckjk fiQj 'kq: gksrk gSA
gkosZ ds vuqlkj ;g vo/kj.kk fd euq"; dk 'kjhj jDr bLrseky djrk
gS vkSj blfy, ges'kk u;k [kwu curk jgrk gS] xyr gSA n; ,d ckj
fldqM+us ij fdruk jDr iEi djrk gS] vkSj n; ,d ?kaVs esa fdruh ckj
fldqM+rk gS] bldks gkosZ us ekikA mlus ik;k fd ,d ?kaVs eas n; }kjk iEi
fd;k jDr] euq"; ds Hkkj dk rhu&xquk gksrk gSA bl rst xfr us rks 'kjhj
jDr dk mi;ksx dj ldrk gS vkSj u gh mldk fuekZ.kA blfy, ogh jDr
yxkrkj 'kjhj esa ?kwerk gS vkSj mlh dk 'kjhj yxkrkj mi;ksx djrk gSA

iYeujh osu

iQSyh gqbZ osfUVhdy

fldqM+h gqbZ osfUVhdy

n; iEi dSls djrk gS

gkosZ ds lkeus vHkh Hkh ogh leL;k Fkh ftlls bCu vy ufiQl tw> jgk
FkkA NksVh vkjVh vkSj osUl dks cgqr ckjhd vkSj eghu f'kjkvksa ls tqM+uk FkkA
ij ;g eghu f'kjk,a fn[kkbZ gh ugha nsrh FkhaA D;k os okdbZ esa Fkha Hkh\
1650 esa oSKkfudksa us dakp ds ysUlksa dks bl izdkj tksM+k Fkk ftlls fd
lkekU; :i ls vak[k ls u fn[kus okyh oLrqvksa dks cM+k djds ns[kk tk ldsA
bu midj.kksa dks ekbksLdksi dgrs FksA ekbksLdksi ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gS
ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh pht dks ns[kuk*A
15

f'kjk (gYdh)

/efu;ka (xgjh)

ljD;wysVjh flLVe
16

ekbksLdksi dk lcls igys mi;ksx bVSfy;u oSKkfud ekjflyks eSyfith

(1628&1694) us fd;kA ekbksLdksi dh lgk;rk ls oks mu eghu vkSj ckjhd
jDr f'kjkvksa dks ns[k ik, tks vHkh rd vn`'; FkhaA
1661 esa gkosZ dh e`R;q ds pkj o"kZ ckn eSyfith us pexknM+ksa ds ia[kksa
dk v;;u fd;kA mls muds ia[kksa dh iryh f>Yyh esa jDr f'kjk,a fn[kkbZ
nhaA vkSj ekbksLdksi ds uhps mlus ns[kk fd NksVh vkjVh vkSj osUl ,dne
ckjhd vkSj eghu jDr f'kjkvksa ls tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA
mlus bu eghu f'kjkvksa dk uke ^dSfiyjh* ;k dsf'kdk j[kkA ;wukuh esa
^dSfiyjh* dk vFkZ gksrk gS ^cky tSls* vkSj ;g f'kjk,a fcYdqy cky tSlh
eghu FkhaA
dsf'kdkvksa dh [kkst ds ckn ls 'kjhj esa jDr ds cgko dh vo/kj.kk
LFkkbZ vk/kj ij LFkkfir gqbZ vkSj rc ls lHkh yksx mls eku jgs gSaA
,d fczfV'k oSKkfud LVhfiQu gsYl (1677&1761) jDrpki ;k
^CyM&izs'kj* ekius okys igys oSKkfud FksA fdrus nkc ls jDr cgrk gS ;g
mldk eki gSA mUgksaus 1733 esa bl vo/kj.kk dks is'k fd;kA vktdy
jDrpki dk ekik tkuk ,d cgqr lkekU; ckr gSA ^mPp jDrpki* gksuk [krjs
dh ?kaVh gksrk gSA

17

3 yky dksf'kdk,a
lkekU; vak[k dks [kwu ,d yky rjy utj vkrk gS vkSj mldk gj
Hkkx ns[kus esa ,d tSlk yxrk gSA ijUrq ekbksLdksi ls ns[kus ij mlesa ,d
ikjn'khZ rjy esa dqN NksVh oLrq,a rSjrh gqbZ utj vkrh gSaA bu NksVh phtksa ds
dkj.k gh [kwu yky fn[krk gSA rjy dk jax gYdk ihyk gksrk gS vkSj mlesa
rSj jgh NksVh phtksa dk jax Hkh gYdk ihyk gksrk gSA ijUrq tc cgqr lh NksVh
phtsa bdV~Bh gksrh gSa rks fiQj mudk jax yky gks tkrk gSA
ekbksLdksi ds 'kqjQvkrh fnuksa esa gh bu NksVh oLrqvksa dks ns[kk x;kA
eSyfith us mUgsa ns[kkA ,d Mp oSKkfud tSu LoSevjMSe (1637&1680) us
1658 esa mudk o.kZu fd;kA bu nksuksa oSKkfudksa esa ls bls igys ns[kus dk Js;
fdls feys ;g fdlh dks ugha irkA
vius jax ds vk/kj ij bu NksVh phtksa dks ^jsM lsYl* cqyk;k x;kA
vaxzsth esa ^lsy* dk eryc gksrk gS thfor izkf.k;ksa dh ,d cgqr NksVh bdkbZ
& bruh lw{e fd ftls ekbksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk lEHko u gksA ^jsM
lsYl* dk ,d vkSj uke gS ^bZfjFkjkslkbV~l* ftldk ;wukuh esa vFkZ gksrk gS ^jsM
lsYl*A
^jsM lsYl* dks lcls igys Mp oSKkfud varksu iWQku ysfougwd
(1632&1723) us v;;u fd;kA 'kqjQvkr esa mlds ikl fo'o esa lcls mRre
ekbksLdksIl FksA mlus Li"V dakp dks f?kldj cf<+;k DokfyVh ds ysUl cuk,
FksA mu ysUlksa ls ns[kus ij mls NksVh phtsa vR;f/d cM+h utj vkrha vkSj oks
mudks ,dne Li"V ns[k ikrkA

yky dksf'kdk,a
18

ysfougwd us ^jsM lsYl* dk o.kZu fy[kkA oks likV pdfr;ksa tSls Fks vkSj
muds dasnz esa ,d xM~<k FkkA oks ns[kus esa cPpksa dh pwlus okyh xksfy;ksa tSls
yxrs ij muds chp esa Li"V Nsn ugha FkkA
ysfougwd us mudks ukius dh dksf'k'k Hkh dhA mudk vkdkj cgqr NksVk
Fkk & vf/dak'k dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh NksVkA vxj 3400 dksf'kdkvksa dks ,d js[kk
esa lVkdj j[ksa rks mudh yEckbZ ,d&bap dh gksxhA vxj mUgsa ,d&ds&mQij
j[kdj ltk,a rks 12000 dksf'kdkvksa dh mQapkbZ feydj ,d&bap gksxhA
bruk t:j Fkk fd os izpqj ek=kk esa FkhaA dYiuk djsa ,d fMCcs dh
ftldh yEckbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ 1@25&bap gks vkSj mQapkbZ Hkh 1@25&bap dh gksA
,sls fMCcs dks vki eqf'dy ls ns[k ik,axsA
vc vki bl fMCcs dks jDr ls HkjsaA ,d cwan jDr ,sls 50 fMCcksa dks
vklkuh ls Hkj ik,xkA ,sls ,d NksVs fMCcs esa yxHkx 50 yk[k yky dksf'kdk,a
gksaxhA 1852 esa ;g vakdM+k teZu oSKkfud dkyZ iQh:V us lq>k;kA
jDr ges'kk yky ugha gksrk gSA iQsiQM+ksa ls okilh ds ckn gh jDr dk jax
yky gksrk gSA iQsiQM+ksa esa jDr gok lks[krk gSA bl yky jDr dks ck;ha
osfUVhdy iwjs 'kjhj esa iEi djrh gSA 'kjhj bl gok dk mi;ksx djrk gS vkSj
ogak ls okfil vkus okyk jDr xgjs uhys jax dk gksrk gSA ogak ls jDr n; esa
okfil vkrk gS vkSj ogak ls iQsiQM+ksa esa tkdj fiQj yky curk gSA

gkFk dh f'kjk,a
19

bl rF; dh 1669 esa ,d fczfV'k MkDVj fjpMZ yksvj (1631&1691) us

[kkst dhA vkjVht (/efu;ksa) eas cgus okyk [kwu (iQsiQM+ksa dh vksj tkus okys
jDr dks NksM+dj) ges'kk yky gksrk gS vkSj mls vkjVhfj;y&CyM ([kwu)
dgrs gSaA blds foijhr osUl (f'kjkvksa) esa cgus okys [kwu (iQsiQM+ksa ls vkus
okys jDr dks NksM+dj) xgjs jax dk gksrk gS vkSj mls ^ohul&CyM* dgrs gSaA
vxj vkidh Ropk xksjs jax dh gks rks vki viuh gFksyh ds fupys
fgLls dks ns[ksaA vkidks ogak f'kjk,a fn[kkbZ nsaxh tks ohul&jDr dks vkids n;
rd okfil ys tk jgh gksaxhA vkidks Ropk ds uhps oks uhyh js[kkvksa tSlh
fn[ksaxhA muesa jDr cg jgk gksxk ij oks yky jDr ugha gksxkA
vxj vkidh Ropk xgjs jax dh gS] ;k fiQj vki ckgj lwjt dh rst /
wi esa dkiQh nsj fcrk dj vk, gSa rks fiQj vkidh gFksyh ds mYVs fgLls esa ;g
f'kjk,a ugha fn[ksaxhA iqjkus tekus eas cgqr /uh yksx gh lwjt dh /wi ls [kqn
dks cpk ikrs FksA ckdh xjhc yksxksa dks fnu Hkj /wi esa [ksr&[kfygkuksa esa dke
djuk iM+rk FkkA rc fliQZ ;wjksi ds /uh yksx ftudh Ropk xksjh Fkh vkSj tks
/wi ls cps jgrs Fks gh viuh uhyh&f'kjkvksa dks ns[k ikrs FksA blh fy,
mPp&oxZ ds /uoku yksxksa dks dHkh&dHkh ^Cyw&CyM* (uhys [kwu okys) Hkh
dgrs gSaA
vxj fdlh nq?kZVuk esa dHkh ul dV x;h rks mlesa ls dHkh uhyk [kwu
ugha fudyrk FkkA dVh ul ls ckgj vkus okyk [kwu tSls gh gok ds lEidZ esa
vkrk mldk jax yky gks tkrkA
gok esa oks D;k pht Fkh ftlls [kwu yky cukrk Fkk\
1774 esa ,d fczfV'k jklk;u'kkL=kh tkstsiQ izhLVys (1733&1804) us ,d
ubZ xSl [kksthA bl xSl esa vkx cgqr rsth ls pedrs gq, tyrh FkhA vxj
fdlh fcuk yiV okys lqyxrh gqbZ ydM+h dks bl xSl esa yk;k tkrk rks oks /
/d dj tyus yxrh FkhA
1778 esa ,d sap jklk;u'kkL=kh vaVksbu ykSjsaV ykokts (1743&1794) us
fn[kk;k fd gok esa nks vyx&vyx xSlsa gksrh gSaA mlesa ls 1@5 Hkkx izhLVys dh
xSl ftls ykokts us ^vkWDlhtu* uke fn;k gksrk gSA ckdh 4@5 fgLlk
^ukbVkstu* uke dh xSl dk gksrk gSA
vkWDlhtu] jDr ds lkFk feydj mlds pedhyk yky cukrh gSA
vkjVhfj;y&CyM (/efu;ksa esa cgus okyk [kwu) vkWDlhtfur gksrk gSA
1857 esa ,d teZu oSKkfud twfy;l yksFkj es;j (1830&1895) us
fn[kk;k fd vkWDlhtu vkerkSj ij jDr ds rjy Hkkx ds ugha feyrh gSA
20

vkWDlhtu yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls feyrh gSA

rc rd ;g ekywe iM+ pqdk Fkk fd 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa esa izksVhu
uked tfVy inkFkZ gksrs gaSA gjsd izksVhu cgqr ls v.kqvksa ls feydj curk gS
ftUgsa ijek.kq dgrs gSaA vkSj izksVhu dk gjsd ijek.kq lSdM+ksa ;k gtkjksa v.kqvksa
ls feydj curk gSA 1851 esa teZu oSKkfud vkWVks iQqdw (1828&1879) us
yky dksf'kdkvksa ls ,d izksVhu gkfly fd;kA ,d vU; teZu jklk;u'kkL=kh
vjusLV iQsfyDl gksiq >s;yj (1825&1895) us bl izksVhu dks 'kqhdj.k dj
mldk v;;u fd;kA
yky dksf'kdk ls fudys izksVhu dks ^gheksXyksfcu* dgrs gSaA ^gheks* dk
;wukuh esa vFkZ jDr gksrk gS vkSj ^Xyksfcu* ,d izksVhu dk uke gksrk gSA
blfy, ^gheksXyksfcu* ,d ^jDr&izksVhu* gSA
tc jDr iQsiQM+ksa esa ls xqtjrk gS rc gok esa ekStwn vkWDlhtu xgjs jax
ds gkseksXyksfcu ls feydj pedhys yky jax dh vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu cukrh
gSA blesa vkWDlhtu <hys rjg ls idM+h gqbZ gksrh gS ftlls fd tc jDr
dsf'kdkvksa esa ls 'kjhj esa ?kwes rc dksf'kdk,a vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu esa ls
vkWDlhtu dks vklkuh ls xzg.k dj ldsaA vc ;g vkWDlh&gkseksXyksfcu nqckjk
gkseksXyksfcu cu tkrk gSA
dksf'kdk,a Hkkstu }kjk feys ijek.kqvksa dks vkWDlhtu ds lkFk feykrh gSaA
blls mQtkZ fuekZ.k gksrh gS vkSj 'kjhj pyus fiQjus dk dke dj ikrk gSA
1747 essa ,d bVSfy;u jklk;u'kkL=kh foaflUtks ,aVksfu;ks esutsuh
(1704&1759) us jDr esa vYi ek=kk esa yksgk ik;kA mls yxk fd
yky&dksf'kdkvksa esa yksgk gksrk gSA ckn esa ;g ekywe iM+k fd gkseksXyksfcu ds
gjsd ijek.kq esa yksgs ds pkj v.kq gksrs gSaA vly esa bu yksgs ds v.kqvksa ds
lkFk gh vkWDlhtu ds v.kq tkdj tqM+rs gSaA
'kjhj esa ls [kwu fudyus ls O;fDr esa yksgs dh deh vkrh gSA vxj
mlds Hkkstu esa yksgs dh i;kZIr ek=kk ugha gqbZ rks mlds 'kjhj esa yksgs dh
deh jgrh gS vkSj oks jDr{kh.krk (,uhfe;k) dk f'kdkj gksrk gSA mldk [kwu
i;kZIr ek=kk esa vkWDlhtu bdV~Bh ugha dj ikrk gS vkSj blls mlds 'kjhj esa
mQtkZ dh deh cuh jgrh gSA ,uhfe;k ls ihfM+r O;fDr [kqn dks ges'kk Fkdk
eglwl djrk gSA
vxj fdlh O;fDr dh pksV esa ls cgqr [kwu cgk gks vkSj mlls 'kjhj esa
[kwu dh deh gqbZ gks\ D;k fdlh tkuoj dk [kwu ml O;fDr ds 'kjhj esa
batsD'ku ls p<+k;k tk ldrk gS\
21

1600 esa bl ij iz;ksx gqvk vkSj ,d tkuoj esa nwljs dk jDr p<+k;k
x;kA 1666 esa fjpMZ yksvj us igyh ckj fdlh tkuoj dk [kwu ,d balku dks
p<+k;kA
dHkh&dHkh ckgjh [kwu dke djrk dHkh ughaA dHkh&dHkh ckgjh [kwu
p<+k, tkus ds ckn yksxksa dh e`R;q gks tkrhA blfy, MkDVj bl rduhd dks
vf/d mi;ksx esa ugha ykrs FksA
,d fczfV'k MkDVj tsEl CyuMy (1790&1877) us var esa ;g
lqfuf'pr fd;k fd ,d tkuoj dk jDr mlh iztkfr ds tkuoj ds fy,
lgk;d gksxkA blfy, vxj fdlh balku dks [kwu dh t:jr iM+s rks oks [kwu
fdlh nwljs balku dk gh gksA 1818 ls mlus t:jrean ejhtksa esa vU; LoLF;
yksxksa dk [kwu p<+kuk 'kq: fd;kA
,slk p<+k;k [kwu dHkh dke djrk vkSj dHkh ughaA tc oks dke ugha
djrk rks ,slk yxk tSls p<+k, x, [kwu dh yky&dksf'kdk,a ejht dh jDr
f'kjkvksa esa dldj ca/ ;k ^,XywVhusV* gks xbZ gksaA vxj yky&dksf'kdkvksa ds
vyx us gksus okys xqPNs p<+k, x, rks muls ejht dh gkyr igys ls Hkh vkSj
[kjkc gksus dk vans'kk FkkA mlls ejht ej Hkh ldrk FkkA
1900 esa vkfLV;u MkDVj dkyZ ySaMLVkbuj (1868&1943) us bl xqRFkh
dks lqy>k;kA viuh [kkst esa mUgsa pkj vyx&vyx izdkj dh
yky&dksf'kdk,a feyhaA dqN yksxksa dh yky&dksf'kdk,a esa ^,* izdkj dk
jklk;u esa tqM+k gksrk vkSj dqN essa ^ch* izdkj dk jklk;uA blhfy, ge ^,*
vkSj ^ch* izdkj ds [kwu dh ckr djrs gSaA ftu yksxksa esa nksuksa jklk;u Fks mUgsa
^,&ch* Js.kh eas j[kk tkrkA ftu yksxksa esa dksbZ Hkh jklk;u ugha Fkk mUgsa ,d
vyx Js.kh ^vks* esa j[kk tkrkA
vxj ,d izdkj ds [kwu dks vyx izdkj ds [kwu okys ejht dks p<+k;k
tkrk rks oks vDlj ^,XywVhusV* gksrk FkkA blfy, t:jh Fkk fd ejht dks
mlds [kwu ds izdkj okyk gh [kwu p<+k;k tk,A fdlh vkikr fLFkfr esa
^,&ch* [kwu okyk ejht ^,* vkSj ^ch* nksuksa Vkbi ds [kwu dks Lohdkj djsxkA
ijUrq ^,&ch* [kwu feyuk cgqr nqyZHk gksrk gSA iPphl esa ls dsoy ,d
vejhdk dk [kwu gh ^,&ch* Vkbi dk gksrk gSA
^,* Vkbi vkSj ^ch* Vkbi okys ejht lgtrk ls ^vks* Vkbi dk jDr
Lohdkj dj ldrs gSaA blfy, jDrnku esa tc [kwu bdV~Bk fd;k tkrk gS rks
^vks* Vkbi lcls mi;ksxh gksrk gSA ^vks* Vkbi [kwu dks fdlh ejht dks fcuk
fdlh [krjs ds fn;k tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ^vks* Vkbi ds ejht dsoy ^vks*
22

Vkbi ds [kwu dks gh Lohdkjrs gaSA yxHkx vk/s vejhdh ^vks* Vkbi ds gSaA
1930 esa ySaMLVkbuj dks [kwu dh vyx Jsf.k;ak [kkstus ds fy, ukscsy iqjQLdkj
feykA
dqN yksx yky&dksf'kdkvksa dks muds uke ls cqykuk ilan ugha djrs gSaA
1831 esa ,d LdWkfV'k oSKkfud jkWcVZ czkmu (1773&1858) us
dksf'kdkvksa ds vanj ,d NksVk <akpk [kkstkA mlus bl <akps dks ukfHk ;k
U;wfDy;l uke fn;kA ckn esa irk pyk fd gjsd dksf'kdk ds vanj ,d
U;wfDy;l gksrk gSA vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS fd dksf'kdk dk lcls
egRoiw.kZ Hkkx mldk U;wfDy;l gksrk gSA U;wfDy;l ds vanj ,d inkFkZ gksrk
gS ftlls fd oks ,d&dksf'kdk dks nks&dksf'kdkvksa esa cakV ldrk gSA U;wfDy;l
ds fcuk dksf'kdk,a viuh la[;k esa o`f ugha dj ldrh gSaA
balkuksa (vkSj dbZ vU; tkuojksa) dh yky&dksf'kdkvksa esa U;wfDy;l ugha
gksrk gS vkSj blfy, os lPph dksf'kdk,a ugha gksrh gSA bl otg ls mUgsa
yky&df.kdk (dkSjiqly) cqyk;k tkrk gSA
yky&dksf'kdk,a ;k yky&df.kdk,a (vki mUgsa tks Hkh cqykuk pkgsa)
U;wfDy;l u gksus ds dkj.k cgqr le; rd ftUnk ugha jgrh gSaA fiQj Hkh oks
cgqr Je djrh gSa & 'kjhj esa b/j&m/j ?kwe dj yxkrkj vkWDlhtu bdV~Bk
djds mls ckj&ckj 'kjhj ds fofHkUu vaxksa dks nsrh gSaA 125 fnuksa ds ckn oks
VwVuk 'kq: gksrh gSaA oks 'kjhj ds ,d vax & frYyh (Liyhu) esa bdV~Bh gksrh
gSa tgak 'kjhj ds ckdh vif'k"V ds lkFk mudh Hkh liQkbZ gksrh gSA

Liyhu dh fLFkfr
23

'kjhj ds vanj izR;sd lsd.M 20 yk[k yky&dksf'kdk,a VwVrh gSaA D;ksafd

'kjhj esa bruh vf/d yky&dksf'kdk,a gSa blfy, ;g 20 yk[k vf/d ek;us
ugha j[krh gSaA lkFk&lkFk vfLFk&eTtk (cksu eSjks) esa yxkrkj ubZ
yky&dksf'kdk,a dks fuekZ.k Hkh tkjh jgrk gS & yxHkx mlh xfr ls ftl
jrkj ls oks [kRe gks jgh gSaA ubZ yky&dksf'kdk,a mu ikyd dksf'kdk,a ls
iSnk gksrh gSa ftuesa U;wfDy;l gksrk gSA

4 liQsn dksf'kdk,a vkSj IysVysV~l

oSls jDr izokg esa lcls vf/d ek=kk esa feyus okyh yky&dksf'kdk,a
gksrh gSa] ijUrq muds lkFk jDr esa vU; phtsa Hkh rSjrh gSaA
1850 esa ,d sap MkDVj tkstiQ dklhehj nkgoku (1812&1882) dks
[kwu esa dqN ,slh dksf'kdk,a fn[kkbZ nha tks lkekU; yky&dksf'kdk,a ls cgqr
cM+h FkhaA ftu dksf'kdkvksa dks nkgoku us ns[kk mudh xfr cgqr dqN ^vehck*
ds pyus&fiQjus ls feyrh&tqyrh FkhA vehck cgqrk;r esa ik, tkus okyk
,d&dksf'kdh; izk.kh gksrk gS ftls vklkuh ls ekbksLdksi }kjk rkykc ds ikuh
esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vehck ftl fn'kk esa vkxs c<+uk pkgrk gS oks ml vksj
vius 'kjhj dks rsth ls iQqykrk gSA fiQj dksf'kdk dk rjy ml iQwys gq, Hkkx
esa ?kqlrk gSA bl chp ogak ,d vkSj fgLlk iQwyrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ;g
flyflyk tkjh jgrk gSA blh izdkj jDr esa ihys jax dh dksf'kdk,a rSjrh gSaA
1869 esa nkgoku us fn[kk;k fd ;g dksf'kdk,a jDr esa ekStwn ckgjh
inkFkksZa (iQkjsu&ckWMh) dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjdj mls lks[k ysrh FkhaA
yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls fHkUu bu dksf'kdkvksa dks vDlj liQsn&dksf'kdk
(OgkbV&lsYl) cqyk;k tkrk gSA liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa esa gheksXyksfcu ugha gksrk gS
vkSj u gh muesa fdlh izdkj dk jax gksrk gSA blhfy, mudk jax FkksM+k ihyk
gksrk gSA oks yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls fHkUu gksrh gSa D;ksafd os lEiw.kZ gksrh gSaA gj
liQsn&dksf'kdk esa ,d U;wfDy;l gksrk gS tks dkiQh cM+k gksrk gSA 1855 esa
oSKkfud mUgsa ^Y;wdkslkbV~l* cqykus yxsA ^Y;wdkslkbV~l* ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gS
ftldk eryc gksrk gS liQsn&dksf'kdkA
liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dh la[;k yky&dksf'kdkvksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr de
gksrh gSA 650 yky&dksf'kdkvksa ij fliQZ ,d liQsn&dksf'kdk gksrh gSA blhfy,
rks liQsn&dksf'kdk dh [kkst bruh nsj ckn gqbZA 650 yky&dksf'kdkvksa ij
24

fliQZ ,d liQsn&dksf'kdk gksus ds ckotwn jDr esa dqy feykdj djksM+ksa

liQsn&dksf'kdk,a gksrh gSaA
1860 ds ckn ls jklk;u'kkL=kh rjg&rjg dh u, f=ke jax (Mkbt)
cukus yxsA ,d teZu MkDVj ikWy ,gjfyd (1854&1915) dh bu f=ke
jaxksa dks bLrseky djus esa fo'ks"k jQfp FkhA mUgsa yxrk Fkk fd ;g f=ke jax
dksf'kdkvksa ds vanj ds inkFkZ }kjk lks[ks tk,axs vkSj mlls ;g vn`'; inkFkZ
fn[kus yxsaxsA fofHkUu f=ke jax dksf'kdk ds vanj vyx&vyx inkFkksZa ls
izfrf;k djsaxs vkSj 'kk;n mlls dksf'kdk ds vanj ds NksVs&NksVs <akpksa dk
vPNh rjg v;;u djuk lEHko gksxkA (jaxksa ds fcuk dksf'kdkvkas ds vanj
dqN Hkh ns[kuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA dksf'kdk ds vanj lHkh <akps ikjn'khZ gksrs gSa
vkSj os ,d&nwljs dh ijNkabZ utj vkrs gSa)A

yky&dksf'kdk,a

liQsn&dksf'kdk,a

jDr dksf'kdk

,gjfyd us fofHkUu f=ke jaxksa dk mi;ksx vusdksa dksf'kdkvksa ij fd;kA

1875 esa mlus f=ke jaxksa dk iz;ksx liQsn&dksf'kdkvkas ij fd;k vkSj ik;k fd
lHkh liQsn&dksf'kdk,a dh jaxksa ij leku izfrf;k ugha gksrhA oks
liQsn&dksf'kdkvkas dks vyx&vyx lewgksa esa cakVus esa liQy gq,A vktdy
25

ge liQsn&dksf'kdkvkas ds iakp lewgksa dks vPNh rjg tkurs gSa vkSj lkekU;
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mudk ,d&nwljs dh rqyuk esa vuqikr fLFkj jgrk gSA vxj
muesa ls fdlh ,d dk Hkh vuqikr xM+cM+krk gS rks mlls MkDVjksa dks dksbZ
chekjh gksus dh psrkouh feyrh gSA
dHkh&dHkh vfLFk&eTtk (cksu eSjks) esa t:jr ls T;knk
liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dk fuekZ.k gksus yxrk gSA mlls jDr esa liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa
dh ek=kk lkekU; ls 150&xquh T;knk gks tkrh gSA jDr esa ckdh dksf'kdkvksa dh
HkhM+ gksrh gS vkSj mlds dkj.k jDr lkekU; :i ls dk;Z ugha djrk gSA bl
fLFkfr dks ^Y;wdhfe;k* dgrs gSa vkSj ;g ,d cgqr xEHkhj chekjh gSA
:lh oSKkfud by;k byf;p espfudkSiQ (1845&1916) dh ^cSDVhfj;k*
esa xgjh jQfp FkhA ^cSDVhfj;k* ,d&dksf'kdh; tho gksrs gSaA mudk vkdkj
vehck ls dgha NksVk gksrk gS vkSj oks yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh cgqr NksVs gksrs
gSaA 1860 esa sap jklk;u'kkL=kh yqbZ ik'pj (1822&1895) us fn[kk;k Fkk fd
^cSDVhfj;k* 'kjhj esa ?kqldj viuh la[;k dks c<+krs gSa ftlls reke vke
chekfj;ak iQSyrh gSaA
ij ;g ^cSDVhfj;k* gekjs vklikl pkjksa rjiQ gksrs gSa & gok esa] ikuh
vkSj feV~Vh esaA tc dHkh gekjs 'kjhj esa dksbZ dV (pksV) yxrh gS vkSj
^cSDVhfj;k* mls dVs Hkkx esa ls 'kjhj esa t:j izos'k djrs gSaA fiQj chekfj;ksa ls
gekjh e`R;q D;ksa ugha gksrh\
espfudkSiQ us bl leL;k dk xEHkhjrk ls v;;u fd;kA mlus ik;k fd
'kjhj tgak Hkh dVrk gS ogak jDr cgqr vf/d la[;k esa liQsn&dksf'kdk,a
igaqpkrk gSA ogak ij bruk [kwu igqaprk gS fd oks fgLlk yky gksdj iQwy tkrk
gSA vkSj jDr ds ncko ds dkj.k ogak nnZ gksus yxrk gSA
dVs LFkku ij igaqprs gh liQsn&dksf'kdk,a 'kjhj esa lae.k (baiQSD'ku)
iSnk djus okys cSDVhfj;k ij vke.k djrhaA vDlj liQsn&dksf'kdk,a
cSDVhfj;k dks u"V dj chekjh dks iQSyus ls jksdrha gSaA
blfy, 'kjhj esa ekStwn liQsn&dksf'kdk,a fdlh lae.k (baiQSD'ku) ds
f[kykiQ igyh lqj{kk iznku djrh gSaA 'kjhj esa tgak dgha Hkh cSDVhfj;k us izos'k
fd;k gks ogak liQsn&dksf'kdk,a rqjUr tkdj mlds [kkRes dk dke djrh gSaA
dVs LFkku ij oks rqjUr igqapsa blfy, jDr esa ges'kk liQsn&dksf'kdk,a ekStwn
jgrh gSaA
espfudkSiQ us cSDVhfj;k [kkus okyh liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dks ^iQSxkslkbV~l*
uke fn;kA ;wukuh esa ^iQSxkslkbV~l* dk eryc gksrk gS dksf'kdk [kkus okykA
26

lkFk&lkFk liQsn&dksf'kdk,a 'kjhj dks mlds csdkj fgLlksa ls Hkh NqVdkjk

fnykrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN liQsn&dksf'kdk,a mu cw<+s vkSj VwVus okyh
yky&dksf'kdkvksa dks lks[k ysrh gSaA

cSDVhfj;k dks pkjksa vksj ls ?ksjdj liQsn&dksf'kdk,a mUgsa u"V djrh gSaA
27

,gjfyd vkSj espfudkSiQ dkss liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa ij fd, 'kks/ vkSj

vkjksX; ds vU; {ks=kksa esa dke djus ds fy, 1908 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj iznku
fd;k x;kA
tc fdlh xqCckjs ;k dkj ds Vk;j esa iapj gksrk gS rks mlesa ls lkjh gok
ckgj fudy tkrh gSA tc xeZ ikuh dh jcj dh cksry esa iapj gksrk gS rks
mlesa ls lkjh ikuh cg tkrk gSA ij tc 'kjhj dk dksbZ fgLlk dVrk gS rks
mlesa ls Hkh jDr ckgj fudyrk gS ijUrq FkksM+h nsj ckn jDr dk cguk can gks
tkrk gSA vxj 'kjhj cgqr cqjh rjg ls t[eh u gqvk gks rks dqN nsj ckn [kwu
cguk can gks tkrk gS vkSj ogak ,d FkDdk ;k ^DykV* cu tkrk gSA
;g DykV bl izdkj curk gS + + +
jDr esa fiQczksftu uke dk izksVhu ?kqyk gksrk gSA tc 'kjhj dVus ds ckn
[kwu gok ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS rks fiQczksftu ds <akps esa dqN cny gksrh gS
vkSj oks fiQczksftu ls fiQfczu esa cny tkrk gSA ;g fiQfczu ?kksy esa ugha jgrk
vkSj yEcs /kxksa ds :i esa ckgj vkrk gS tks yky&dksf'kdkvksa dks iQalkrk gSA
blls t[e ds ckgj ,d lw[kh iiM+h curh gS vkSj mlls Ropk ds Bhd gksus
rd [kwu fudyrk can gks tkrk gSA
^DykfVax* dk v;;u djrs le; oSKkfudksa us ,d ckr ij vpjt
gqvk & tc 'kjhj ds dVs fgLls ls jDr cgrk gS rHkh DykfVax D;ksa gksrk gS\
tc jDr f'kjkvksa esa [kwu cgrk gS ml le; DykfVax D;ksa ugha gksrk gS\
(okLro esa ,slk Hkh dHkh&dHkh gksrk gS] ij cgqr fcjys ghA dHkh jDr
dh /kjk esa ,d FkDdk cu tkrk gS vkSj oks fdlh eghu jDr f'kjk esa iQal
dj mlesa ls [kwu ds cgko dks jksdrk gSA blls fny dk nkSjk ;k ?kkrd LVksd
vk ldrk gS tks tkuysok gks ldrk gSA oSlh DykfVax dh izf;k dkiQh cf<+;k
dke djrh gS vkSj cgqr de xM+cM+krh gSA blfy, yksxksa dks [kkldj ;qokvksa
dks mldh T;knk fiQ ugha djuh pkfg, D;ksafd muds 'kjhj dh e'khujh rc
ubZ gksrh gSA)
DykfVax ds lEca/ esa gesa vkSj rc irk pyk tc 1842 esa sap oSKkfud
,YiQMZ Mksgus (1801&1878) us jDr/kjk esa ,d vU; izdkj ds oLrq ds rSjus
dk mYys[k fd;kA

28

yky jDr dksf'kdk,a

liQsn jDr dksf'kdk,a

IysVysVl
~

jDr esa dksf'kdk,a vkSj IysVysV~l

1882 esa bVkyoh MkDVj xw;fy;ks fltSj fcV~llksVsljks us jDr esa lkekU;
:i ls ik, tkus okyh ,d vU; pht dk v;;u fd;kA bldk DykfVax ds
lkFk dqN lEca/ FkkA mlus bu phtksa dks ^IysVysV~l* dk uke fn;k D;ksafd
mudk vkdkj NksVh r'rfj;ksa ;k IysV~l ls feyrk&tqyrk FkkA (okLro esa oks nks
eqag&tqM+h IysV~l tSls fn[krh Fkha)A mudk uke ^FkzkSEckslkbV~l* Fkk ftldk
;wukuh esa eryc gksrk gS FkDds cukus okyh dksf'kdk,aA
njvly IysVysV~l lkekU; yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh NksVh gksrh gSaA nks
IysVysV~l dks lVkdj j[kus ls mudk O;kl ,d yky&dksf'kdk ds cjkcj
gksxkA vkSj vkB IysVysV~l dk feydj Hkkj ,d yky&dksf'kdk ftruk gksxkA
liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa dh rqyuk esa IysVysV~l dh la[;k dgha vf/d gksrh
gSA IysVysV~l dh dksbZ ukfHk ugha gksrh vkSj os yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Hkh T;knk
uktqd gksrh gSaA os dsoy ukS fnuksa rd thfor jgrh gSa vkSj mlds ckn esa
mudk {k; gksrk gS vkSj fiQj mUgsa fBdkus yxkuk gksrk gSA ij lkFk&lkFk ubZ
IysVysV~l dk fuekZ.k yxkrkj tkjh jgrk gSA
tc rd IysVysV~l jDr/kjk esa cgrh jgrh gSa rc rd oks vPNh gkyr
esa jgrh gSaA ijUrq tSls gh 'kjhj dVrk gS vkSj mlesa ls [kwu cguk 'kq: gksrk
gS mlh oDr IysVysV~l gok ds lEidZ esa vkrh gSa vkSj VwVus yxrh gSaA
29

VwVrh IysVysV~l jDr/kjk esa ,d u;k inkFkZ ?kksyrh gSaA bl inkFkZ ls dbZ
jklk;fud izf;k,a 'kq: gksrh gSa ftuls var esa iQkbczksftu cnydj iQkbfczu
curk vkSj DykV iSnk djrk gSA
vki vpjt dj jgs gksaxs fd blds fy, ,d yEch jklk;fud izf;k,a
dh D;k t:jr\ fliQZ iQkbczksftu cnydj iQkbfczu vkSj fiQj DykV D;kas ugha
curk\
okLro esa DykV dk cuuk ,d cgqr uktqd dke gSA jDr f'kjkvksa esa
DykV ugha cuus pkfg,A IysVysV~l dks b/j&m/j cgus ds nkSjku cgqr /
Ddk&eqDdh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj /efu;ksa dh nhokjksa ,oa
yky&dksf'kdkvksa ls Vdjkrs oDr muds VwVus dk vans'kk jgrk gSA blfy, 'kjhj
dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk iM+rk gS fd ;g cgqr ls ifjorZu f'kjkvksa vkSj /
efu;ksa ds vanj ugha gksaA dgha ,slk u gks fd jDr cgqr tYn DykV gksus yxsA
nwljh vkSj DykV cuus dh iwjh izf;k dkiQh tfVy gksrh gSA dqN yksxksa
esa DykfVax dh leLr izf;k dks iwjh djus ds fy, i;kZIr jklk;u ugha gksrsA
rc muds [kwu us FkDds ugha curs vkSj DykfVax vxj gksrh gS rks cgqr
eqf'dy ls gksrh gSA muds 'kjhj esa yxk NksVs ls ?kko esa ls Hkh yxkrkj [kwu
fjlrk jgsxk vkSj ;g blls mudh e`R;q gksus dh lEHkkouk Hkh cuh jgsxhA
bl fLFkfr dks ^gseksiQhfy;k* dgrs gSaA

30

t[e
yky jDr dksf'kdk,a

IykTek

Ropk

jDr dh ulsa
IysVysVl
~
liQsn jDr dksf'kdk,a

iQkbfczu ds /kxs

iiM+h dk cuuk

jDr ds FkDds cuuk

31

5 IykTek
jDr ds vanj liQsn&dksf'kdkvksa] yky&dksf'kdkvksa vkSj IysVysV~l ds
lqfuf'fpr vkdkj gksrs gSaA budk jDr ds ^vkdkj okys rRo* dgrs gSaA
jDr ds bu lHkh vkdkj okys rRoksa dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds
fy, cgqr rst xfr ls jDr ds crZu dks xksy&xksy ?kqekuk gksrk gSA tc fdlh
pht dks rsth ls xksy ?kqek;k tkrk gS rks mldh izo`fr dsanz ls ckgj dh vksj
tkus dh gksrh gSA eku yhft, vkids gkFk esa ,d xsan gS tks jcj dh Mksj ls
ca/h gS vkSj vki mls rsth ls xksy&xksy ?kqek jgs gSaA /hjs&/hjs xsan vkids gkFk
ls nwj tk,xh vkSj blls jcj dh Mksj f[kapsxh vkSj var esa VwV tk,xhA
tSls&tSl jDr dk crZu rsth ls ?kwesxk oSls&oSls jDr ds ^vkdkj okys
rRo* crZu ds isans dh vksj f[kap dj tk,axsA var esa ^vkdkj okys rRo* uhps
ryh esa cSB tk,axs vkSj vki mQij okys ikuh tSls rjy dks fuFkkj dj fudky
ldrs gSaA
^vkdkj okys rRo* jDr dk yxHkx 45 izfr'kr fgLlk gksrs gSaA vkSj ikuh
okyk rjy yxHkx 55 izfr'kr Hkkx gksrk gSA ikuh tSls rjy dks ^IykTek*
dgrs gSaA ^IykTek* ,d ;wukuh 'kCn gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS vkdkj foghu
gksukA
IykTek ds dkj.k gh jDr rjy tSlk crkZo djrk gSA vxj jDr esa
dsoy ^vkdkj okys rRo* gksrs rks n; mUgsa b/j&m/j cgk dj ugha ys tk
ikrkA njvly IykTek cgrk gS vkSj oks vius lkFk vkdkj okys rRoksa dks
cgkdj ys tkrk gSA IykTek ds gh tfj, yky&dksf'kdk,a iQsiQM+ksa esa vkWDlhtu
ysus ds fy, vkSj fiQj ckn esa leLr 'kjhj dks vkWDlhtu lIykbZ djus ds
fy, tkrh gSaA IykTek tgak Hkh 'kjhj esa cSDVhfj;k ls yM+us dh t:jr gksrh gS
ogak IysVysV~l dks ysdj tkrk gSA IykTek ds gh tfj, IysVysV~l 'kjhj esa mu
lHkh LFkkuksa ij igqaprh gSa tgak [kwu jksdus dh t:jr gksrh gSA
bl lcds lkFk&lkFk IykTek 'kjhj ds vU; vaxksa dh Hkh lgk;rk djrk
gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ftxj (;r) esa reke jklk;fud izf;kvksa ds gksus ds
dkj.k ogak cgqr vf/d mQ"ek mRiUu gksrh gSA vxj ;g xehZ ftxj esa gh
cuh jgsxh rks mlls varr% ftxj dh lHkh dksf'kdkvksa dh e`R;q gks tk,xhA blh
izdkj Ropk dh dksf'kdk,a ckgj gok esa viuh mQ"ek dks yxkrkj iQsadrh jgrh
gSaA vxj os yxkrkj ,slk djrh jgha rks os varr% ,dne BaMh iM+ tk,axh vkSj
ej tk,axhA
32

IykTek ftxj dh xehZ dks lks[krh gS vkSj mlls ftxj BaMk jgrk gSA
ogh xehZ IykTek Ropk dks mQ"ek iznku dj mls xeZ j[krh gSA bl izdkj jDr
dh IykTek 'kjhj ds rkieku dks ,d vkjkenk;h Lrj ij larqfyr djrh gSA
vkSj tc rd ge LoLF; jgrs gSa ;g rkieku yxHkx fLFkj jgrk gSA
tc ckgj cgqqr xehZ gksrh gS rks Ropk dh NksVh jDr f'kjk,a FkksM+k iQSyrh
gSa ftlls fd muesa dqN vfrfjDr [kwu lek ldsA vkSj Ropk rd vfrfjDr
mQ"ek ykbZ tkrh gS ftlls fd ge BaMd eglwl dj ldsaA BaM ds ekSle esa
Ropk dh NksVh jDr f'kjk,a FkksM+k fldqM+rh gSa ftlls muesa [kwu dh ek=kk dqN
de gks tkrh gS vkSj rc 'kjhj ls de mQ"ek ckgj fudyrh gSA rHkh rks
xfeZ;ksa ds ekSle esa gesa cgqr ilhuk vkrk gS vkSj tkM+ksa esa gekjh Ropk dqN
uhyh iM+ tkrh gSA

Ropk dh fldqM+h gqbZ jDr f'kjk,a

Ropk dh iQSyh gqbZ jDr f'kjk,a

rkieku fu;a=k.k

vxj IykTek esa fliQZ ikuh gksrk rks Hkh oks mQ"ek dks b/j ls m/j ys
tkus dk dke djrkA ij okLro esa IykTek esa dsoy 92 izfr'kr gh ikuh gksrk
gSA ckdh 8 izfr'kr ckgj ds fofHkUu inkFkZ gksrs gSa tks mlesa ?kqys gksrs gSaA ;g
?kqys inkFkZ Hkh 'kjhj dk larqyu cuk, j[kus esa egRoiw.kZ jksy fuHkkrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, dqN jklk;fud ifjorZuksa ls 'kjhj esa ;k rks ^vEy*
cuus yxrk gS ;k fiQj ^{kkj*A dksf'kdkvksa ds ifjos'k esa T;knk vEy ;k {kkj
gksus ls mudh e`R;q dk Mj gks ldrk gSA dksf'kdk,a ,d mnklhu ifjos'k esa gh
lcls vf/d LoLF; jgrh gSaA
IykTek esa ,sls jklk;u gksrs gSa tks vEy ;k {kkj ls izfrf;k djrs gSaA
blls dksf'kdkvksa dk ifjos'k mnklhu cuk jgrk gSA
33

IykTek ds jklk;u lw{e jDr f'kjkvksa ls ikuh vkSj vU; inkFkksZa dk vanj
;k ckgj tkuk Hkh fu;af=kr djrs gSaA ;g jklk;u lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd lgh
inkFkZ gh ckgj&vanj tk,a vkSj cgqr T;knk ek=kk esa ikuh vanj&ckgj ugha tk,A

ftxj
isV
xqnkZ

vakr

'kjhj ds eq[; vax

34

IykTek 'kjhj ds iks"k.k fy, t:jh phtsa ykrk gSA blds fy,
yky&dksf'kdkvksa }kjk ykbZ vkWDlhtu i;kZIr ugha gksrhA 'kjhj dks ,sls inkFkZ
Hkh pkfg, ftuds lkFk vkWDlhtu feydj mQtkZ iSnk dj ldsA ;g inkZFk
gekjs Hkkstu ls feyrs gSaA
ge tks [kkuk [kkrs gSa oks gekjs isV vkSj vakrksa esa iprk gSA Hkkstu eas
ekStwn tfVy ijek.kqvksa ds NksVs ljy ijek.kq curs gSa vkSj ;s vakr dh nhokj
}kjk IykTek esa igqaprs gSaA bu ljy ijek.kqvksa ls ckn esa vU; tfVy ijek.kq
curs gSa tks Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx ds fy, eakM vkSj olk ds :i esa 'kjhj esa laxzg
fd, tkrs gSaA 'kjhj dh vko';drk ds vuqlkj izksVhu ds ijek.kq Hkh curs gSaA
'kjhj ds rqjUr mi;ksx ds fy, IykTek esa dqN ljy ijek.kq ges'kk rSjrs
jgrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, mlesa Xywdkst & 'kDdj dk ,d ijek.kq ges'kk
gksrk gSA 1844 esa teZu jklk;u'kkL=kh dkyZ f'kEV us igyh ckj jDr esa
Xywdkst dh [kkst dhA
'kjhj dh dksf'kdk,a IykTek esa ls Xywdkst lks[krh gSa vkSj fiQj mls
vkWDlhtu ls feykdj mQtkZ iSnk djrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, efLr"d dh
dksf'kdk,a blds fy, Xywdkst ds vykok vkSj fdlh pht dk mi;ksx ugha
djrh gSaA IykTek ds vanj iQSVh&,WflM~l Hkh gksrs gSa ftlls fd os vkWDlhtu ls
fey ldsaA Xywdkst dh rqyuk esa iQSVh&,WflM~l vf/d mQtkZ iSnk djrs gSa vkSj
eaklisf'k;ak mudk fo'ks"krkSj ij mi;ksx djrh gSaA
bruk lkiQ gS fd yky&dksf'kdk,a vkWDlhtu dh okgd gSa vkSj IykTek
Xywdkst vkSj iQSVh&,WflM~l dkA bl rjg 'kjhj dh leLr mQtkZ dh t:jrsa
iwjh gksrh gSaA tSls&tSls IykTek esa Xywdkst vkSj iQSVh&,WflM~l [kRe gksrk gS
oSls&oSls oks Hkkstu ls feyrk gS] ;k fiQj 'kjhj esa laxzfgr eakM vkSj olk ls
feyrk gSA vxj gesa i;kZIr ek=kk eas Hkkstu u feys rks gekjk otu fxjrk gS
vkSj 'kjhj esa lafpr eakM vkSj olk dh ek=kk de gksrh gSA cgqr T;knk [kkuk
[kkus ls 'kjhj esa olk dh ek=kk c<+rh gS vkSj gekjk otu Hkh c<+rk gS ftlls
ge eksVs gksrs gSaA
'kjhj csdkj phtsa ckgj iQsadrk gSA tc vkWDlhtu] Xywdkst vkSj
iQSVh&,WflM~l ls feyrh gS rc dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM iSnk gksrh gSA 'kjhj ds
fy, dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM fdlh dke dh ugha gksrh vkSj mlds bdV~Bs gkssus ls
'kjhj vEyh; gksdj mldh e`R;q gks ldrh gSA
HkkX;o'k] dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM jDr ds IykTek esa ?kqy tkrh gSA jDr ds
iQsaiQM+ksa ls xqtjrs le; yky&dksf'kdk,a ogak vkWDlhtu lks[krh gSa vkSj IykTek
35

ogak dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM tek djrh gSA lakl ds :i esa vanj yh xbZ gok esa
80 izfr'kr ukbVkstu vkSj 20 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu gksrh gSA ij lakl }kjk ckgj
iQsadh xbZ gok esa 80 izfr'kr ukbVkstu] 16 izfr'kr vkWDlhtu vkSj 4 izfr'kr
dkcZu&MkbZvkWDlkbM gksrh gSA
tc 'kjhj dks dqN fo'ks"k izksVhUl dh t:jr ugha gksrh gS rks os ;wfj;k
ds NksVs ijek.kqvksa esa VwVrs gSaA 1842 esa ;g ckr :lh jklk;u'kkL=kh sMfjd
gsufjd fcMj (1810&1894) ds 'kks/ ds ckn lkeus vkbZA
;wfj;k ds 'kjhj esa cus jgus ls 'kjhj dh e`R;q gks tkrhA ij ;wfj;k IykTek
esa ?kqyrk gSA oks xqnsZ esa tkdj Nurk gS vkSj fiQj is'kkc }kjk 'kjhj ls ckgj
iQsadk tkrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa IykTek u dsoy 'kjhj dh dksf'kdkvksa ds fy, iks"k.k ykrk
gS] ij oks 'kjhj dks mldh csdkj phtksa ;kuh dpjs ls eqDr Hkh djrk gSA
'kjhj ds dqN Hkkxksa esa gkjeksUl Hkh iSnk gksrs gSaA 1902 esa bldh lcls
igys [kkst nks fczfV'k oSKkfudksa & fofy;e eSMkWd cs;fyl (1860&1924)
vkSj vusZLV gsujh LVkjfyax (1866&1927) us dhA lw{e ek=kk esa ;s gkjeksUl
'kjhj dh dbZ xfrfof/;kas dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA oks IykTek ds tfj, 'kjhj ds
gj ml fgLls esa igqaprs gSa tgak mudh t:jr gksrh gSA

vkWDlhtu vanj

dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM ckgj

xSl dh vnyk&cnyh
36

mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d gkjeksu gS ^buL;wfyu* tks dksf'kdkvksa }kjk

Xywdkst ds lks[kus dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA oks IykTek esa Xywdkst dh ek=kk dks
lgh Lrj ij cuk, j[krk gSA i;kZIr ek=kk esa bUl;wfyu dk fuekZ.k ugha gksus
ls Mk;csVht uke dh xEHkhj chekjh gks tkrh gSA Mk;csVht dh chekjh esa
IykTek esa Xywdkst dk Lrj cgqr mQapk pyk tkrk gSA
vktdy esfMdy takp ds nkSjku O;fDr ds [kwu dk uewuk t:j fy;k
tkrk gSA mldk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd
IykTek esa ?kqys fofHkUu inkFkksZa dh ek=kk lgh vuqikr esa gSA vxj mlesa vf/d
ek=kk esa Xywdkst gqvk rks Mk;csVht gksus dh lEHkkouk gSA olk ;k
^dksysLVksjksy* vf/d ek=kk esa gksus ls fny ds nkSjs dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA
IykTek esa ?kqyh phtksa esa vk/s ls T;knk Hkkj izksVhUl dk gksrk gSA blesa
ls ,d fiQCjhuksftu gSA fiQCjhuksftu dks IykTek esa ,d jklk;u Mkydj j[kk
tk ldrk gSA blls oks fiQfczu esa ugha cnysxkA ;k fiQj mlds fiQfczu esa
cnyus ds ckn esa mls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA fiQCjhuksftu jfgr IykTek dks
lhje cqykrs gSaA

dsf'kdk (dSfiyjh)

gok dk LFkku

iQsiQM+ksa dk dks"B
37

ckdh izksVhUl vyx&vyx izdkj ds gksrs gSa ij jklk;fud :i ls ,d

izdkj ds gksrs gSaA HkkX;o'k 1937 esa ,d LohfM'k jklk;u'kkL=kh vkusZ foygsYe
frlsyhml us ^bysDVksiQksjhfll* uke dk ,d rjhdk [kkstk ftlls leku izdkj
ds izksVhUl dks vyx&vyx fd;k tk ldrk FkkA bl [kkst ds fy, 1948 esa
frlsyhml dks ukscsy iqjQLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA
izksVhUl ds nks izeq[k lewg gksrs gSa & ,YcqfeUt vkSj Xyksc;wfyatA
,YcqfeUt dks vkxs ^,YiQk&,YcqfeUt*] ^chVk&,YcqfeUt* vkSj
^xkek&,YcqfeUt* esa cakVk tk ldrk gSA ,YiQk] chVk vkSj xkek ;wukuh
o.kZekyk ds igys rhu v{kj gSaA
buesa ls dqN izksVhUl dqN ,sls inkFkksZa ls tqM+ tkrs gSa ftudh 'kjhj dks
vYi ek=kk esa vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;s izksVhUl olk] yksgs vkSj
rakcs ds v.kqvksa ls feydj mUgsa 'kjhj esa tgak t:jr gksrh gS ogak igqapkrs gSaA
xkek&Xyksc;wfyat esa ,d vn~Hkqr {kerk gksrh gSA os 'kjhj esa izos'k djus
okys [krjukd ^ok;jl* ;k cSDVhfj;k }kjk iSnk fd, tgj ^VkWfDlUl* vkSj vU;
gkfudkjd ijns'kh v.kqvksa ls tqM+ tkrs gSaA bu gkfudkdj v.kqvksa ls tqM+dj
xkek&Xyksc;wfyat mUgsa mnklhu dj nsrs gSaA tks xkek&Xyksc;wfyat bl rjg dke
djrs gSa mUgs ge ^,aVhckWMht* cqykrs gSaA
'kjhj ges'kk mi;ksxh ^,aVhckWMht* dh lIykbZ dks cjdjkj j[krk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, vxj vkidks pspd] [kljk] vkfn chekjh gks rks vkidk
'kjhj ^,aVhckWMht* dk fuekZ.k dj chekjh ds thok.kqvksa ls yM+rk gS vkSj
vkidks fujksxh cukus esa enn djrk gSA mlds ckn ;g ^,aVhckWMht* vkids
'kjhj esa ges'kk ds fy, jgrh gSa vkSj vkidks oks chekjh fiQj nqckjk ugha gksrh
gSA bl izdkj ml chekjh ls ges'kk ds fy, futkr ikrs gSa ;kuh vki mlls
^bE;wu* gks tkrs gSaA
blfy, xkek&Xyksc;wfyat 'kjhj ds bE;wu&ra=k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gS
tks gesa chekfj;ksa ls cpkrk gSA
vkius ns[kk gksxk fd jDr gekjs fy, vyx&vyx izdkj ls cgqr
mi;ksxh gSA vxj gekjs iwoZtksa us jDr dks thou dh laKk nh rks blesa mUgksaus
dksbZ xyrh ugha dhA mudh ckr lgh FkhA
var

38

39