PILE WORK AT DLF

HOUSING PROJECT,
NEWTOWN, KOLKATA

 PRAKASH AGARWAL
 SVNIT, Surat
PILE ?
 Definition: A long timber, concrete
or steel structural element that is
driven or otherwise embedded into
the ground for the purpose of
transferring the load of a
superstructure to deeper soil
strata.
NEED OF PILES………
 The growing need for housing and
construction has forced authorities and
development agencies to exploit lands with
poor soil characteristics.This has led to the
emergence and development of pile
foundations which transfers the load to
deeper soil strata or rock of high bearing
capacity, thus avoiding the shallow soil of low
load bearing capacity.
NEED OF PILES………
(Contd.)
 A structure can be founded on piles if
the soil immediately beneath its base
does not have adequate bearing
capacity. If the results of site
investigation show that the shallow soil
is unstable and weak or if the
magnitude of the estimated settlement
is not acceptable a pile foundation may
is generally considered.
NEED OF PILES………
(Contd.)
 Further, a cost estimate may indicate that a
pile foundation may be cheaper than any
other compared ground improvement costs.
 In the cases of heavy constructions, it is likely
that the bearing capacity of the shallow soil
will not be satisfactory, and the construction
should be built on pile foundations.
FUNCTION OF PILES
 Transmit foundation loads to strata
beyond the practical reach of
shallow foundations.
 Anchor structures against uplift
forces
 Assist structures in resisting lateral
and overturning forces.
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
 Based on load transmission and
functional behaviour:
1. End bearing piles (point bearing piles)
2. Friction piles (cohesion piles )
3. Combination of friction and cohesion piles
 Based on the type of material:
1. Timber piles
2. Concrete piles
3. Steel piles
4. Composite piles
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
(Contd.)
 Based on the effect on soil:
1. Driven pile
2. Bored pile
FACTORS INFLUENCING
CHOICE OF PILE
 Location & Type of structure
 Ground conditions
 Durability
 Cost
EQUPIMENTS INVOLVED
 DRIVEN PILING :
i. Direct push rig (type of drilling rig)
ii. 3 drum winch
iii. Hollow cylindrical tube of required
length and diameter
iv. Pile shoe
 DIRECT
PUSH RIG
 3 DRUM WINCH
 THE HOLLOW STEEL TUBE
 A GROUP OF PILE SHOES
EQUPIMENTS INVOLVED
(Contd.)
 BORE PILING :
i. Rig vii. Bentonite
ii. Winch viii. Trimmie pipes
iii. Baler ix. Hooper
iv. Casing
v. Chisel
vi. Jet pipes
 A RIG
 WINCH
 BALER
 IRON CASING
 CHISEL
 JET PIPES
 TRIMMIE PIPES
 HOOPER
PROCESS OF DRIVEN PILE
 Locating the pile center and subsequent
placing of a pile shoe of required diameter
and thickness over the center.
 Centering and placing the hollow cylindrical
tube over the pile shoe.
 Continuous hammering of the tube by
means of winch and drop hammer, leading
to the formation of a bore for the pile.
 Required depth being achieved,
reinforcement and concreting follows.
PROCESS OF DRIVEN PILE
(Contd.)
 Immediate pulling out of the tube
accompanied with ramming of the
concrete at short intervals.
 Shifting of the rig to the next pile
center.
DRIVEN PILE
SPECIFICATIONS
 Pile shoe:
1. Internal Dia = 490mm/640mm
2. Thickness = 12mm
 Hollow cylindrical tube:
1. Length = 26.950m/27.950m
2. Internal Dia = 450mm/600mm
3. Thickness = 20mm
4. Weight = 6 – 8 MT
 Rig height = 27m/28m
DRIVEN PILE
SPECIFICATIONS (Contd.)
 Pile:
1. Depth = 25.250m/26.8m/27.4m
2. Diameter = 450mm/600mm
3. COL = 5.250m for 25.05m pile
4. Shaft length = 20m/21m
5. Bearing capacity = 60MT/120MT
 Time taken = 1–1.5 hrs (approx.)
PROCESS OF BORE PILE
 Centering of rig on pile point & turning
the designated area’s ground muddy
and loose by adding water & continuous
ramming with baler.
 Inserting the iron casing upto 2-3m
depth & replacing the baler with chisel.
 Continuous up down movement of
chisel marking the onset of soil cutting
by turning the mud into slurry.
 As chisel gets deeper into ground, jet
pipes are attached at its top and on one
PROCESS OF BORE PILE
(Contd.)
 All this time, the slurry comes out of the bore due
to & fro movement of chisel & jet pipes. Method
known as direct mud circulation.
 Replacement of chisel & jet pipes with a no. of
trimmie pipes, used for washing the bore.
 Bentonite used during washing for increasing soil
cohesion & S.G. of slurry checked with
hydrometer whether 1.1 or not.
PROCESS OF BORE PILE
(Contd.)
 Reinforcement & feeding the
hooper at the top of the trimmie
pipes with concrete.
 Concreting being over, trimmie
pipes are being lifted up
accompanied with ramming at
short intervals.
BORE PILE
SPECIFICATIONS
 Dia. Of iron casing = 750mm
 Dia of chisel < 750mm
 Pile:
1. Depth = 42m
2. Diameter = 750mm
3. Shaft length = 39m
4. Bearing capacity = 250 MT
 Time taken = 12-13 hrs. (approx.)
REINFORCEMENT IN PILE
 The rebar beam cage consists of main rods,
helical rods, circular rods known as stiffner
and cover blocks.
 Helical rods provide more strength against
tensile stresses.
 Stiffner is provided for holding the main
rods, thus keeping diameter of the cage
constant throughout its length.
 Cover blocks in helical rods provide exact
fitting of the cage in the hollow cylindrical
tube.
REINFORCEMENT IN PILE
(Contd.)
 Some specifications of the cage:
1. Diameter = 430mm/580mm/730mm
2. Length = 20.590m/21.656m/39.821m
3. Interval between stiffners = 2m
4. Interval in helical rods = 150mm/200mm
5. Dia. of main rods = 12mm/16mm/20mm
6. Dia. of stiffners = 12mm/16mm/20mm
7. Dia. of helical rods = 6mm/8mm/10mm
BEARING CAPACITY OF
PILE
 Formula for computing bearing capacity of
a driven pile:
N W *H L
U = L * 1 +P * 50
U = Ultimate Load
N = No. of blows by hammer
W = Wt. Of hammer in tons
H = Fall of hammer in feet (usually 1m)
L = Driven length in feet
P = Set / blows in inch (10mm / 10 blows)
Factor of safety = 3
FEATURES OF DRIVEN PILE
 Distribution of load is in longitudinal
direction.
 Process is faster. Around 1-1.5 hrs. for
a pile of dia. 600mm and depth 27m.
 High soil compaction is achieved,
especially in group piles.
 Around 3 times less expensive than
bore piles.
FEATURES OF DRIVEN PILE
(Contd.)
 Bearing capacity is much lower.
 Max. dia. & depth achievable is
600mm and 29m respectively.
 Practiced outside city limits only.
 Source of noise pollution.
FEATURES OF BORE PILE
 Distribution of load is in longitudinal as
well as lateral direction.
 Bearing capacity is higher due to more
frictional resistance between soil and
concrete column.
 Max. dia. & depth achievable is more
than 2000mm & 1000m respectively.
 Preferred in rocky areas.
FEATURES OF BORE PILE
(Contd.)
 Process is time consuming. Around
12-13 hrs. for a pile of dia. 750mm
and depth 42m.
 Compaction of soil not achieved.
 Practiced in city areas as creates
lesser noise.
 More expensive than driven piles.
 READY MIX CONCRETE
 Cement Grade 43 & 53: The grade 43 n
53 corresponds to the avg. compressive
strength attained after 6724 hrs in MPa
of at least 3 mortar cubes of face area
15 sq. cm composed of 1 part cement,
3 parts of sand (conforming to IS
650:1966) by mass and P/4 (P is the %
of water required to produce a paste of
standard consistency as per IS
standard) + 3% (of combined mass of
cement + sand) of water, prepared and
tested in the manner described in
methods of physical test for hydraulic
READY MIX CONCRETE
(Contd.)
1. After 721 hrs: Not less than 23 MPa
for 43 grade, 27 MPa for 53 grade.
2. After 1682 hrs: Not less than 33MPa
for 43 grade, 37MPa for 53 grade.
3. After 6724 hrs: Not less than 43MPa
for 43 grade, 53 MPa for 53 grade.
 M 25 Concrete: Gives strength of 25 N/sq.
mm after 28 days of its laying. For moderate
environment, the min. cement content of M
25 concrete is 6 bags per cubic metre.
HEAVY EQUIPMENTS
 Batching Plant
 Transit Mixer
 Concrete Pump
 Excavator
 Hydraulic Mobile Crane
 Backhoe Loader
TRANSIT MIXER
CONCRETE PUMP
EXCAVATOR
HYDRAULIC MOBILE CRANE
BACKHOE LOADER