ANALISIS INVESTASI TAMBANG

26 NOVEMBER 2014

Hendra Harisman, S.T., M.Eng.Sc

INTRODUCTION TO MINE
SCHEDULING
26 NOVEMBER 2014

Hendra Harisman, S.T., M.Eng.Sc

MINE SCHEDULING
DEFINITION:
'A LIST OF TASKS TO BE PERFORMED, ESPECIALLY WITHIN A SET
PERIOD'; OR AS A 'PLAN OF PROCEDURE FOR A PROJECT'

MINE SCHEDULING
A MINING SCHEDULE, WHICH TELL US WHEN THINGS OCCUR, CAN
BE CONSTRUCTED BY APPLYING PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS TO THE
MINING SEQUENCE

BASIS FOR PREPARING AND CONTROLLING THE MINES

DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION

A SCHEDULE DETERMINES THE CASH FLOW ($$$) ASSOCIATED WITH

MINING.

MINE SCHEDULING
IMPORTANT BECAUSE A $ RECEIVED TODAY IS MORE VALUABLE
THAN A $ THAT WE MIGHT RECEIVE IN A YEARS TIME
LABOUR AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ARE ESTIMATED,
PERFORMANCE RATES AND STANDARD COSTS ARE APPLIED AND
THEN THE MINES PROGRESS AND VIABILITY CAN BE PLANNED AND
MONITORED

USUALLY AN ITERATIVE PROCESS

MINE SCHEDULING
TYPES OF MINING SCHEDULE
PRODUCTION SCHEDULES
LONG TERM OR LIFE OF MINE (10+ YEARS)
MEDIUM TERM (5 YEARS APPROX.)
SHORT TERM (3 MONTHS 2 YEARS)
EXTREMELY SHORT TERM (DOWN TO A SHIFT, OR FOR SPECIFIC JOBS)

EXPLORATION DRILLING SCHEDULES

DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULES
PRODUCTION DRILLING SCHEDULES

MINE SCHEDULING
TYPES OF MINING SCHEDULE
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES
LABOR SCHEDULES
FILLING SCHEDULES
CONSUMABLE SCHEDULES
SPECIAL PROJECT SCHEDULES

MINE SCHEDULING
LONG TERM SCHEDULE
USED TO FEED INFORMATION TO THE CALCULATION OF THE MINES NPV
AND CUT-OFF GRADE CALCULATIONS
PROVIDE TARGET DATES FOR ORE RESERVE EXPLORATION DRILLING
SCHEDULES, INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS THESE
EXPLORATION DRILLING SITES

GENERAL IN NATURE AND ARE USUALLY SCHEDULES ON A YEARLY BASIS

BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF LONG TERM INFORMATION AND DETAILED
DESIGN

BASED ON THE KNOWN PROVED AND PROBABLE ORE RESERVES

MINE

OF THE

USUALLY UPDATED ANNUALLY OR AFTER A MAJOR DRILLING PROGRAM

MINE SCHEDULING
MEDIUM TERM SCHEDULE
MAIN PLANNING SCHEDULES INDICATING WHEN PLANNING AND DESIGNS
OF ACCESSES TO NEW AREAS OF THE MINE NEED TO BE COMPLETED

INDICATE WHEN NEW STOPING AREAS NEED TO BE DESIGNED AND

BROUGHT INTO PRODUCTION, HENCE WHEN THE EXPLORATION DRILLING TO
PROVE UP THESE NEW AREAS NEEDS TO BE DONE

MORE DETAILED THAN THE LONG TERM ONES WITH INDIVIDUAL STOPE ORE
BLOCKS NOMINATED, EACH WITH THEIR OWN TONNES AND GRADES AND
DILUTION AND RECOVERY FACTORS

USUALLY UPDATED QUARTERLY

IN CASE OF UNDERGROUND MINE, THE ORE TONNES PRODUCED FROM THE
DEVELOPMENT HEADINGS ARE SHOWN.

MINE SCHEDULING
SHORT TERM SCHEDULE
PROVIDE THE MAIN MONTHLY AND QUARTERLY OPERATING TARGETS
DETAILED IN TONNES, GRADES, DILUTIONS AND RECOVERIES FOR EACH
STOPE

MINE SCHEDULING
EXPLORATION DRILLING SCHEDULE
FAIRLY SIMPLE SCHEDULES INDICATING WHEN DRILLING NEEDS TO BE

DONE TO SATISFY THE KEY DATES INDICATED ON THE LONG TERM AND
MEDIUM TERM PRODUCTION SCHEDULES.

SHOWS WHEN DRILLING SITES ARE REQUIRED AND HENCE THE

DEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO ACCESS THE SITES

SHOWS VARIOUS TYPES OF EXPLORATION DRILL RIGS REQUIRED, THE

LABOUR NEEDED TO OPERATE THESE RIGS AND THE DRILLING RATES
PER SHIFT FOR EACH OF THESE RIGS.

MINE SCHEDULING
DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE
DRAWN UP TO SATISFY THE TARGETS FOR PRODUCTION FROM VARIOUS
AREAS AND STOPES, AS SHOWN ON THE PRODUCTION SCHEDULE
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCES FOR UNDERGROUND
DECLINE (SINGLE HEADING): 30 50 M/WEEK
DECLINE (TWO HEADINGS): 50 60 M/WEEK
ACCESS DEVELOPMENT (MULTIPLE HEADINGS: 60 80 M/WEEK)

MINE SCHEDULING
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE
PREPARED MAINLY FROM PRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND DRILLING
SCHEDULES

SOME EQUIPMENT CAN BE SHARED BETWEEN ACTIVITIES

ESTIMATES TO BE MADE FOR GENERAL SERVICING EQUIPMENT
PROVIDE VITAL INFORMATION FOR ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR
MAINTENANCE

MINE SCHEDULING
LABOUR SCHEDULE
PREPARED FROM EARLIER SCHEDULES
SHOW THE NUMBER OF PRODUCTION MAKERS, EXPLORATORY DRILLERS,
DEVELOPMENT CREW MEMBERS, PRODUCTION DRILLERS AND
MAINTENANCE LABOUR REQUIRED AND WORKING ROSTERS FOR EACH

ESTIMATES HAVE TO BE MADE OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTION

BLASTERS, TIMBERMAN, PIPEFITTERS, NIPPERS, SAFETY AND HYGIENE,
MANPOWER AND SUPERVISORS

STANDARD EARNING RATES FOR EACH OF THE ABOVE

LABOUR
CATEGORIES CAN THEN BE APPLIED TO THE NUMBERS REQUIRED FOR EACH,
AND OVERALL LABOUR COSTS ESTIMATED AT VARIOUS TIMES

USE OF CONTRACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT

MINE SCHEDULING
FILLING SCHEDULE
PREPARED FOR MINES THAT FILL THEIR EXTRACTED STOPES OR OPERATE
SYSTEMS REQUIRING FILL AS PART OF THE PRODUCTION CYCLE

THE VOLUME OF FILL REQUIRED AT VARIOUS TIMES IS CALCULATED BY

REFERENCE TO THE SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM PRODUCTION
SCHEDULES

MINE SCHEDULING
CONSUMABLES SCHEDULE
CRITICAL CONSUMABLE REQUIREMENTS ARE USUALLY PREPARED TO
INDICATE TO SUPPLIERS WHEN AND HOW MUCH OF THESE ARE
REQUIRED

SUCH AS EXPLOSIVES, FUEL, POWER, ETC...

MINE SCHEDULING
SPECIAL PROJECT SCHEDULES
USED FOR PREPARATION, DEVELOPMENT, INSTALLATION AND
COMMISSIONING OF MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS AT
MINES

CRITICAL PATH FOR THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS DETERMINED AND

RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR EACH TIME SEGMENT CALCULATED

UPDATED REGULARLY AND USED AS ONE OF THE PROJECT

MANAGEMENT TOOLS TO CONTROL THE PROJECT TO MEET ITS
TARGETS IN TERMS OF TIME AND COST

PRODUCTION SCHEDULING

OPEN PIT SCHEDULING

MINE SCHEDULING
OBJECTIVES
PROVIDING A STEADY AND BALANCED ORE FEED TO THE MILL
MAXIMISING THE NPV OF THE PROJECT
PROVIDING A STEADY, BALANCED WORK LOAD FOR THE ORE AND
WASTE MINING EQUIPMENT FLEETS

MAINTAINING HAULROAD ACCESS TO WORKING BENCHES AND

MAINTAINING AN EFFECTIVE SUMP

PROVIDING TIME IN THE MINING CYCLE FOR GRADE CONTROL AND

FOR OPENING UP A BOX CUT ON A NEW BENCH

MINE SCHEDULING
SCHEDULING
SCHEDULING IS INTEGRAL TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN
OPEN PIT MINE.
THE PROCESS OF DECIDING WHICH BENCH TO EXTRACT, WHEN TO

EXTRACT IT AND HOW THIS FITS INTO THE OVERALL PIT DESIGN IS
INCREASINGLY BECOMING MORE COMPLEX DUE TO THE ADVENT OF
ECONOMIC THEORY AND ADVANCED COMPUTER OPTIMISATION
SOFTWARE.

SCHEDULING OF OPEN PITS OFTEN UTILISES THE CONCEPT OF A

PUSHBACK, AS DESCRIBED FOLLOWING.

MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK
A PUSHBACK IS A DESIGN OF WHAT THE PIT WILL LOOK LIKE AT A
SPECIFIC TIME.
PUSHBACKS ARE USED WHERE THE EXACT DESIGN OF THE PIT AT THAT
TIME WILL SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT OVERALL MINE PROFITABILITY, PIT
SCHEDULING, OR SOME OTHER CHOSEN DESIGN FACTOR (USUALLY
ECONOMIC).
OVER THE MINE LIFE, SUCCESSIVE PUSHBACKS WILL INCREASE IN SIZE
FROM SMALL PITS, TO LARGE PITS, TO THE FINAL PIT.

MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK

The pit passes through the phases from 1 to 6 (the

final pit) over the mine life

MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK
THE PROCESS OF CHOOSING WHEN A PUSHBACK IS NEEDED, IS USUALLY
DONE THROUGH SOME TYPE OF OPTIMISATION PROCESS, WHERE
PUSHBACKS ARE CREATED DUE TO THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF THEIR EXISTENCE
ON THE CHOSEN DESIGN FACTOR.

PUSHBACKS ARE COMMONLY CHOSEN DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THEIR

EXISTENCE ON THE NPV OF THE MINE.
THE PUSHBACKS DEFINE WHICH ORE AND WHICH WASTE WILL BE REMOVED
AT WHAT TIME. WITH EFFECTIVE SELECTION OF WHEN A PUSHBACK IS
NECESSARY, THE COST OF REMOVING WASTE WILL BE MOST EFFECTIVELY
OFFSET BY THE REVENUE OF SELLING EXTRACTED ORE WHEN ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS AND THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY ARE CONSIDERED.

MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK

MINE SCHEDULING
SIMPLE EXAMPLE

MINE SCHEDULING
ASSUME THE PRODUCTION RATE IS 5 BLOCKS PER YEAR;
THE NET VALUE (PROFIT) FOR AN ORE BLOCK = $60.00
COST OF REMOVING THE WASTE = $30.00 PER BLOCK
CALCULATE THE NPV OF THIS STRATEGY USING 10%
INTEREST RATE. ASSUME CASH-FLOWS ARE REALISED AT THE
END OF EACH YEAR.

MINE SCHEDULING
PRESENT VALUE = FUTURE VALUE/(1+10/100)N
SEQUENCING:
YR 1= 5 WASTE

BLOCKS (BENCH

1)

YR 2 = 5 WASTE BLOCKS (BENCH 1)

YR3 = 5 ORE BLOCKS (BENCH 2)
YR 4 = 5 ORE BLOCKS (BENCH 2)

Jawaban: NPV = $169.96