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8. Water Drowning can occur in as little as five centimeters of water. Dams, lakes, ponds,
rivers, channels, tanks, drums and creeks are all hazards. Young children are particularly at
risk.
9. Weather- Hazards include sunburn, heat stroke, dehydration due to long working hours etc.
Health Hazard
Causative Factor
Type of
Hazard
Nursery management
Watering
Physical
Weeding
Physical
Manuring
Chemical
Pulling &
bundling
Physical
Plant
protection**
Chemical,
biologoical
Physical
Manuring*
Poisoning, Toxicity
Chemical
Transplanting
Physical
Plant Protection**
Congestion, Respiratory
problem
chemicals
Chemical
Grading
Biological
Baling\ Packing**
Respiratory problem
Chemical
Chemical family
Organophosphate
Organophosphate
Combination pesticide
Carbamate
Organophosphat
Organophosphat
Organochlorine
Carbamate
Organophosphate
Pyrethroid
Organophosphate
Organochlorine
Malathion
U Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use*
Carbendazim
Atrazine
Organophosphate
Carbamate
Triazine
Protective clothing must be worn whenever the wearer faces potential hazards arising from
chemical exposure such as Agricultural application of pesticides. It is important to keep the skin
protected as much as possible while working with or around pesticides.
During pesticide application, the farm workers are exposed to pesticide
vapours leading to various health hazards and it enter body via dermal
absorption, inhalation and ingestion due to improper clothing. Protective
clothing helps in avoiding direct contact with pesticides and thus reduces
the hazards of pesticides11.
Muraleedharan & Grace in a study on use of pesticides & its impact on
human health: a case of farmers in South India reported that use of
pesticides in the agriculture sector poses a serious environmental and public
health problem. They studied the relationship between the extent of
pesticide-use and signs and symptoms of illnesses due to exposure among
farmers of Thanjavur District (South India) on 631 farmers using pre-tested
interview questionnaires during a cross sectional survey (537 men and 94 women). Findings revealed
that more than 75% of farmers used either moderately or highly hazardous pesticides . 88% did
not use any form of protection, while handling pesticides. Farmers reported the following acute signs
and symptoms: excessive sweating (36.5%), burning/ stinging/ itching of eyes (35.7%), dry/sore
throat (25.5%), excessive salivation (14.1%). These signs and symptoms had a higher prevalence
among the sprayers. Among men, excessive sweating (RR=1.43), burning/stinging/ itching eyes
(RR=1.5), Dry/sore throat (RR=1.84) were significantly associated with exposure to pesticides. The
study recommended the need for creating more awareness among the farmers and authorities in
enforcing and ensuring the use of protective gear while handling pesticides12. This study is an example
of common agricultural practices of farm workers.
Thus, the purpose of protective clothing and accessories is to shield or isolate individuals from the
chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during hazardous materials
operations. The protective clothing one need to wear depends on the pesticide and the spray
operation. Coveralls, aprons, spray suits, gloves, hats, boots, goggles, and face shields are some of
devices which can provide protection from the pesticide on the skin or into the body.
Factors affecting direct exposure to pesticides
A. Duration of spraying pesticides
B. Personal habits while pesticide spraying
The farmers mixed the different pesticides in a vessel with water or they
poured it directly into the spraying can and then mixed the pesticides in
the spraying can. itself..
Pesticide-protective clothing
To minimize exposure to pesticides, you should always:
Wear work clothing with long pants and sleeves. (Clothing with a soilrepellent finish can increase your protection).
In all cases, read the pesticide label completely, and follow the instructions
given15.
Type of Protection
Use Considerations
Does not allow body heat to
escape. May contribute to heat
stress in wearer. A cooling
garment may be needed. Impairs
worker mobility, vision, and
communication.
Nonencapsulating suit
Jacket, hood, pants or bib
overalls, and one-piece
coveralls.
By Performance
By Service Life
gloves
boots
aprons, jackets,
coveralls,
full body suits
particulate protection
liquid-splash protection
vapor protection
single use
limited use
reusable
Design.
Categorizing clothing by design is mainly a means for describing what areas of the body the clothing
item is intended to protect.
Performance.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has classified suits by their performance as:
a. Vapor-protective suits (NFPA Standard 1991) provide "gas-tight" integrity and are intended for
response situations where no chemical contact is permissible. This type of suit would be equivalent to
the clothing required in EPA's Level A.
b. Liquid splash-protective suits (NFPA Standard 1992) offer protection against liquid chemicals in
the form of splashes, but not against continuous liquid contact or chemical vapors or gases.
Essentially, the type of clothing would meet the EPA Level B needs. It is important to note, however,
that by wearing liquid splash-protective clothing, the wearer accepts exposure to chemical vapors or
gases because this clothing does not offer gas-tight performance.
c. Support function protective garments (NFPA Standard 1993) must also provide liquid splash
protection but offer limited physical protection. These garments may comprise several separate
protective clothing components (i.e., coveralls, hoods, gloves, and boots). They are intended for use
in nonemergency, nonflammable situations where the chemical hazards have been completely
characterized.
These NFPA standards define minimum performance requirements for the manufacture of chemical
protective suits. Each standard requires rigorous testing of the suit and the materials that comprise the
suit in terms of overall protection, chemical resistance, and physical properties. Protective clothing
should completely cover both the wearer and his or her breathing apparatus. In general, respiratory
protective equipment is not designed to resist chemical contamination. However, it is strongly
recommended that the wearer's respiratory equipment be worn inside the ensemble to prevent its
failure and to reduce decontamination problems.
Service Life
Clothing item service life is an end user decision depending on the costs and risks associated with
clothing decontamination and reuse. Protective clothing may be labeled as:
A new method for measuring garment comfort can help ensure that workers wear their protective
clothing correctly. This method measures the micro-environment inside the protective suit, assessing
the humidity and temperature of the thin layer of air that closely surrounds the body. The microenvironment is a more useful indicator of how a user perceives comfort when wearing a suit than
other analytical methods traditionally used to study the material's breathability.
According to Dawn Werry (global marketing communications manager, Industrial Segment, DuPont
Safety and Protection, which manufactures a number of protective fabrics), "Tests reveal that fabric
weight is a critical factor in determining on-the-job comfort, especially in hot and humid
environments. In addition, breathable fabrics permit rapid movement of heat away from the body,
helping to keep workers cooler."
The use of cotton textile in protective clothing is quite common but studies show that wet cotton
clothing and cotton cloth masks in fact increase the persons personal absorption rate of
pesticides17.
Principles in selecting PPE
To ensure that the item of personal protective equipment (PPE) will provide the level of protection
that is it designed to, PPE should:
be appropriate for the type of work and give appropriate protection for the risk
give adequate protection to the user
not create additional health or safety risks
be compatible with other PPE being used (e.g ear muffs with a hard hat)
fit properly
not interfere with any medical conditions of the user
be easy to use
be comfortable
comply with relevant Standards
2. Degradation involves physical changes in a material as the result of a chemical exposure, use, or
ambient conditions (e.g. sunlight). The most common observations of material degradation are
discoloration, swelling, loss of physical strength, or deterioration.
3. Penetration is the movement of chemicals through zippers, seams, or imperfections in a protective
clothing material.
It is important to note that no material protects against all chemicals and combinations of
chemicals, and that no currently available material is an effective barrier to any prolonged
chemical exposure. Mixtures of chemicals can be significantly more aggressive towards protective
clothing materials than any single chemical alone. One permeating chemical may pull another with it
through the material.
c. Physical Properties
The protective clothing along with chemical resistance should have good physical qualities in terms
of strength, resistance to physical hazards, and operation in extreme environmental conditions
according to comprehensive manufacturing standards such as the NFPA Standards which set specific
limits on these material properties, such asSufficient strength to withstand the physical strength of the tasks
involved.
Maintaining its protective integrity and flexibility under hot and cold
extremes.
Properties of flame-resistant or self-extinguishing (if these hazards are
present).
garment material.
Standard Operating Procedures. Personal protective clothing and equipment can offer a high
degree of protection only if it is used properly. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) should be
established for all workers involved in handling hazardous chemicals.
User Monitoring and Training
The wearer must understand all aspects of clothing/equipment operation and their limitations; this is
especially important for fully encapsulating ensembles where misuse could potentially result in
suffocation. During protective clothing use, end users should be encouraged to report any perceived
problems or difficulties to their supervisor. These malfunctions include:
Before end users undertake any activity in their chemical protective ensembles, the anticipated
duration of use should be established. Several factors limit the length of use, including:
Air supply consumption as affected by wearer work rate, fitness, body size, and breathing
patterns;
Suit ensemble permeation, degradation, and penetration by chemical contaminants,
including expected leakage through suit.
Ambient temperature as it influences material chemical resistance and flexibility, and
wearer heat stress.
Wash your gloves thoroughly before removing them. Then remove your clothes and the
remainder of your protective equipment with the gloves still on. If this is too awkward, you
can wear surgical gloves underneath your regular gloves. They are available from pharmacies
or home improvement centers.
Wash your goggles, hats, boots, gloves, and rubberized aprons in warm, soapy water, and
store them in a cool, dry place, away from pesticides and spray equipment.
Carefully remove your gloves and wash them or discard them in a plastic bag along with the
rinsed pesticide containers.
Shower with lots of soap as soon as possible and before changing into clean clothes.
The machine should not be overloaded, so only wash a few contaminated items at a time.
The water level should be on the highest setting, washing for the full cycle (12 minutes) using
a double rinse.
Dry detergent should be used to clean dry formulations of pesticides, and a liquid detergent to
clean liquid formulations of pesticides.
Use 25 percent more detergent when clothing items have been treated with a soil/water
repellent finish.
Bleach should not be used. It does not help to remove pesticide residue, and can react with
ammonia fertilizer forming chlorine gas, which can be dangerous.
Environmental conditions;
Heart Rate : Count the radial pulse during a 30-second period as early as possible in any rest period.
If the heart rate exceeds 110 beats per minute at the beginning of the rest period, the next work
cycle should be shortened by one-third.
Oral Temperature: Do not permit an end user to wear protective clothing and engage in work
when his or her oral temperature exceeds 100.6F (38.1C).Use a clinical thermometer (three
minutes under the tongue) or similar device to measure oral temperature at the end of the work period
(before drinking), as follows: If the oral temperature exceeds 99.6F (37.6C), shorten the next work
period by at least one-third and if the oral temperature exceeds 99.6F (37.6C) at the beginning of a
response period, shorten the mission time by one-third.
Body Water Loss: The body water loss should not exceed 1.5% of the total body weight loss from a
response.
PPT: why not for women workforce?
A more in-depth look at the reviews reveals that women may have a
higher level of exposure and are particularly affected by multiple
exposures in different sectors including the traditional sector of
agriculture. Generally, women continue to work while pesticides are
being sprayed. This exposure to pesticides could cause a variety of
reproductive health problems in the women of the reproductive age
group. This unexpected though direct exposure to pesticides due to their proximity to source of
exposure needs to be studied further.
Further, the re-entry of farm women into the field for work after pesticides is sometimes less than 24
hours. The continuation of pesticides spraying and other farming activities concurrently in the field,
can lead to direct exposure to pesticides as they may be still dispersed in air13.
Hence, the women workforce are equally prone to exposure to pesticides hazards and also need
protective clothing during agricultural activities. Since there are physiological differences
between men and women, the clothing designed for men cannot fit the women.
In many cases, women requiring personal protective equipment are forced to make do and
wear equipment designed for men.
Anthropometry is the science that measures the human body to determine similarities and
differences among individuals and groups. Anthropometric tables created clearly shows that
women are not small men. Indeed, women are different in a variety of ways. For instance, on
average, a womans foot is shorter and narrower than a mans.
Similarly, mens coveralls dont fit most women. The average womans body is shorter in
length, making mens coveralls too long in the torso. Her shoulders are narrower, which
makes the sleeves too long. And women are usually wider at the hip. A womans hands are
smaller she has shorter, narrower fingers and a smaller palm circumference so even a
mans small size glove often does not fit. The average woman has a smaller head and face
circumference than the average man. This affects the fit and comfort in head, eye and face,
and respiratory protection.
Women differ from men in size and shape and so should the dimensions of their PPE. Some
areas of protective equipment need to be specifically designed for the female worker to ensure
proper fit, comfort and protection. These include: head, eye/face, body, hand and foot
protection.
The limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical
workplace health and safety issue. In addition to undermining efforts to protect worker health
and safety, lack of adequate PPE can be a barrier to equality of employment opportunity for
women. Ill-fitting protective clothing and equipment can also mean that women entering
certain non-traditional fields will be unable to perform efficiently the given tasks of the job.
Protective garments should be designed and developed to protect farm women from the health
hazards during pesticide application. There is a need to tailor technologies to meet the needs of
women agricultural workers and to make them affordable enough for women to access14.
Requirement of protective clothing for women depends on the following questions, which need
to be answered:
What is the degree of protection required? (e.g., is full hand and arm protection required
or will gloves do?)
What other pieces of PPE must be worn? (e.g., head and eye protection, head and hearing
protection)
What type of clothing will be worn?
What tools or equipment must be used or operated?
What types of work postures or positions are required by the job? (e.g., frequent bending
over or looking overhead)
What are the environmental factors? (e.g., extreme heat or cold)
What are the human needs? (e.g., comfort, fit).
Encourage employers, female users and PPE suppliers to make their specific PPE needs
known.
Advertise and promote PPE for women in trade publications, at trade shows, and in product
catalogues/brochures so that buyers know these products are readily available.
When designing PPE used by women, use anthropometric and ergonomic data to ensure shape
and size are appropriate.
Consider light weight and easy maintenance when designing new products.
Keep appropriate size ranges and product lines in stock, or ensure ready access to them, and
advertise accordingly.
Work together with employers to research and develop new products to meet the needs of
women.
Conclusion:
Awareness about proper use of protective clothing, foot wear, head cover, gloves, mask etc. and
information on various kinds of accidents, health hazards and protection against chemicals,
insecticides and pesticides should be generated among farm women to safeguard their health. The
limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) for women is a critical workplace
health and safety issue. The seriousness of the health and safety issues, resulting from the lack of
adequate or appropriate PPE for female workers, is an increasing source of concern. When it
comes to PPE for women, the change is occurring slowly. Indications are that manufacturers are
becoming increasingly aware of a new market with significant sales potential. Still, there are
significant gaps in some areas of PPE, such as protective gloves and body suits which need to be
addressed.
References:
1. http://theviewspaper.net/small-scale-industries-an-important-catalyst-for-the-growth-of-india
%E2%80%99s-economy/
2. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-16/news/51600535_1_national-samplesurvey-office-nsso-crore
3. Occupational Health of Women inNon-Standard Employment
Isik Urla Zeytinoglu, Josefina Moruz,M. Bianca Seaton and Waheeda Lillevik
http://libgwd.cns.yorku.ca/unions_equity/ufcw/Occupational_Health_of_Women_Nonstandard_E
mpl.
4. Health and environment in sustainable development. Geneva: WHO; 1997. Occupational health:
The work place. [cited on 2007 Mar]. Available
from:http://www.who.int/peh/Occupational_health/occupational_health2.htm.
5. Horrigan L, Lawrence RS, Walker P. How sustainable agriculture can address the environmental
and human heath harms of industrial agriculture. Environ Health Perspect. 2002.110 (5):445-456.
6. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Farm_safety_risks_and_hazards.
7. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-229530722/health-consequences-of-rural-women-sproductive-role
8. The Energy and Resources Institute, India. Online at: <
http://www.teri.res.in/teriin/news/terivsn/issue31/pesticid.htm>.
9. Gupta P K. Pesticide exposure Indian scene. Toxicology. 2004. 198: 83-90.
10. Goverment of India. Tenth fiev-year plan: 2002-2007. Planning Commission of India, New Delhi .
2001. 513 566. http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/welcome.html
11. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_viii/otm_viii_1.html
12. http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/oeh.2006.12.3.228
13. Antonella F, Bent Iverseb, Manuela Tiramani, Sara Visentin, Marco Maroni. Preventing health
risks from the use of pesticides in agriculture. 2001. Protecting Workers health series n 01. Edited
by
International
Centre
for
Pesticide
Safety,
WHO,
Geneva.
http://www.who.int/occupational_health/publications/pesticides/en/index.html
14. http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Farm_safety_risks_and_hazards
15. http://www.nasdonline.org/document/2159/d000750/protective-clothing-for-pesticideapplication.html
16. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ohp-enhealth-manual-atsicnt-l~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5~ohp-enhealth-manual-atsi-cnt-l-ch5.9
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