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New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 13.A12, 13.A13, 13.D3, 13.D5, 13D6, 13D10, 13D22, 13D30-13D34, 13D36-13D42,
13.E2, 13.E3, 13.G1, 13.G2 . Chapters 13 and 14 from the 2nd edition were rearranged to place all the
extraction material into chapter 13 and the material for other separations in Chapter 14. Thus, the
numbers of many problems have changed.
13.A3.
The amount of solvent should be increased. This will decrease F/S and move the mixing
point M towards S. As a result the saturated extract product E N will be moved down
(less solute). The difference point will be moved towards the triangular diagram. The
combined effect will be that fewer stages are required. By adjusting F/S a condition
requiring exactly two stages can be found.
13.A5.
The vertical axis will be the extract phase and the hypotenuse will be the raffinate phase.
These will be connected by tie lines. Usual procedure can be used.
13.A7.
Situation where E = R and point is at infinity. All operating lines are parallel.
However, this does not correspond to minimum number of stages in extraction.
13.A.11 c.
13.A12. a. C will be spread out and go into both raffinate and extract streams.
b. C will concentrate around the feed edge. If C is very dilute in the feed, can concentrate C.
Then by stopping the feed but continuing to flow solvents, solutes A and B can be
removed. Solute C can now be collected by withdrawing a stream near the feed stage.
13.B1.
Specify:
T, p, z A , z B , F, x Ao , x B , y A N , y BN plus:
y B1 , R, E, N F
x B N , R, E, N F
x A N , R, E, N F
R, E, y B1 , x A N
N, N F , y A1 , E
N, N F , x B N , R
N, N F , x A N , R, etc.
Could also not be given one of standard variables (such as solvent concentration).
13.B2.
a).
One can build stages which are cross-flow (e.g. see Figure 12-12) within a countercurrent cascade. This effectively increases stage efficiency. Not that upward flowing less dense
liquid will be mixed.
b.)
Build chambered stages within a counter-current cascade to prevent mixing of the
dense liquid and give better cross flow on each stage.
c.)
Put in baffles to prevent MIXING of both less and more dense liquids. This will be
more effective if counter-current is arranged so that flow across stages is always in same
direction (see sketch)
319
Assume that E o
Rj
xA
E o y Ao
R 1 x A1
Eo
R1
(13-43a)
xD
E o y Do
R 1 x D1
Eo
R1
(13-43b)
Ej ,
R1x D1
xA
R j 1x A j 1
E j y Aj ,
xD
R j 1x D j 1
E j y Dj
These equations are now in a form similar to the form of the mixing equations developed
previously. To develop the three point form of a straight line use the first equation to remove
from the other two equations, solve for R j 1 E j in each of these equations, and finally set the
results equal to each other. The development proceeds as follows:
Use
Ej
Ej
Rj
xA
Solve for R j
R j 1x A j 1
Ej ,
Rj
Ej
E j yA j , E j
yAj
xA
xAj 1
xA
Rj
Rj
Ej
xD
R j 1x Dj 1
yDj
xD
xDj 1
xD
yAj 1
xA
x Dj 1
xD
E j y Dj
This last equation says that the slope of the line between the points
xD , xA
y D j , y A j and
and
thus the lines are colinear. Furthermore, the lever-arm rule is valid for this system.
13.D1.
320
E
44, R
is on op. line. E
2.273
0.0037 . Thus, cannot get to x o
and point x N , y N
x N yN 1
E
100 , Slope R E
0.001, 0.0
0.012 .
74 and R E 1.35 .
44 30
44 0
0.001, but y N
30 0.004
0.00162
74
At x 0.001, equilibrium value of y 1.613 x 0.001613 . Alternative works, but
have pinch point and need very large number of stages.
Still want x N
0.00145 69
0.012 100
0.001 100
0.0174
69
Op line closer to equilibrium require lot more stages.
20 0.004
If use 20 kg/min of 0.004 butanol: y N 1
0.00125
64
0.00125 64 0.011 100
R E 100 64 1.5625 , y1
0.01844
64
Will also work. Becoming close to pinch at top equil y1* 0.019356
y1
If 15 kg/min, y N
15 .004
1
0.0010, R E
59
1.0010 59
y1
0.011 100
100 59 1.6949
0.1964
59
y1*
m eq
0.19356
Wont work.
Thus, there is a small range where option c will work, but with many stages.
13.D2.
20, E
20, x IN
Kremser equation
Eq (13-11)
x F , y IN
0, m
20
mE
8.333 20
y1
yN
y1 8.3333 x F
y
1
*
1
y1*
8.3333 x F
8.3333, b
0.12 , y1*
R
mE
N 1
R
mE
1-0.12
1- 0.12
0, N
mx 0
2
8.3333 x F , y N+1
7.3460 x F , y1
0.9873 x F
321
Rx F
Mass balance,
Recovery = 1 x N x F
Rx N
Ey1 , x N
0.01269 x F
20
0.9873 , which is higher than 0.963 obtained in cross-flow.
R .013
Where R = 100 and the unknowns are E and yout.
y out
and Equilibrium:
1.613 x out
E
E .001
1.613 .007
R .013 .007
y out
20 x F 19.746 x F
R .007
0.01129
100 0.006
0.001
E y out
0.01129 0.001
58.309 kg h
y 1.613x
1.613
y
y out
0.01129
R
from graph
.001
x out
.007
0.001 0.01129
0.013 0.007
R
1.715
1.715
58.309
.013
322
E, y1
x0
y2
y1
Or
Op. Line:
Eq.
R, x 0
R E
Slope
y1
Points x1 , y 2 ,
R
E
x0
x 0 , y1
x
where y 2
x1
On Op. Line
R, x1
E, y 2
y2
y1,in
y1,IN
x1
R
Slope
known, N = 1
If Eq. line is straight, can Use Kremser with N=1.
E
Both representations are correct. Treating similar to a flash is easier.
13.D4.
Since concentrations are low, use wt. fractions and total flow rates.
Equilibrium: y 0.828 x or m 0.828
550 lb h, E
mE R
700 lb h, x 0
1.0538 and R mE
*
1
b
n
0.828 .0097
mE
1
R
yN
R
1
x0
xN
n
.0003
550
0.0003,
.00046
0.0075
0.00803
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
n
y1
0.00046, y N
.94893
mx IN
0.0097, x N
R
mE
0.0097
700
.0077316
.0538
.0004716
mE
R
550
700
1.5038
33.6
n .94893
x0
0.005, x N
0.0003, y N+1
0.0001,
0.862664
mE
.862664
1.159
323
Since
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
n 1 1.1592
N
where
y1
yN
x0
E
1.52637
mE
R
R
mE
0.0001 0.00414
0.0034571 0.00414
xN
1.1592
n0.862664
400
0.0001
0.005 0.0003
560
0.003457
10.332
0.14773
Alternate solution: Eq. (12-28) becomes
L
R, V
yN
x *N
E , N
0.0001
b)
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
R
mE
0.000120773 , N
0.828
yN
R E
0.0001
xN
y1
Part b.
x0
E
100
yN
R
1
0.005
140
Kremser Eq.
slope
x0
0.0003
y1
min
0.005
10.332
.14773
0.828 x 0
y1*
Slope = 0.828
n mE R
1.52637
y1*
Equil.
y
R
mE
min
yN
x0
E MIN
xN
0.828 0.005
0.00414
0.00414 0.0001
0.005 0.0003
R 0.85957
400
0.85957
0.85957
465.3 kg h
Ext. M.B.
xN
0.0002
100
140
0.0005
0.003414
324
Convert
yN
E, x *N
100
0.0002
1.208
0.00016556
0.5913
mV
mE
1.208 140
Lots of different forms can be used.
n
N
For example
0.4087
N
Part c.
x *N
x *N
L
mV
n mV L
n
Becomes
x0
x0
L
1
mV
x0
xN
R
mE
x *N
x *N
R
mE
n mE R
0.005 0.00016556
0.0005 0.00016556
1
n
0.5913
0.5913
1.8717
0.5254
Eq.
y EQ
3.6
y 1.208x
1.208x
0.00604
R
E MIN
y N 1 0.0002
y 1.208x
xN
R
0.0005
slope
x0
0.005
0.00604 0.0002
1.29777
0.005 0.0005
R
100
E MIN
77.05
1.29777 1.29777
Maximum extract out y EQ x 0
0.00604.
Part d. The roles of extract and diluents are switched in the two problems, which changes the definitions
of y and x.
E MIN
13.D7.
Equilibrium:
30, R
500, y N
0.828x, m
0.0002, x 0
0.828, x *N
yN
0.0111, x N
.828
0.00037
0.00024155
325
Since rather dilute and linear equilibrium use one of the Kremser equations.
n
N
Where
E
500
x *N
x *N
R
ME
(12-28 (modified))
mE
n
R
x0
x *N
xN
x *N
R/mE
1.21
Calculated N
Negative-Not possible Need
0.8626
.929
.9435
.945015
700
650
640
639
xo
xN
R
mE
R
mE
By linear interpolation need E ~ 639.6 kg/h. Can use other forms of the Kremser equation.
Was 13.D10 in 2nd edition.
x is raffinate R L
Convert Kremser
y
y extract, V E
13.D8.
a)
Use 12-31
xN
x *N
Other forms OK x 0
*
N
x *N
xN
x0
1
b)
yn
KE
R
KE
R
1 mV L
mV
L
K, b
1 KE R
N 1
R
E
x0
30.488 25
100
30.488 25
R x0
xN
0.00001376
100
y1
KE
R
Ey N
0.00092
Ey1
13.D9.
mx
100
25
y1
xN
0.00092 0.00001379
0.003625
m oleic
4.14, K d,linoleic
md,linoleic
2.17
.00495
326
y1*
m oleic E
4.14 750
1500
4.14 .0025
m oleic x 0,oleic
n
yN
0, N
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
1500
m lin E
750 2.17
y1 .00651
Recovery of linoleic:
m L x 0,L
yN
y1*
mE
R
5.44
.9216 ,
2.17 003
R
mE
N
R
1
mE
.07834
.00651
y1*
y1
0.01035
R
n
mE
5.44, y1*
2.07
.00651
.40866
Re c .003 1500
.00124796 y1linoleic
0.00526
th
x 2,out
1.02 x1
Fx F1
1.02 E R1 x1
1.02 E
R1
1.02 50
R 1 x1
E2
y 2,in
E 2 y 2,out
y 2,out
1.02 x 2,out
0.0099338 100
R2
R 3,in
R 1 x1
100 0.015
F xF
R 1 x1
1.02 E 2
Ey1,out
y1,out
x1
Stage 2
y1,in
151
100
0.0099338
R 2 x 2,out , R1
0.006579, R 2
R2
R1
F1
F1
100
100
100 70 170
327
x 3,in
x 3,in
Stage 3
x 3,out
x 4,out
y 4,out
0.006579 100
0.005 70
170
0.0059286
E3
y3,in
E 3 y3,out
R 3 x 3,out
1.02 x 3,out
R 3 x 3,in
1.02 E 3
R 4 x 4,out
y 4,out
x F2 F2
R 3,in
R 3 x 3,in
y3,out
Stage 4
x 2,out R 2
E4
170 0.0059286
R3
y 4,in
1.02 50
E 4 y 4,out
170
0.00456
R 4 x 4,out , R 4
R3
170
1.02 x 4,out
R 4 x 4,out
1.02 E 4
1.02 x 4out
170 0.00456
R4
51 170
0.003508
0.003578
328
329
13.D11.
2501, E
Equilibrium: K D
E 1000
xN R
xN
.0475
.0475
2501
Goes through pt x 0
Bottom Op. Eq.: y
0.0000190 , y1
R
E
yN
R
1
y1
x3
0.17594
Rx in
.0475
.05 F x F
1000
2500
1000
0.0000025
y 4 0, y*1
1.2399
0.00742
Ey in
2.5
x N through point x N , y N
1 1.2399
0 0.00742
y1
Overall bal.
0.00742
x0
m 1.613, R mE 1.2399 , y N
Eq. (13-11a)
13.D13. a.
y1
0, y1 . Slope
E
Need 8 stages (see Figure).
13.D12.
.95 F x F
Ey out
mxin
0 , R E
0.00742
0.17594
0.00742
10 0.0046
0.006114
5 0.006114
10
,out
2.501
0.00154
0.3 kg out
0.0003
330
O xy
0.15 0.005
0.25 , x O,out
0.00025
0.00075
R
E
For para
0.00075 0
max,ortho
y max
0.08 0.003
0.00024
0.00024 0
0.003 0.0003
max,para
0.1579
0.005 0.00025
1000
E min
0.08888
0.08888
11, 250
0.0592592
E
Can use Kremser eq. (13-11b) for -xy to find N
n
N
mE
1
R
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
R
mE
m 0.080, R E 0.0592592, y N 1 0 , y1* mx o,p
0.080 0.003 0.00024
Mass balance: 90% entering -xy leaves w. solvent.
0.9 1000 0.003
y1
0.00016
wt frac
16,875
R
0.0592592
R
mE
.080
1.35
0.74074, n
0.300106 ,
R
0.0592592
mE
0.080
mE
n
331
0 0.00024
0.00016 0.00024
.35
1.35
n 0.30
4.012
0.300106
0.30016
Note: Can use other forms of Kremser eq if desired.
c. For o-xy check if recovery > 95%
R
1
*
y1 unknown, y N 1 0
y1 y1
mE
Eq. (13-11a)
N 1
y1* mx 0
0.15 0.005 0.00075
y N 1 y1*
R
1
mE
R
0.0592592
0.39506, N 4.012
mE
0.15
y1
yN
y1*
1
R
mE
N
R
mE
External M.B.
y1*
Ey1
R xN
Rx 0
xN
0.39506
5.012
0.00075
0.0029194
R x0
Ey1
R
a)
Ey N 1
% Recovery
13.D14. (was 14.D4. in 2nd ed.)
1 0.39506
0.00075
Ey1
Rx 0
16875 .00029194
1000
100
10.0
MF
15.0
SM
7.3584 E 5
98.53%
Once have M, use trial-and-error to find tie through M. (final result is shown). This
gives E and R. y A .115, yw 0.04, xA .23, xw .73.
b) Plot raffinate, R x A
.1 . Find tie line through this point (not trial-and-error). This gives
E. Draw Line ER. Intersection with line SF gives M.
S
S
MF
. Find S 85.7 kg/h.
F 15.0 SM
332
13.D15.
Since dilute, use Kremser equations. Assume units are weight fractions.
a) Column 1 at 40C. x N 0.0008, N 11,, x 0 0.01, E 1000,, R 100
Equilibrium: m
mx 0
1
1.022
0.93664
12
y N 1 0.001022
1
1
1.022
This simplifies to: y1 .093664y N 1 .00092628
y1
0.001022
External MB: y N 1E Rx o
which simplifies to:
yN
y1E Rx N , y N
1
1000
Solve 2 eqs and 2 unknowns: y1,coll
b) Column 2 at 25C: y N
y1,col2
yN
1,col1
1,col2
y1,col1
.6929 10 5 , x 0
1000
1 1000 y1
.08
1000 y1 .92
0.00092693, y N+1,coll
0.6929 10
0.00092693 ,
0, N
9, m
mx 0
Use Kremser to solve for R. This is trial and error. For example, Using Eq. (13-11a),
R
R
1
1
*
0.0328 1000
y1 y1
mE
0.007475
N 1
10
y N 1 y1*
R
R
1
1
mE
32.8
50
60
50.5
50.35
0.0183
333
c) Could be practical if ms were larger, and have bigger shift in m. A similar scheme is used
commercially for citric acid. Not practical here since have to pump around too much
solvent. In addition, benzene is carcinogenic and would probably not be used as solvent.
R E 10 8 1.25, R mE
13.D16. a.)
*
1
y
y1
m x A0
1.613 0.01
0.01613
0.0002 0.01613
xA
1 0.77495
1
x A0
0.77495
E
yN
E
1
R
R
b.) Graphical check works fine (not shown)
yj
13.D17.
x6
Note:
x6
R
Ej
xj
y IN
0.27044 y1
R
E0
y1
x j 1,
7.02498 E
10
Ej
0.01182
4
x N,countercurrent
334
MF
20.3
SM
4.5
4.511 S
F xA
100 4.511
M x A ( S .15
451.1 kg/h
.5 F .21 M )
S = 483.3
335
13.D19.
Equil.
Kd
Acetone
y0
xN
FD
1000 .9
yA x A
0
1
0, x 1
0.10 wt frac
Equil.
Y0
900
1364.1
0.005
X N+1
X1
0.10
.9
1371 .995
0.005
0.995
0.00503
0.1111
0.6598
336
XA
xA
0
yA = 1.86 xA
YA
0
0.01
0.03
0.0101
0.0309
0.01816
0.05448
0.01850
0.0576
0.05
0.0526
0.0908
0.09987
0.07
0.0753
0.1271
0.1456
0.09
0.9890
0.1634
0.1954
0.1
0.1111
0.1816
0.2219
External M.B.
FD
FS
XN
Y6
FD
FS
X1
YN or YN
0.6598 0.1111
0.06999, y N
Results pretty close to 13.D43. 2
1
2
vs 2
2
3
0.6598 .00503
YN
1 YN
0.0655
w i accuracy of graphs.
Note: The graph below should read acetone, not acetic acid as the solute.
337
13.D20. a) Batch Operation Mix together & settle. Find fraction recovered:
R
R
Operating Eq.:
y
x
x 0 , R 5, S
4, x 0 x F
S
S
Which is,
y
1.25 x
1.25 x F
Equilibrium
8.333 x, m
8.333
R S x 0
m
x t,final x F
Recovery = 99.87%.
exp
0.8 8.33
y iN
1.25 x F
R S
0.8
9.583
1
8.333
0.1304 x F
x t ,final
xF
0.00127
338
F1 x AF
Then
F2 x AF
S y AS
x AM
F1 x A F
F2 x A F
F1 x D F
M
F2 x D F
x DM
M x AM , F1 x DF
F2 x DF
S y DS
M x DM
S y AS
100 .6
50 .2
S y DS
350
100 4 50 .8
350
0.2
0.229
Plot M. Find tie line through M. (See figure.) This gives location of points E and R.
Find x DR 0.48, x AR 0.42, y AE 0.06, y DE 0.05 .
b.
Mass balances: M
E R and Mx AM
Ey AE
Rx AR
Chord
.1
.4115
Ds 2
0.5115
Center
Interface
(length = C)
arc
.1
C/2
.1
C
2
1.00326 m
339
Draw right triangle for interface below center to calculate new perimeter.
0.1
.1
sin
.1955
11.274
r
.5115
Then angle of arc,
180 2
157.452
3.14159 0.5115 157.452
r
Length of
arc
1.4056
180
180
Perf C arc length 2.4089m
Mensuration formulas are from CRC Standard Mathematical Table.
Re settler
4Q
Perf
4 0.006 998
2.4089 0.95 10
10, 466
a) F S 500 300 M
S y AO 500 .3 0 M x AM x AM
150 800
0.1875
Mass balances: R1
E1
800 , 0.84R
0.02E
0.43M
Solve simultaneously, E1 ~ 400, R1 ~ 400 (Note: More accurate than pyrdine values.)
R 1 S2
b)
R1x A1
S2 y A0
60
x pyr M 2
700
R 2xw2
E2 yw 2
R2
Solve simultaneously: E 2
400 300
700
400 0.15
0.053 ; y w 2
M x m2w 0.945 R 2
M
60
M 2 x AM 2
0.086
0.120; x pyr2
E2
M2
0.005, x w 2
0.005 E 2
0.945
700 0.48
700
346 and R 2
354
340
341
FM
MS
Find:
F S
R1
MR
ME
R1
FM
MS
207.04 kg h , E1
R1
E 1M 1
E1
M 1R 1
292.95
Note: Isotherms are very sensitive. Thus, calculation is not extremely accurate.
Stage 2: Mass balance R 1 S2
M2
507.04
R2
S2
M 2R1
E1
M 2S 2
Find M 2 and from tie line through M 2 find R 2 . Then can find R2 and E2 from mass balance
(given above) and new application of lever arm rule,
Solving simultaneously, R 2
R2
E 2M
E2
R 2M
196.16 kg h. E 2
310.88
342
13.D25 (was 14.D9. in 2nd ed.) a. Draw lines from S to F and from R 1 to E N . Intersection gives point
M (see Figure). Then from lever-arm,
b.
FM
SM
1.25 S
is at intersection of lines E N R N
1.25 2000
2500
343
R1 E 0
EN
SM SF 15 57
F S R1
y AE
E0
MF
E0M
1.112
y wE0
R1
R1
R 1 5600, R 1
6830
0 (Pure solvent)
Solve simultaneously, R1
770 kg/h.
E0
64.25, E N
0.18
EN
MR 1
R1
ENM
146.95 kg/h
344
345
2)
Ej
Rj
EN
E N x AN
xA
RN
1500
R N 1x A N 1
0.06666
RN
R N 1E N
EN
1.5
Mass Balance: E 0
0.275, x D1
RN
E 0 0.13
and
R1
E N E0
1000 0.4
Solving simultaneously, R 1
13.D29 (was 14.D16. in 2nd ed.)
0.675 and E 0 y A1
R1
EN
R 1 0.275
655 kg/h, E 0
.13, and y D 0
RN
0.0 .
R 1 1500
2500 0.2
2155 kg/h
dist. S to M
S
F 0.786 1000 0.786 1272 kg/h.
dist F to M
Mass balance
Give S
0.786
346
Solve simultaneously:
2321 and S
yN
y1
x1
Soln. b.)
y1*
y1
*
1
R
mE
N
R
mE
y1*
mx 0
becomes
y1 m
0.01613
y1 0.01613
0 0.01613
1 0.30998
1
0.30998
0.7633696
0.00381684
0.00381684
0.0023663
1.613
Do mass balances and equilibrium for single stage.
347
Sy IN Fx F Sy Fx
0 0.5 100y
50x
also y x 1.613 . Solve simultaneously and obtain identical result.
Soln. c.
Do graphically as single stage system.
Soln. d.
Do graphically as counter-current system, N=1. Solution is valid, but awkward.
13.D.32. New problem in 3rd edition. Fixed Dispersed Phase.
Q sol Q feed Q feed
Q tol
At feed conditions
tol
Q sol
Q tol Q feed
Q feed
Q feed
Q feed
0.6 .006
Q sol Q feed
Q sol
.006 .6 .006
1
Q feed
Equation 13-48 operation in ambivalent range.
a)
.6
tol
.3
L
1
0.3
0.375
0.625
1.6
Q sol Q feed
1 Q sol Q feed
.375
865 0.95 10
998. 0.59 10
0.3
1.10235
0.375
The
1.10235 0.6614
0.625
Either phase can be dispersed.
1.0
b)
0.5 , also ambivalent range
d
2.0
.5
Either phase dispersed
1.10235 1.10235
.5
2.0
c)
.6667. According to 13-48 at border.
d
3.0
.6667
water probably dispersed
1.10235 2.2
.3333
5.0
d)
.8333 Equation (13-48), water (heavy) dispersed.
d
6.0
0.8333
1.10235 5.5 water dispersed.
0.16667
13.D.33. New problem in 3rd edition. t re s Vliq Qd Qc
1.5 min 90s
Qd
Qc
0.0072 m3 s , Vliq
90 s 0.0072 m3 s
Vliq
2d tan k
0.0254
d 2tan k 4
0.648m3
2d tan k
0.648
1.4978
348
d i2 N
998 kg m3 and
0.16558
8.335 998
4.0
8.335
N P0
.16558
40
d 5i g c where g c
1.0
0.95 10 3 kg m s
240, 064
0.95 10
0.034587
1.0 and
8.335.
(A)
0.146 and
0.146 865
d,feed
0.874.
1, B j
1000, x A0
1, B N
0.35, x D,0
E jK j
Rj
ENKN
E j 1K j
, Cj
RN
Rj
, DN
6 , EN
0.65, N
FN z N
1
, Dj
Fjz j
E N 1y N
1475, yA,N
0, yD,N+1
K A1
K A4
0.03
0.1
0.12
0.5
0.3, K A 2
0.15
0.14
0.33, K A 3
0.09
0.21
0.16
0.43
0.5, K A 5
0.5, K A 6
0.5,
0.24
0.28
0.32
For first guess assume constant E 1475 and R 1000.
Then
C1
D1
B1
E 1K A1
R1
E 2K 2
1475
R2
1000
R D x A ,0
0.33
1000 0.35
1475 0.3
1000
1.4425
0.48675
350
349
DN
475 0
-0.48675
1475
1475
1.4425
-1
-1
-1
1000
.33
.43
1000
1
-1
1475
1000
1475
.43
0.5
1000
1475
1000
1475
0.5
1000
1475
1000
0.5
1475
0.5
1000
-1
1475
1000
0.5
0.5
Forg
C Aq ,0
FAq
*
org ,1
Min
Forg,Min
Forg
b.
0.736 FAq
1.4 147.2
Corg,1
See Figure.
C Aq ,N
C
*
org ,N 1
0.10 0.008
0.133 0.008
0.736 200 L h
206.08 ,
147.2
Forg
206.08
FAq
200
0.736
L
h
1.0304
0.097
~2
3
4
stages needed.
350
Part c.
MW Zr NO3
MW water
2 1.00797
15.994
18.00994
351
Have
33.917g Zr NO3
and
1000 g
33.917
966.083 g water
13.D.38.
MWwater
18.02,
F 1.0 kmol hr ,
MWtoluene
92.14 , m
C toluene
C raffinate
C water
0.00023 ,
x IN
20.8
y IN
x out Fx in / F Sm
Note m m. m is equilibrium in mole fraction units. Assume extract has properties
toluene and raffinate properties of water.
F x IN
Fx out
Sy out and
C extract
kmole benzoic
m 3 extract
20.8
kmole benzoic
m 3 raffinate
Units on m are
y out
m x out
1
865 kg tol m 3
92.14 kg toluene
kmol toluene
1
998 kgW m 3
18.02 kgW
kmol W
122.71
352
1.0 0.00023
x out
1.0
0.0000275 , y out
0.06 122.71
If use m
13.D.39.
Feed is 0.1
1 equil. stage
1 .00023
122.71 0.0000275
1 .06 20.8
0.00337
0.000102, WRONG!
Lever arm:
10
10
FM
SM
x F,CC
, Alternatively
x M ,CC
x M ,CC
x S,CC
S
F
13.D.40.
S1
S
2
CC4
1
E1
E2
x M 2 ,acetic
16.6667
R1
SM 2
10
R 1M 2
x M2,AA
R2
x R 1 ,acetic
x M 2 ,AA
x Sacetic
x M 2 acetic
0.54
x M 2 ,AA
Find M2 and by trial and error find a tie line though M2. See figure on next page.
Extract 2,
yCC 4 0.046
y AA 0.065
Raffinate 2,
R2
CC
E2
x CC
x AA
R 1 S 16.6667 10
balance
Substitution
R2
0.018
19.40 and E 2
0.018R 2
0.018 R 2
0.57
26.6667
0.0046E 2
0.041 16.6667
0.046 26.6667 R 2
0.0 10
0.68333
7.16 kmol h .
353
354
E0
S 14.5,
1.0 , y CC
y TEA,0
1.45
x M ,CC
14.5
FM
10
SM
xN
1,CC
0.9
0.091
4,N
xN
1,CC
x M ,CC
S
y S,CC
F
SF 1
x M ,CC
y S,CC
.1
1.45 0
0.041
2.45
x1,CC
0.008
x1,AA
.58
Passing Streams
E N R N 1 & E O R 1 intersect at .
Very close to parallel. Use parallel lines to step off stages.
Estimate # Stages = 3.
Flow rates
24.5 F S E 3 R 1
CC
balance. F .1
E3
S 0
1.0
E 3 .091
R1 0.008
x TEA
Two results are reasonably close.
.418
x CC
0.0056
x AA
.577
355
356
13.D42. a. First, plot points EN and R1 on the saturated extract and saturated raffinate curves,
respectively.
Second, Find point at the intersection of lines FEN and R1S.
Third, step off equilibrium stages. Need about 3. See graph.
Part b. Easiest: use the lever-arm rule. Find mixing point M at the intersection of lines FS and ENR1.Then
S FM
0.81 F
1235kg / h
F SM
Can also write 3 mass balances (overall, pyridine, and water) and solve for the unknown flow
rates F, EN and R1. Unfortunately, this will not be very accurate because it is difficult to read the water
values accurately.
13D.43 (was 14.D5. in 2nd ed.)
E0M
1000
S 1371
FM
Line R 1M intersects the saturated extract curve at E N . x acetone
0.067 .
357
358
K Dm
13.E1.
Since
K Do
y m,N
Estimate: E
0.05, K Do
R
1
20, E
200, F 1
yo,N
0, x m,0
E .52F and R
200.52 and R
Recoveries:
0.15, R
20.48,
.92 .52 1
x ortho,N
x o,0
R .48F
R
20
E 200.52
E y ortho,1 or y ortho,1
0.09974 and
E
R
20.48
200
0.1024
0.002386
0.00203
359
x N,p
Part b.
xy
0.04 .004
Paraxylene:
Ka
0.080
m, E
20, 000, R
x
Eq. (12-28) converted to extraction notation is convenient. L
x0
xN
R
mE
x0
n
N
Part c.
x *N
x *N
mE
R
0.00016,
0.004
0.00016
ortho-xy m
.625
xN
xN
x *N
x0
*
N
yN
x *N
1000
mE
2.3025
0.
Thus
0.006, x *N
0,
0.625
4.899
0.470
0.150, x 0
1000
R
mE
n 1 .625
Part d.
m-xy
0.004, x N
.375
mE
0.150 20000
1000
1 mE R
1
mE
R
N 1
1 3
0.006
1.842 E - 5
1 35.899
Alternative Solutions are presented below for meta-xylene.
m 0.050, x 0 0.005, x*N 0, N 4.899 E 20,000,
mE R
1000, b
1
1000
Must use special form. But the L mV 1 form in terms of x is not available. Thus, need to
derive, or translate or find in another source. Looking at development of Eq. (12-12).
N x x0 x N
Solving for N,
x0
xN
x
yN
L
xN
V
L V
yN
L V
xN
360
x0
N
And solving for xN, x N
xN
L V
x0
x
x0
0.005
N 1 5.899
R E , yN
0,
xN
xN
xN
0.0008476
Alternative Solution: Redefine terms to match Eq. 12-12 [Relating y to solvent and x to raffinate is
arbitrary. Switch these definitions.]
y N 1 meta xylene in hexane 0.005
y1
m
Kd
0.05
20, b
yN
y1
0, L
N y1
20, 000;
L
V
x0
20, 000
mV
20 1000
4.899 y1
20 0
1 , V 1000
0
361
yN
y1
0.005
5.899
5.899
0.0008476
y EQ
0.080 .004
0.00032
yN
0
x 0,pxy
x N ,pxy
0.004
0.00016
0.00032 0
Slope
E MIN
0.004 0.00016
R
0.08333 , E MIN
0.08333
0.08333
1000
0.08333
12, 000 kg h
13.E.3. New problem in 3rd edition. Part a. Plot the equilibrium data and points F and S. Straight line
from power F to point S passes through mixing point M. Since amounts of F and S are equal,
M is at the half-way point of the line. Find tie line through M by trial-and-error. This is
difficult since tie line is very sensitive.
Approximately, raffinate x AR
and extract y AE
Mass Balances:
0.326
x DR
0.575
0.046
y DE
0.058
E R S E 40
R 40 E
Ey AE Rx A,S Sy A,s Fx AF 20 0
Solve simultaneously, E
18.0 kg , R
20 .4
22.0 kg.
Part b. First add solvent until reach saturated raffinate curve at intersection with FS line.
Initial Raffinate x AR 0.36,
x D 0.54
R INIT x AR
R init
Fx AF SINIT x AS
8 x AR
8 0.36
20 .4
SINIT 0
22.22 kg
362
x t ,final ,A
S
R
x t ,feed ,A
dx t ,A
yA
0.36 , x t ,final,A
x A,initial raffinate
0.292
x A,t
yA
0.048
0.046
0.045
0.36
0.326
0.292
0.292
1y
20.8
21.7
22.22
dx A
0.36 0.292
yA
0.36
Sadded
1.47R t
20.8 4 21.7
1.47
Eq. A
Sadded
22.22
R t,INIT
22.22 kg
32.66 kg
y A,added
y A ,Avg
0, x A,INIT
Ey A,Avg
0.36, x A,final
0.292
0.046
Sadded
d R x t ,A
dS added
0
yA
x t ,INITIAL ,raf
0.84986, xcarbontet
16.03923, x TEA
flow
flow
0.41361, x carbontet
11.63396, x TEA
0.91426, x carbontet
14.40527, x TEA
0.065042
0.54506
0.049149
0.016472 14.40527
In Out in Raffinate
Extracted
% extracted = 76.27%
0.23728
0.7627
363
.4672
8.533
Carbon tet remaining in raffinate 3 is 0.2758 kmol/h. Since carbon tet feed was 1.0 kmol/h, 0.7242
kmol/h was extracted. Fraction extracted = 0.7242/1.0 = 0.7242.
Part c. 3 stage counter-current with S set to give same fraction extracted as in part a (0.9181) and outlet
raffinate carbon tet flow rate of 0.0819 kmol/h. This is trial-and-error.
First trial: S = 20 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0289
Second trial: S = 18 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.04045
Third trial: S = 16 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0590
Fourth trial: S = 14 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0908
Fifth trial: S = 14.5 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.08104
This is close enough.
Final Results:
Extract 1
10.066
8.469
0.9189
.6786
Raffinate 3
14.433
6.031
0.0810
8.321
364
n
14.D1. (was 13D29 in 2nd ed.)
U
mO
O, R
U, E
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
U
mO
n mO U
1.0 0
0.09 0
1 0.8
0.8
4.96
n 1 0.8
xN
x0
N
1
1
xN
x *N
x0
*
N
mO U
mO U
4.96,
N 1
1
1
0.75
mO
1.0 50
40
mO U
mO U
N 1
1 1.25
1 1.255.96
1.25, x *N HC
0.0674 kg m 3
yN
1HC
Alternative:
363
xN
Note:
x0
xN
x0
HC
=0.09
H 2 SO 4
Thus, if one is clever and realizes change will be same for HC & H 2SO 4
since
mO
U
& N are identical , dont need to use Kremser eqn for part b.
.4 0.035
.4 .002
.5 yout y out
.0140 .0008
Need 6 2/3 Stages See Graph (Can also use Kremser eq.)
b. Mass Balance:
Op. Eq.:
U xj
yj
O j y jin
U
Oj
xj
U xj
y jin
0.0264
O jy j
U
Oj
xj
14.D3.
.5
0.4, O
0.2,
364
y
1
U=3
U=3
O
y
Basis:
O
2
3
y
0
in 3
in 4
O
y
in 2
2
0
O
2
1
y
0
in 1
1 kg CaCO 3 solids
U x iN
M.B.
O yiN
U
y out
O y out
x iN y iN
O
O
y out , x out at Equil (y = x) line
x in , yin
Point
Slope Op line
See graph.
Find
Recovery
x out
U x out
0.01 as basis
x in , 0 is on op line
x4
0.00127
x0
0.01
0.127
x4
1 0.127 0.873
x0
Recovery is significantly better with counter-current process.
365
14.D4.
0.8,
4, O
4000 kg/h
366
U F1
1000
kg
h
dry solids
U F2
UT
In section 2:
Slope
U F1
UT
yj
Intermediate feed at x
Slope
xj
L liquid
L solid
kg
.8
.2
U F2
1
1.0
3200
1600
U F1
O
xF
xj
kg liquid
h
kg liquid
2.5
kg liquid
4800
h
UT
y0
x1
O
UT O
In Section 1: y j
2000
kg liquid
L liquid
kg solid
2.5
L solid
1.0
0, 0.006
0.02
U F1
yN
U F1 O 1600 4000
xN
y N , x N+1
Also intersects Section 2 op. line at feed line. (Or calculate y N from mass balance). Equilibrium
is y = x. Step off stages (see Figure). Need 5.4 equilibrium stages. Opt. Feed is 4 th.
14.D5.
F1: 1000
kg dry
0.8, 1
0.2
1
1
kg dry
L solid
h
2.25
0.2
L
L under flow
kg dry 1
1
F2 : 2000
4000
h
2.5 0.2
2000 L
h
L
h
F1 5 wt %
F2 2 wt %
367
2000L
Liquid Volumes:
3200 L liq
U0
ON
4000 kg h , y N
x0
144 4800
Ext. MB,
0,
4000
1.2,
4800
ON 1 y N
y1
U0 x 0
1600
U0x0
xN
mx 0
n 1 0.8333
N
5 wt %
where
kg liq
h
1.0 kg L
0.05
kg N a 0H
kg liq
3200 0.02
0.006
UNx N
Convert to Kremser
O
V, U
L, m 1, y1*
Eq. (12-30)
kg liquid
U 0x 0
0.030 , x N specified
2 wt %
h
4800
FT : Total liqd h
L liq
1600
O1 y1
x0
x0
xN
4800
4000
0.030 0.006
0.030, mV L
0 0.030
0.0288 0.030
n 1.2
4000 4800
0.0288
0.8333
0.83333
8.83 or 9 stages
Use 2 feeds!
14.D.6. New problem in 3rd Edition. 2.5 kg wet is 1 kg dry solids-insoluble, and 1.5 kg underflow liquid.
1 kg dry solids
Part a.
10 kg total
4 kg dry insoluble solids
2.5 kg total
1.5 kg liquid
6 kg liquid. , Ov 10 kg liquid.
kg dry solids
Before 1st mixing: 0.05 frac BaS
6 kg liquid 0.3 kg BaS
0.3 kg BaS
0.01875 mass frac in U & Ov.
1st Mix:
16 kg liquid total
U
4 kg dry solids
Settle (6 kg liquid in U)
2nd Mix Pure Water
0.01875
0.1125 kg BaS
0.1125 kg BaS
368
External M.B.
3, x 0
xN
x0
x0U
y N 1Ov
y1
14.D7.
0.05, m 1, Ov
30 6
30 6
U x0
xNU
xN
Ov
xj
0.0003205
6 0.05 0.0003205 30
xj
y j,in
U
O
vol water
xj
y j wt. fractions
1
.4
y j,in , x j
x0
0.035, y N,in
yN
xN
0.002, yS,in
y N , y 2,in
1,in
0.009936
yN
y1Ov
Equilibrium:
yj
0.05 0.00641
6, x *N
30, U
.2
1.0 g
kg
cc
1000 g
0.4 kg
2.
yN
2,in
y N 1 , y1,in
yN
Start at stage N where x N = 0.002. Find y N then work backwards to stage N-2. This
gives inlets for first 3 stages so can then work forward (see Figure). Note: that stages 5 and
N-2 are not connected. 8 stages gives more than enough separation, but 7 is not enough.
369
14.D8.
x0 .
m Fsolv
yN
*
N
*
N
xN
xN
x0
x0
0 .
m Fsolv
Fsolid
1
1
xN
Fsolid
N 1
m Fsolv
Fsolid
1 1.121
x0
12
1.121
0.041
FSolid
FSolid
xF
Fsolv
Fsolv
1.0, x F
3.0,
0.055, y solv,IN
y solv ,IN
mE
FSolid Fsolv
13
0.055
1
1.18
0.01211 , y
3
3
b. x = 0.004. Solve for Fsolv .
xm E
Fsolv
Fsolv
FSolid
mE x
L Slurry stream
0.055 0.004
1.0
ySolv,IN
1.18 .004
G H 2 stream
120 lb h
x
1 x
Yin
G Yin
X out
lb CH 4
lb H 2
Yout
120
10.805 kg
CONSTANT
CONSTANT
100
100 lb h of H 2
0.0143 wt frac.
mE x
1.18 0.01211
y solv,IN
xF
xF
1.18,
FSolid Fsolv
FSolid
0, m E
1 y
in
in
30
100
X in
L
G
X
x in
1 x in
0.30, Yout
L
G
X in
Yout
0
lb CH 4
lb H 2
out
out
.05
.95
.0527
L X out
0.30 0.0527
0.206 , x out
.206
1 X
1.206
0.171
370
120
100
y = 1.2 x becomes
x
0
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
Y
Y 1
1.2
X
X 1
1.2 X
1 .2 X
Plot Y vs X
X
Y
0
0
.0526 .0038
.1111 .1364
.1765 .2195
.2500 .3158
.3333 .4286
1.0
1000 kg m3 1.0 1
1500 kg m 3
0.4
400 kg
Thus
400
1300
Fsolv Fsolid
400
1300
10, 000
kg
h
3076.9 .
1.36
371
Op. Eq.:
Fsolid
Fsolv
Fsolid
y1
Fsolv
xF
x0
m E x is equilibrium.
1.36
R S 10 12.5
R S x 0
0.8, m E
1.18
y in
R S
g L in liqd
, x
g L in solid
Frac. Rec. 1 0.404040 0.5959596
x t ,final
S
1
n
b) Eq. (13-29b)
mE
x t ,feed
R
x t,final
x F exp
1.25 1.18
, equil. y
m E x, y in
0.8 x F
1.18 0.8
0.8
1.98
xF
0.4040 x F
350
2075
kg
h
in sol.
kg
h
, y in
Eq. (12-29)
14.D.15.
1.5
kg solution
kg insoluble solid
0.0, x *N
N
0, y1
n
xN
U0 x0
525 kg soln., x in
xN
O
x *N
x0
n L mV
525
2075
x *0
0.20, x out
0.2 0.00001
0.00001
0.0506, x *0
n 0.00001 .2 .0506
n 525 1.0 2075
New problem in 3rd Edition. With 1000 kg/h dry solids U 1.5 1000
0.0506
6.99 or 7.0
1500 kg h
372
y1*
Equilibrium is y
y1*
y
yN
U
0
Ov
b. Ov 1.2 Ov Min
1500
Ov
1782
Kremser:
Eq. (12-28)
x0
Min
x0
xN
Min
1 .99 .15
0.15
xN
0.15 0.0015
1500
Ov Min
.15
10101
1.0101
1485
0.0015
1782
0.84175
Ov
xN
0.0015, x *N
n
0, x 0
.15, m 1, U Ov
x0
xN
U
m Ov
x *N
x *N
0.84175
U
m Ov
m
U Ov
0.15 0
.84175
.0015 0
2.81
N
16.33
1
.17227
n
.84175
In theory, can use McCabe-Thiele, but it is difficult to accurately step off this large number of
stages.
U
1500
c.
Ov 2000,
.75
m 1
Ov 2000
n 1 .75 100 .75
N
11.29
1
n
.75
n 1 .84175
N act
15
E overall
N eq
11.29
N sub actual
15
0.753
n
N
.75
mE
n
100
.75
mE
mE
.75
373
x IN
y IN ,
0.06 0.005
y IN
x IN
x t ,final
x t ,feed exp
Part b.
2, U
x t,final
O
14.D18.
O
U
2, x t,feed
O
Part c.
2, x t,feed
0.06 e
x IN
x
x
y IN
22 kg water
0.005 0
Part a.
0.06
1
n x t ,final x t ,feed
0.02207
0.06, x t,final
0.005
U n x t ,final x t ,feed
2 n
0.005
0.06
4.97 kg
x in Part a.
E 0 y A,0
.2, S
662, y AS
y DS
F x A,N+1
R1x D1
R1
F x D,N+1 x D1
E1
M R1
F x D,N+1
1219.5
1662 1219.5
442.5
374
14.D19.
This problem is essentially a repeat of Example 14-2, except using exactly 3 stages.
Clearly, x A1 0.04 since now have more stages. F, E 0 and M are unchanged. Problem
is trial-and-error. Guess location of R 1 . Find E N and . Step off 3 stages and see if
have correct location of E N .
x A1
14.D20.
0.026 and y A3
0.38.
Although this is leaching, this cross-flow problem is very similar to cross-flow extraction.
We can derive
R j 1 x A j 1 E j,in y A j,in
x A Mj
R j 1 E j,in
M
Stage 1:
Rj
R0
E j,in where R j
1000, E1,in
M j x A Mj
421, x A0
xAj
yA j
yA j
.2 y a1,in
0 , x AM1
Find M on line SR 0 at x AM1 (see Figure). By trial-and-error find tie line through M.
375
R1
Stage 2: x A M 2
y A2
.18, x A2
R2
Stage 3: x A M 3
R3
.35, x A1
0.085
1254.9 421
.058, from tie line , M 2
1421
1254.9
.113 .35
1254.9 .113
.113, M1
1726
1675.9
1305.0
0.044 , y A,3
.09, xA3
.03, M3
1726
1323.3 kg/h
0.8 1.0
crystals
0.2 yNaC
Since crystals are pure NaC, NaOH is in liquid only. Since 20% of the underflow is liquid,
x NaOH 0.2 y NaOH . Generate equilibrium table.
376
x NaOH
Soln (y)
Mass frac NaOH
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.024
0.028
0.032
0.036
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
.18
y NaC
x NaC
.270
.253
.236
.219
.203
.187
.171
.156
.141
.126
.854
.8506
.8472
.8438
.8406
.8374
.8342
.8312
.8282
.8252
Feed is 45 wt% NaC crystals. x values: NaC (soln) = 0.5193, NaOH (soln) = 0.099, water 1-0.51930.099 = 0.3817. Since feed is 55% liquid,
x F,NaOH 0.55 y NaOH 0.099 y NaOH 0.099 0.55 0.18
,
y NaC 0.126
From the equilibrium data
F = 100, S = 20, Plot F & S and find M.
FM
20
,
SM 100 Tie line through M gives E & R.
E RM
1.119
R EM
(measured on figure)
E R 120 1.119 R R 120
R 56.63 kg/min, E 63.37 kg/min
R : Raffinate
0.833
E : Extract y NaC
x NaC , 0.026
0.16, y NaOH
x NaOH
0.135
z 1.0
Thus,
1 z 0.16
z
0.333 0.16
0.84
was 80% solids in problem statement.
c.
Same M. Plot
R1
draw line
R1
0.833
M to
EN
EN
R1
80.1% OK
120
1.137 R 1
EN
R 1M
103.5
R1
ENM
91.0
R1
120
1.137
377
R1
56.14
R1 : x1,NaC
E N : y NaC
E
63.86
kg/min, N
kg/min
0.845, x1,NaOH 0.01
0.152 y NaOH
0.147
378
379
14.E1a.
y oil
ysolvent
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.28
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.70
0.72
Note:
ysolids
1.0
x solids
z
0.20
.242
.283
.339
0.405
0.489
0.600
0.672
0.765
0.810
1 z
0.830
0.80515
0.7794
0.74683
0.71174
0.67159
0.625
0.598086
0.56657
0.552486
y oil z
x oil
1 z
0
0.01948
0.044115
0.07595
0.1153
0.16420
0.2250
0.26124
0.303399
0.3222
F x oil,F
S yoil,S
1000
0.252
1500
0.168
y oil,1
Mass Balances:
M 1S
M 1F
1500
0.34 E1 +0.922 R 1
R1
E1
Extract:
MB:
R 1 , 252
1040.3,
x oil,M 2
M2
E1
459.7 lb
1540.3
, R1 0.092
M2 xoil,M
yoil
1540.3
R 2 , 95.7
0.115 E 2
0.80 .
0.025 R 2
0.730
1
3
equil stages.
380
Lines E N R N
and E 0 R 1 intersect at .
381
382
14.E.2. New problem in 3rd Edition. Converting data is the difficult part, but is obviously identical to
Problem 14.E.1.
Basis 1 kg oil-free solids
x solids
y oil
ysolvent
z
0.20
1.0
x oil
1 z
0.830
y oil z
1 z
1.0
0.1
0.9
.242
0.80515
0.01948
0.2
0.8
.283
0.7794
0.044115
0.3
0.7
.339
0.74683
0.07595
0.4
0.6
0.405
0.71174
0.1153
0.5
0.5
0.489
0.67159
0.16420
0.6
0.4
0.600
0.625
0.2250
0.65
0.35
0.672
0.598086
0.26124
0.70
0.3
0.765
0.56657
0.303399
0.72
0.28
0.810
0.552486
0.3222
S
Rt
x t ,final
x c ,feed
dx t
y
S = Mass Solvent,
R t Mass raffinate (solids + solute)
x = Mass frac. solute (oil) in raffinate
y = Mass frac. solute (oil) in raffinate in extract (solvent)
a) M is now at saturated raffinate curve. x oil,M
0.21, x solids,M
0.63
Mass balance F + S = M
Solids .748F + (0) (S) = 0.63M
0.748
F 1187.3 kg R initial
0.63
S 187.3 kg
b) Now mixing is from S to a point on raffinate curve.
From equilibrium curve in solution to 14.E.1.
383
x oil
y oil
0.21
0.1625
0.115
0.0675
0.02
1 y oil
.54
.498
.40
.28
0.1
1.852
2.0080
2.50
3.57
10.0
R t final
0.115 0.02
6
Sadded
2.50 4 3.57
.1961
0.4241
10
0.6202
Const.
R t ,avg
or
Sadded
Stotal
R t init R t ,final
1187.3 923.5 1055.4
2
0.6202 R t,avg
0.6202 1055.4 654.6
Extract amt S
Stotal
Sremain in raffinate
Oil in extract
187.3 654.6
841.9 157.0
841.9
684.9 by solvent
0.252 1000
0.02 923.5
233.5
ysolvent
0.746
14.E.3. New problem in 3rd Edition. Solid Matrix is insoluble. Solids = (.748) 1000 = 748 kg. R t not
Constant, but Solid is.
Solids
Rt
x Solids
ydS
d R xA
Solids d
xA
x Solids
384
x final ,A x Solids
S
Solids
d x A x Solids
y
x A ,raf ,init
x Solids ,raf ,init
x oil
0.115, x Solids
0.115 .705
0.163
.3333 0.163
6
0.163 0.0247
6
Sadded
Stotal
1.852 4 2.008
2.50
2.50 4 3.57
10
0.3515
0.6173
Total 0.9688
748 0.9688 724.6 kg
911.9 kg
754.9 kg
385
x1 x [ B ( A B ) x1 ]2
Then take the derivative and expand all terms. The denominator becomes
[ A ( A B) x1 ]3 [ Bx2 Ax1 ]3 and the numerator simplifies to 2 A2 B 2 x2 . Multiply by x1. Q.E.D.
*
15.C7. With CMO and y as mole fraction, vmol
y Av A yB vB y Av A (1 y A )vB 0 . Since NA = -NB,
CAvA = -CBvB and for an ideal gas Ci = yi Cm. The total molar concentration Cm is constant.
Then, vA = -(1-yA)vB/yA (Eq. A)
In terms of mass fractions yA =(yA,mass/MWA)/[yA,mass/MWA + (1 yA,mass)/MWB]. (Eq. B)
Substitute Eq. B into Eq. A and simplify.
(1 y A, mass ) / MWB
vA
vB (Eq. C)
y A, mass / MWA
*
Then in mass terms vmass
y A,mass vA yB ,mass vB which after substituting in Eq. C and simplifying
*
vmass
(1 y A,mass ) ( MWA / MWB )(1 y A,mass ) vB . (Eq. D)
*
If MWA = MWB, vmass
= 0. We can write
vB = NBCB = NByBCm = NBCm(1 yA) (Eq. E)
where the y are mole fractions. Substituting Eq. B into Eq. E and then substituting this into Eq. D,
we obtain
1 y A , mass MW A
Cm N B
(1 y A , mass ) (1 y A , mass )
MW B MW B
vmass
(Eq. F)
y A , mass / MW A (1 y A , mass ) / MW B
*
Since yA,mass varies throughout the distillation, vmass
is different for each stage.
386
D. Problems.
15.D1. Dprop,water = 0.87E-9 m2/s. Eq. (15-9), J A , z D AB
dC A
J A , z D AB
dC A
dz
The temperature can be found with Goal Seek from a spread sheet, but one has to trick Goal Seek
into working. Multiply the desired and the calculated fluxes by 1,000,000 and have Goal Seek
match these two values.
15.D3.a. 0.181cm2/s, b. 0.198 cm2/s, c. 0.0725 cm2/s, d. 0.198 cm2/s
15.D4. a. 0.0875 cm2/s, b. 0.096 cm2/s, c. 0.175 cm2/s, d. 0.096 cm2/s.
15.D5. Use Arrhenius form in Eq. (15-23c) but for mole fraction 0.0332 instead of infinite dilution. Write
the equation for both known temperatures and divide one of these equations by the other. The
constant Do divides out. Take the natural log of both sides and solve for E/R. The result is
D (T ) 1 1
E / R ln AB 1 /
D AB (T2 ) T2 T1
The constant Do can be found from the known conditions at T 1
Do DAB (T1 ) / exp[ E / ( RT1 )]
Or from the known conditions at T 2. The results are: E/R = 1348.3, E = 2677.6 cal/mol, DAB
(x=0.0332, T=300) = 1.31310-9m2/s.
15.D6. Same equations as in 15.D5. At 298.16 K for the infinite dilution value set C sucrose = 0. Final
results are Eo = 4953.8 cal/mol, DAB(infinite dilution, T = 320K) = 0.92510-9m2/s.
15.D7. For an ideal solution the term in brackets in Eq. (15-22) is equal to 1.0. Write this equation for
two of the xA values with the corresponding diffusivities (e.g., x = 0.0332 with D = 1.00710-9
m2/s and x = 0.7617 with D = 1.22610-9m2/s). Then have two equations with the two unknowns:
o
o
o
o
and DBA
. Solve for the two unknowns. Results are DAB
= 0.99810-9 m2/s and DBA
=
DAB
-9 2
1.30810 m /s. Check results with the other two mole fractions and find that the fit is good.
15.D8. From http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ the density of methanol at bp is 750.5 kg/m3 (used a
linear interpolation), which means partial molar volume = 1/(density/MW)= 0.0426 kg/m3.
Viscosity of water is 1.0 cp = 0.001 Pa s = 0.001 kg/(ms).
a. With B = 2.26, DAB = 1.4310-9 m2/s.
b. With B = 2.26, DAB = 1.5610-9 m2/s.
387
2
15.D9. Combining Eqs. (15-35b) (15-35d), vvertical ,max,liq 0.5 9 gq / Assume that the bulk is pure
1/3
water with infinite dilution of ethanol. From Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th edition,
(p. 2-305) at 1.0 bar (0.1 MPa) water has W,m,liq = 55.212 kmol/m3 W,liq=994.64 kg/m3 and
W,m,vapor = 0.032769kmol/m3 W,vapor = 0.5903 kg/m3. The water boils at 372.76K. At this
temperature, from p. 2-432, the viscosity of liquid water in Pas is,
W ,liq exp[52,843 3703.6 / T 5.866 ln T (5.879 1029 )T 10 ] 2.807 104 Pa s
The viscosity of the vapor at 372.76K is (p. 2-426)
W ,vapor (1.7096 108 )T 1.1146 1.2561105 Pa s or kg/(ms).
Now we can calculate the vertical velocity of the liquid water for q = 7.510-6m2/s (remember to use
liquid properties).
1/3
9(994.64)(9.81)(7.5 E 6) 2
vvertical ,max,liq 0.5 9 gq / 0.5
0.130 m / s
0.0002807
A check of the units show they work. The modified Reynolds number (using gas properties) is,
2
Re
1/3
(0.10)(0.5903)(0.81 0.130)
1.256 10 5
3195.6
/
The gas phase Schmidt number is Sc gas
The viscosity and density were found earlier.
D EW gas
The diffusivity of ethanol and water in the vapor phase at 372.76K and 1.0 bar = 0.98717 atm can be
estimated from the Chapman-Enskog theory with the parameters in Table 15-2. This value of DEW =
1.65810-5 m2/s. Then Scgas = 1.283. Since both Re and Scgas are in the range for Eq. (15-47a), the
388
17 const
1.86E-07
0.9 T^3/2
7885.202
2.9 sigma AB
3.3055
558.3 eps AB/kB 209.4812
1.1069 Linear interpolation table 15-2
1.90E-10
1.90E-05 Goal seek to zero changing B3
MW B
p
sigma B
eps B/kB
Col integ
17
0.9
2.9
558.3
1.1069
const
T^3/2
sigma AB
eps AB/kB
Linear interpolation
in Table 15-2
0.0000001858
=B3*SQRT(B3)
=0.5*(B4+D4)
=SQRT(B5*D5)
chkB7-B8 =B7-B8
chk x E5 =100000*D8 Goal seek to zero
changing B3
389
Calculate = 0.0001663 m, vy,avg = 0.090241 m/s, Re = 59.898. This is a long residence time,
laminar flow, with surfactant so there are no ripples. Sh avg = 3.41 and kavg = 2.28E-05 m/s, and
0.0001165 kg/s carbon dioxide are absorbed.
15.D17. Used a spreadsheet set up to solve Example 15-6. For = 0.001 meter one obtains xNH3 =
0.04988, yNH3,surface = .21593, Nwater = 0.5393, NNH3 = 0.0228307. The concentrations are the same
as in Example 15-6, but the fluxes are 10 larger.
15.D18. Part a. For two part solution need values at xE = 0.25 and 0.35. The average molecular weights
are calculated as in Example 15-5, and are used to determine the average molar densities. The
Fickian diffusivities are estimated by interpolating between values given in the Table in Example
15-5. The activity coefficients are determined in the same way as in Example 15-5. Then the
Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities are found by the same method. The values are listed below
MWavg
DEW, m2/s
m ,kmol/m3
DEW , m2/s
XE = 0.25
25.0
36.28
0.63310-9
1.9028
1.49510-9
-9
XE = 0.35
27.8
31.62
0.62510
1.5553
1.60910-9
Write Eq. (15-61c) for both intervals. For z from xE = 0.2 to 0.3 we obtain (values at xE = 0.2 and 0.3
are in Example 15-5),
36.28(1.495 10 9 )[1.7083(0.3) 2.1582(0.2)]
zN E
9.3445 10 9
1.9028(0.25)
From xE = 0.3 to 0.4 (interval is over length - z) we obtain,
31.62(1.609 10 9 )[1.4338(0.4) 1.7083(0.3)]
(0.00068 z ) N E
5.7027 10 9
1.5553(0.35)
Adding the two equations to remove the unknown z and then solving for NE and z,, we obtain
NE = -2.12810-5kmol/s and z = 0.0004223m
Part b. Since the interval z is greater than the interval z = 0.0002577m, we subdivide the interval
from xE = 0.2 to 0.3 into 2 parts. The values needed are given below.
MWavg
XE = 0.225
XE = 0.275
DEW, m2/s
m ,kmol/m3
24.3
25.7
37.625
34.99
0.65910-9
0.62410-9
z1 N E 5.5371 10 9
E
2.01976
1.79959
DEW , m2/s
1.48210-9
1.53210-9
( z1 z 2 ) N E 5.7027 10 9
and solved for the 3 unknowns z1, z2, and NE. Obtain NE = -2.238910-5kmol/s, z1 = , 0.0002473, and
z2 = 0.0001780m.
15.D19 (Optional, Unsteady diffusion) At the average C = 0.001 mol/L Dsucrose 0.5228 105 cm 2 / s .
Equation becomes
CA
C A,0
1 erf
z
4(0.5228 10 5 )t
Numerical values of C A / C A,0 are easily obtained with a spreadsheet or with the use of Table 17-7.
390
z, cm
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
3.5
3.56
4.00
5.0
t = 1000 s
1
0.9221
0.6249
0.3281
0.0505
0.00335
9.16E-05
1.009E-06
7.61E-12
t = 10000 s
1
0.9753
0.8771
0.7571
0.5362
0.3535
0.2161
0.1220
0.6352
0.0304
0.0134
0.00538
0.00198
0.000206
1.49E-05
7.49E-07
6.2E-10
t = 100000 s
1
0.9922
0.9610
0.9221
0.8449
0.7692
0.6957
0.6249
0.5574
0.4936
0.4346
0.3788
0.3281
0.2406
0.1710
0.1177
0.0784
0.0505
0.00335
6.20E-04
4.99E-04
9.16E-05
1.01E-06
Part b. C 1.0 10 6 when C / C0 5.0 104 , which for t = 100000 s occurs for a thickness of <3.56
cm (Goal Seek gives 3.559 cm). Thus, at this time a layer 3.56 cm or thicker appears to be
infinitely thick.
Part c. C 1.0 10 6 when C / C0 5.0 104 , which for =0.10 cm occurs at t = 78.938 s (done with
Goal Seek on spreadsheet).
H. Spreadsheet Problems
15H1. Let A = air, B = hydrogen, and C = ammonia. Then NC = -NA NB. Substitute this expression
into Eqs. (15-65a, b)
m y A
z
m y B
z
y
y
y
B C A
D AB D AC D AC
yA
y
A
NA
D AB D AC
NB
y
y
y
y
y
B B NA A C B NB
DBA DBC
DBA DBC DBC
391
m y A
NB
m y B
NA
y
y
y
B C A
D AB D AC D AC
yA
y
A
D AB D AC
NA
y
y
y
A C B
D BA D BC D BC
yB
y
B
D BA D BC
NB
Put these equations and the values for mole fractions at the boundaries, diffusivities, m, and z = into a
spread sheet. Guess a value for NA,guess, calculate NB and NA,calc, and use Goal Seek to make
NA,guess - NA,calc = 0 by changing the value of N A,guess.
Results Nair = -6.209E-5, NH2 = 14.026E-5, and NNH3 = -7.817E-5 kmol/s. As expected hydrogen
diffuses in the positive direction and ammonia in the negative direction. The surprise is the
substantial negative diffusion rate of air. (Spreadsheet shown in 15.H4, but with different
numbers.)
15.H2. Used a spreadsheet set up to solve Example 15-6. For a bulk gas that is 40% air, 15 % NH3 and
45% water obtain xNH3 = 0.05596, yNH3,surface = .24225, Nwater = 0.032964, NNH3 = 0.001955 kmol/s
15.H3a. See solution to 15.H1 for procedure and 15.H4 for example spreadsheet.
Results: Nair = -1.87E-8, NH2 = 2.98E-7, NNH3 = -2.80E-7 kmol/s.
b. For ammonia Deff = 1.5656E-5 m2/s. Estimating dC/dz with the difference approximation for a very
dilute solution, N = J = -Deff m y/(z)= -(1.5656E-5)(0.08928 kmol/m3)(.002)/(.01m) = -2.80E7 kmol/s. Thus, this is accurate. For hydrogen and air Dair-H2 = 3.0550E-5 m2/s. Then
Nair = Jair = (3.0550E-5)(0.08928 kmol/m3)(-0.001)/(.01m) = 2.73E-7 kmol/s. The same value is
obtained for hydrogen. The hydrogen value is close, but the air value is not close. Conclusion:
Use the Maxwell-Stefan approach.
15.H4. See solution to 15.H1 for procedure. Results: Nair = -5.903E-5, NH2 = 14.069E-5, NNH3 = 8.166E-5 kmol/s. Note the substantial negative diffusion of air despite the zero driving force.
The air is dragged along with the ammonia. The spreadsheet is given below (labeled as 15.D22),
first with the numbers, and then with the formulas.
392
HW 15-D22,
A=air, B=H2,
T
D AB 1 atm
D AB
0.000061100 D AC 1 atm
0.000030550 D AC
NA guess
2.000000000
0.000074800
0.000037400
-0.000059028
del z
0.010000000
yA z=0
yA z=
yA avg
yA/z
0.520000000
0.520000000
0.520000000
0.000000000
NB
NA calc
chk NA-Nacalc
100000 chk
NC
0.000140693
-0.000059028
0.000000000
0.000000000
-0.000081665
y B z=0
yB z=
yB avg
yB/z
0.089278949
0.480000000 y C z=0
0.000000000 yC z=
0.240000000 yC avg
-4.285389534
0.000000000
0.480000000
0.240000000
kmol/s
kmol/s
Goal seek to zero
change B10
HW 15-D22,
A=air, B=H2,
T
D AB 1 atm
D AB
0.0000611
=B7/D3
D AC 1 atm
D AC
0.0000198
=D7/D3
NA guess
-0.0000590279043468439
del z
0.01
=D3/(0.0820575*B3)
yA z=0
yA z=
yA avg
yA/z
0.52
0.52
=(B14+B15)/2
=-D12*(B14-B15)/B12
y B z=0
yB z=
yB avg
yB/z
0.48
y C z=0
=B9*B11/D3
yC z=
=(D14+D15)/2
yC avg
=-D12*(D14-D15)/B12
NB
=(B17+(D16/B8+F16/D8+B16/D8)*B10)/(B16/B8-B16/D8)
NA calc
=(D17+(B16/B8+F16/F8+D16/F8)*B19)/(D16/B8-D16/F8)
chk NA-Nacalc =B20-B10
100000 chk
=100000*B21
NC
=-B19-B20
=1-B14-D14
=1-B15-D15
=(F14+F15)/2
kmol/s
kmol/s
Goal seek to zero
change B10
393
n OG
y in
dy
y
dy
y
1 y
n OG
1
y out
n OG
y y 1
y in
y out 1
y2 y2
1 y
y y
1
dy
n OG
dy
y out
y out
1 dy
y 1
y in
y in
y in
1 n
y out
y in
16.C4.
Since
y IN
y IN
y M,OUT
y IN
y*M,OUT
y M,OUT
0, E MD
*
M,OUT
y*M ,OUT
E M ,D
0, Fx IN
F x IN
x M ,OUT
m
F x IN
m x M,OUT
S yM,OUT
F x M,OUT
S y M ,OUT
F
S y M ,OUT
F
y M ,OUT
y
where y*M,OUT
*
M ,OUT
y M ,OUT
m F x IN
S y M ,OUT
F
y M ,OUT
E M ,D m x IN
1
mS
E MD
F
395
External MB y IN
E S,D
0 F x IN
yS,IN
yS,OUT
yS,IN
*
S,OUT
S yS,OUT
Equil : y*S,OUT
Substituting: y*S,OUT
y S,IN
E S,D
Substitute in
y S,IN
y S,IN
y S,OUT
E MD m x IN
mS
1
E MD
F
E MD
y S,OUT
m x IN
m x S,OUT
S
m x IN
y S,OUT
S
y S,OUT
F
x IN
y M ,OUT
F x S,OUT
yS,OUT
y S,IN 1 E SD
1
m E SD x IN
mS
E SD
F
E SD 1 E MD
mS
E MD
F
Equilibrium:
x D IN
x D ,S,OUT
x D IN
*
D ,S,OUT
y*S,OUT
E total,D
x IN
y IN
y S,OUT
y S,OUT
y IN
*
S,OUT
y *S,OUT
S
F
y S,OUT
m x IN
with y IN
S
y S,OUT
F
m 1
S y S,OUT
F x IN
m SE MD
F
E SD 1 E MD
m S E MD
F
mS
F
mS
1
F
E MD
E SD 1 E MD
mS
1
F
16.D1. (was problem 15.D1 in the 2nd edition) The corrected value of H G,E
1.41 ft is given in
Example 16-2. From the results of Examples 16-1 and 16-2 and from Eq. (16-38),
396
2.61
0.15
0.15
2.61
0.83 0.85 ft
2.2
2.2
mV
Eq. (16-27a)
H OG
H L H G where V L 8 5
L
The value of m (the slope of the equilibrium curve) varies throughout the enriching section.
From the McCabe-Thiele diagram used to prepare Figure 16-4A values of m were found from
y 0.442 y* .63 to y x D 0.8 y* 0.82 .
H L,E,cor
y
y*
m
H OG
y* - y
1
y* y
Arithmetic Average:
H L,E,Initial
0.442
0.63
0.441
2.01
0.5315
0.598
0.406
1.96
0.621
0.66
0.449
2.02
0.7105
.727
.5144
2.11
0.8
.822
.745
2.42
0.188
5.32
0.0665
15.04
0.039
25.641
0.0165
60.606
0.022
45.45
H OG
Geometric Average: H OG
2.01 1.96
2.02
15
2.11 2.42
2.10
2.10
No difference!
To find n OG do Simpsons rule in 2 parts because of the unusual shape of 1 y*
n OG ,1
0.179
6
0.179
n OG ,2
5.32 4 15.04
25.641
25.641 4 60.606
y vs. y.
2.718
45.45
9.353
G flood
141,
F 1
55, Dcol
12
48
14
F 2
20
G flood 2
F 1
Dia 1
b. In Eq. (16-37)
12
F 2
48
Dia 2
20
1.16
0.749 lb ft 2
4.68
5.83 ft
14
2 same .
Estimate
hp 1
10
hp 2
10
13
13
H G ,E 2
55
10
141
22
13
1.33
0.40 ft
397
In Eq. (16-38),
0.045 ,
0.07 , h p 1
10 , h p 2
22 .
hp 1
hp 2
0.15
H L,E 2
0.045
10
0.07
22
0.15
0.83
0.47 ft
H L mV / L H G
With H L 0.827, H G 1.33, m / ( L / V ) 0.63 / (5 / 8), H OG 2.16, and HETP = 2.15 (from
Example 16-2). With the same mass transfer coefficients, but m = 0.577,
H OG [0.577 / (5 / 8)]0.83 1.33 2.10 and HETP 2.10 ln(0.9232) / (.9232 1) 2.19 ft
A 24.4% increase in both mass transfer coefficients gives H L
HG
1.244(1.33) 1.65 .
For m = 0.63, H OG
0.63, H G
1.01, H OG
Clearly, the variation in mass transfer coefficients results in a large range for HETP (from 1.64 to
2.69 feet for m = 0.63) while the small change in m had little effect. To be safe the larger value
of HETP = 2.69 would be used. This is a safety factor of 1.20. Note that Bolles and Fair (1982)
recommend a safety factor of up to 1.70.
Feed line:
Top: y
L
V
.6,
.6
q-1
.4
L
V
x D where
y intercept
0.04
xB
L D
0.9
1 L D
1.9
L
D
xD
0.474
0.484
0.04 .
398
dy
nG
For
L HG
V HL
enriching
0.474
y AI y A
from
2.568
V HL
From figure generate following table.
yA
Stripping: .04
.3225
.605
Enriching: .605
.7625
.92
Simpsons rule, n G ,S
.315
6
.565
6
.605, y E,out
.92
33.33
1 2.26
slope
4.17
.8
yAI
yAI-yA 1/(yAi-yA)
.13 0.09
11.111
.46 .1375
7.2727
.63 .025
40.00
.62 .015
66.66
.80 .0375
26.66
.95 .03
33.333
1.3
11.11 4 7.2727
66.66 4 26.66
Eq. (16-81), n OG
y E,in
section,
Eq.
(16-16)
draw
line
of
1.3
.770 to get y I and x I . For stripping section slope is
0.8
L HG
n G ,E
, where y S,out
7.55 , h strip
40
10.8 , h E
HG n G
.956 1 .65
.65 1 .956
H G n G,S
1.3 10.8
0.956, yin
9.8 ft.
14.1 ft
0.65
.65 1
.956 1
399
n OG
1.4904
4.0257
b) Finite reflux. Plot op. line. Find y & y* (see graph). Use Simpsons rule in 2 parts.
y
y*
0.783
0.82225
0.8615
.90075
0.94
0.842
0.8795
.9125
.943
.973
y* y
0.059
0.05725
0.051
0.04225
0.033
4.0257, H OG
1
y* y
16.949
17.467
19.608
23.6686
30.303
n OG1
n OG 2
0.8615 0.783
6
0.94 0.8615
6
16.949 4 17.467
19.608 4 23.6686
19.608
30.303
1.3924
1.89166
n OG
3.2841
400
401
n OG
0.016
.0267
0.017
93.46
0.066
0.1067
0.0407
24.57
0.116
0.1815
0.0655
15.27
.494
.623
.129
7.752
.872
.9201
0.0481
20.79
.922
.9523
.0303
33.00
.972
.9832
.0112
89.29
xA
0.1 Distillate
.9
0.1 , equil. y
y out
partial reboiler
xD
0.262
0.9
yA x A
Find average
Bottom
1 yA
0.262 0.1
3.195 ,
0.738 0.9
Geometric Avg.,
Eq. (16-81),
1 xA
.929 0.9
dist
3.195 1.454
avg
n OG
1
1 2.155
H OG
h n OG
.071 0.1
12
0.9.
1.454
2.155
0.9 1 0.262
0.929 when x
0.262 1 0.9
0.262 1
0.9 1
4.80
0.42 m
m
H Ptot
22500 855
26.3
402
26.3 .0011
max
.0011 .0001
L
y out
x in
V
x *A ,out
0,
28.93 ,
x out
act
26.04 .001
26.04
mV
26.316
0.9895
0.84 9.51
0.02604
.9895
9.51
7.99 m
nO
EMD
ED
1/ 2
1 nO ED
For the plug flow model,
EMD 1 exp( nO ED ) 1 exp( 1)
ED
0.632
n OG
y out
dy
y
dy
n OG
y out
0, and y y*
y in
y out
0.01
0.0001
y , then
4.6
(was problem 15.D11 in the 2nd edition) From Eq. (16-72) with irreversible reaction,
n OG
y A in
y A out
50.0 ppm
0.01 ppm
.013 .00004
G min
L
.0053
G
Use Eq. (16-57),
15 L G
yin
min
0.013, y*in
H p tot
mx
36.679, x out
m x out
y in
y out
L G
0.0003533
0.0008672, yout
0.00004, y*out
0
403
y*
.01296
n OG
b.
0.0121328,
in
y*
out
.0121328
0.0120928
.00004
6.1246 , h
.00004
4.59 ft
Cocurrent. Operating and equilibrium lines shown in figure. Lowest y out is at intersection point
= 0.00081. For y out
x out
y in
y out
L V
2.4545
L V
36.679
n OG
0.00085 ,
.013 .00085
36.679
0.00033125, y*Aout
mx out
0.000813
0.013 0.000813
1.0669184
1.0669184
h 1.98 ft
0.0669184
0.00085 0.000813
5.496
16.D13. (was problem 15.D13 in 2nd edition) a. Same conditions as Example 16-3. Assume same H OL .
If operation is possible, find n OG & y out .
Dilute Use Eq. 16-70. m = 30.36 (Example 16-3)
y*out m x out b 30.36 0.001 0.03036
mV
L
30.36
15
1
mV
1
L
2.024 , n OG
Lx in
Mass bal.
y out
n OG
L
V
Vyin
x in
y in
Lx out
L
V
mV
L
y in
y *out
y out
*
out
mV
L
Vy out
x out
n 3.024
15 0 0.03082 15 0.001
0.03082 0.03036
0.01582
mV
3.024
0.01582 0.03036
L
Not possible, term inside brackets is negative.
b) Same conditions as Example 16-3 except x out 0.002 . Assume same H OL . If operation is
possible, then
404
y*out
m x out
30.36 .002
y out
15 0
0.03082
n OG
15 0
n 1.759
1.759
1 exp
Then:
0.8,
0.03082 0.0091
0.01882 0.0091
0.656
0.759
n 1 E MV
h A active
30
0.8, K y a
1 2
n 1 .77
2 12
30
0.16, K y a
n 1 .69
.8 2 12
K ya
k xa
k ya
0.415
330.62
k xa
k ya
0.01, m
0.01882
30 and b
2 12 .
K ya
Solving simultaneously, k x a
b. x
0.759
Eq. (16-6a),
30.36 40
40 0.0003
2.024
0.0003
0.0091 , mV L
0.03082
n OG
0.00082
0.00082 0.06072
40 and x out
30.36 0.0003
y out
15 0.002
0.03082 0.06072
n 3.024
3.024
0.06072
, x
0.16,
330.62 where 1 2
263.5
1.5
263.5
k xa
k ya
1408.19 and k y a
0.8
366.317
142.18 & E MV
16-D15. (was problem 15.D1 in the 2 nd edition) Assume feed to Example 16-4 is satd liquid, z = 0.5, &
2.5 .5
separation complete x D ~ 1, x B ~ 0 . x F z 0.5, y f
0.7143
1 1.5 .5
xD
1,
1 0.7143
Vmin
1 0.5
At x
0.5714 , x B
L
V
L
V
Calculate at x
0.6 0
actual
0.5 0
0,
L
V
V
xD
0.7143 0
max
.8 .5
0.5 0
.2 1.0
1.4286
0.6
1.2
405
x
0.1
Sect
L/V
Strip
1 x
1.2
2.5
1 .15
0.3
Strip
1.2
1.8904
1.1891
2.5
.8
2.5
1 1.05
0.9 Enrich
.8
const.
V
A active h
x
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3447
1.767
.6348
0.971
1.0092
1.3447
1.767
0.971
1.0092
0.971
1.3447
0.971
1.767
L
mV
E MV
L mV
n 1 E pt
E pt
0.6348
mV
1.0092
0.453
L
0.6348
0.5949
2.5
1 1.35
E mV
Eq. 15 80
1 .45
0.7 Enrich
0.5891
0.6802
0.731
0.7733
K ya
133.42
171.02
196.9
222.65
16.D16. New problem in 3rd edition. Using Simpsons rule the new value for A1= 7.18, the new value
for A2 = 10.85 and the new total area = 18.03. Then the calculated height of the enriching section
(0.4054 m)(18.03) = 7.31 m compared to the previous result of 7.95 m. This is an error of 8.1 %.
Thus, a rather small error in mole fractions becomes a larger error.
16.D17. New problem in 3rd edition. Relative errors in k G a
24.4% .
L HG
0.4054 24.4%
V HL
0.253 24.4%
406
HG
1.242 to
0.761.
If equilibrium line straight from azeotrope to point x = 0.7472, y = 0.7815, then can fit
this portion of equilibrium as,
y
MT line
If
s 1.242,
If
s 1.0015,
If
0.761,
0.7668x 0.2085
sx
b. Since y
0.8, b
0.8 1 s
b 1.7936
b 1.6012
b 1.4088
All calculations at y A
0.8.
sx
y I at intersection equilibrium, y
b
407
Substitute in for x,
yI
yI
0.7668
0.2085
Solve for y I
yI
0.7668b
s
.7668
1
s
0.2085
yI
s 1.242, b 1.7936 :
yI
0.81356
yI
0.013565
73.72
80.48*
118.78
*83.3 in Example 16.1 since numbers rounded first. Amount of error depends on
distance between equilibrium and operating lines. Less error if closer, but more impact
on 1 y AI y I .
Assume same relative errors:
H L no error, H G higher,
H L no error,
1
y AI
yA
80.48 73.72
error
H G lower,
80.48
1
y AI
yA
8.4%
118.78 80.48
error
80.48
47.6%
Assume error in H is same every point. Thus enriching area can be a lot different than
calculated. But if H G is down by 24.4%, area is up by 47.6% so there is some
cancellation of error.
b. If H L & H G both vary could have s 1.634 and b
yI
Area
H GE
0.493,
1
yI
2.1072 . Thus, y I
0.81493,
= 66.97
66.97
19.6 16.31.
80.48
1.24(0.4054) 0.503 m, z H G,E n G,E
Since
8.20 m which is a 3.2 % increase.
mconc _ units
20.8
. We need m in
408
mconc _ units (
MWextract
)(
extract
raffinate
MWraffinate
Since the system is dilute, extract properties are essentially the same as pure solvent and
raffinate properties are essentially the same as diluent.
m = (20.8)(92.14/865)(1000/18) = 123.1
Note that y = xD and EMy = EMD.
EMy = (yin-yout)/(yin-yout*) where yout* = m xout = (123.1)(1.99E-06) = .000245
EMy = (0-.000230)/(0-.000245) = 0.939
b. From Eq. (16-76b), nO-ED = EMy/(1-EMy) = 0.939/(1 0.939) = 15.393
nO
KO
KO
ED
QD
ED
nO
ED
a Vmixer
MWD
ED
QD
, Vmixer
h D2 / 4
(0.75)
0.75 2 / 4
0.331m3
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(15.393)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.524 kmol / s m 2 mol frac disp
Note that K O
ED
Vmixer
37.45s is shorter than the 361 s in Example 16-5. Thus, this problem
(Q D Q C ) d
requires much more vigorous mixing.
t res
c. Differential Model
exp
E MD
n OED
n OED
KO
ED
nO
ED
QD
1 exp
1 E MD
n 0.061
D
n OED
0.061
2.797
n OED
2.797
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(2.7969)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.0952 kmol / s m 2 mol frac disp
ED
KO
QD
ED
a Vmixer
MWD
ED
E MD 1 exp
wrong results.
16.D19.
n OED
CD,in
0.000 , CD,out
C*D,out
mCD CC,out
nO
.00023
KO
ED
nO
ED
QD
.0002578
nO
ED
1 nO
0.00023 , CC,out
0.0481 CC,out
E MD
b. E MD,Conc
ED
ED
mCD CC,out
0.00536
0.0002578
.892
E MD,Conc
0.892
1 E MD,Conc
0.108
8.26
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(8.26)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.2811 kmol / s m 2 kmol/m 3
c. Differential Model:
E MD,Conc 1 exp n OED exp
n OED
KO
ED
nO
ED
n .108
QD
n OED
2.2256
1 E MD,Conc
n OED
0.108
2.2256
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(2.2256)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.0757 kmol / s m 2 kmol/m 3
16.D.20.
1 exp
8.26
0.167,
Dbenzoic-water
0.2070 16.6667
Note
9.807
0.99974
2.2 10-9
4 3 2 . 6 8
C
CD
5.8632
N in rps
410
di
0.2070
dp
0.0002524
820.13
dp
0.0002524
d tank
0.8279
d pg
0.00030487
96.447
0.0222
kC
0.00001237
2.2 10
0.0002524
x 0.00030487
12
0.001905.
96.447
820.13
5 4
0.167
12
0.014801
K LD
kD
m CD k C
K LD
0.001905
1
0.014801
20.8
K LD
0.0005181 & K LD a
E MD
5 12
432.68
K OED a
b.
1930.2
2.0586 s
0.951,
Resistance (dispersed) =
Resistance (continuous)
Sum of resistances
1
0.001905
1
524.9
1404.5
0.000712
1929.4 Gives K LD 1 1929.4
0.0005181
k C d Dbenzoic-water
0.0002524
411
kC
Using
2.0 2.2 10
K LD ~ k C mCD
0.0002524
5
1.7433 10
1.7433 10
1 20.8
8.381 10
ms
If the interface in the settler is at the centerline, then the volume of aqueous phase is
1.023m and LS
1.682 m3 0.006 m3 s
d
0.167 leaving mixer. A drop that starts at the bottom of the water phase travels a
103.2s.
Assume equal distribution of drops. Everything (half the drops) above interface are
collected very quickly. All drops collected in 103.2 280.3 0.368 fraction of settler.
If average over this fraction is 0.5 d,IN , then D,avg 0.5 0.167 0.368 0.031.
6
6 0.031
dp
K OED a
737 and K LD a
0.0002524
D
settler
n OED,settler
K LD a
Vsettler Q D
settler
MWD
0.0058
settler
~ 0.000618
865 92.14
16.D.22.
1.734
a)
E SD
y M,OUT
yS,OUT
y M,OUT
*
S,OUT
1.7314.
865 92.14
y*M,OUT
0.82,
E MD
0.0058
0.823
y IN
y M ,OUT
y M ,OUT
y IN
*
M ,OUT
y*M ,OUT
0.794
mx raf ,OUT .
Sy M,OUT
Fx C,OUT
0.0012 m3 s 865 kg m3
F
92.14 kg kmol
0.006 m3 s 998 kg m3
x M ,OUT
x feed
S F y OUT
0.01127 kmol s
18.02 kg kmol
0.00026
0.01127
0.3323
0.3323kmol s
y OUT
0.794
412
Solving, we obtain
x M,OUT
y M,OUT
m E MD
For settler,
Settler M.B. is,
y M,OUT
0.00589
y*S,OUT
Sy M,OUT
x S,OUT
0.00589.
123.1 0.794
m x S,OUT
Fx M,OUT
SyS,OUT
x M ,OUT
x S,OUT
6.027E 5.
y S,OUT
6.027E 5
Fx S,OUT
y M ,OUT
0.03390 yS,OUT
0.00589
0.00589 yS,OUT
0.00589
123.1
6.027E 5
6.027E 5
*
S,OUT
m x S,OUT
E Total,D
From 16.C4
E Total,D
0.006174.
b)
123.1 5.0653E 5
yS,OUT
0.006174
*
S,OUT
0.006235
mS
F
123.1
5.0653E 5
0.01127
0.3323
0.006235
0.99015
4.17495
4.1794 0.794
4.17495 0.82
.99003
16.G1 and 16.G2. New problems in Chapter 16. Aspen Plus runs showed that N =13 (Aspen Plus
notation) with feed on Nfeed = 11 (optimum location) gave ethanol mole fractions of xD = 0.7990
and xB = 0.020298. These values are within the specified tolerances. The stripping section starts
with the vapor leaving the reboiler (yin,strip = yreb = 0.18709) and ends at the intersection of the two
operating lines. This last value can be determined by calculating the points on the operating lines
(xn, yn+1). For example n = 1, x1 and y2 are on the enriching section operating line. When the
slope changes from 0.61 in the top to 2.07 in the bottom, the intersection point has been passed.
This occurs for yout,strip = y11 = 0.44631.
The mole fractions of ethanol in the liquid and vapor leaving each stage (Aspen stage notation is
used) are:
413
Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
x
0.79904
0.77157
0.74561
0.71971
0.69245
0.66203
0.62575
0.57882
0.51135
0.40050
0.22553
0.10033
0.020289
y
0.81824
0.79904
0.78189
0.76569
0.74957
0.73263
0.71375
0.69129
0.66233
0.62090
0.55339
0.44631
0.18709
Equilibrium: Calculation m
The equilibrium parameter m is the average slope of the
equilibrium curve from x (calculated at y) to xI.
At the reboiler y = 0.18709 for x = 0.020289, and y* =
0.44631 for xoper =0.10033. Then yavg = 0.3167.
The slope can be determined by taking the chord from
x = 0.04 (y*= 0.29209) to x = .05 (y*= 0.33018).
m = (0.33018 0.29209)/0.01 = 3.809.
The equilibrium values are from Analysis in Aspen Plus.
At yout,strip = 0.44631, xoper = 0.22553, y*= 0.55339, and
yavg = 0.49985. m = (0.50405 0.49482)/(0.15 0.14)
or m = 0.923.
To use Simpsons rule for the first integral in Eq. (16-22a) we also need an average m for the y
and y* values calculated at the average between yin,strip and yout,stip, which is y = 0.3167. At this y,
xop = 0.1659 (determined from the stripping section operating line) and y*=0.5174. The average
between y and y* = 0.41705. m = (0.42921 0.41012)/(0.09 0.08) = 1.909. The second integral
in Eq. (16-22a) is the usual estimation from Simpsons rule of the nOG integral,
y A ,out
HG
( H L / ( L / V ))
The average y from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 is 0.58003, xoper = 0.44423, y* = 0.63659,
and to find m, yavg = 0.60831. m = (0.61020 0.6067)/(0.01) = 0.350.
For the 2nd integral in Eq. (16-22a) integrated from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 we obtain,
y A ,out
HG
1/(.73263-.71375)] = 2.404 m
Same integral integrated from y = 0.71375 to yout,enrich = 0.79904. The average y from y = 0.71375
to yout,enrich = 0.79904 is 0.75640, xoper = 0.73068, y* = 0.77246, and to find m, yavg = 0.76443. m
= (0.76587 0.75985)/(0.01) = 0.602.
=(0.4054/6)[.79904 - .71375][ 1/(.73263-.71375) + 4/(.77246 -.75640) + 1/(.81824 - .79904)] = 2.041
Total for integral 2 = 4.445 m
For first integral from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 we obtain,
y A ,out
( H L / ( L / V ))
( H L / ( L / V ))
416
417
17.D1.
PCO 2
15 10
cc STP cm
10
pr
PCH4
0.48 10
10
1 10 6 m
tm
cm 2 s cm Hg
pH
12 atm
pP
CO
AB
pL
2
CH
12 76.0
0.2 atm
4
912.0 cm Hg
15.2 cm Hg
1.0, p p p r
0.016666
y P 1.5042 0.5042 y P
31.25-30.25 y P
418
RT
Curve
yP
yr
0.1
0.20
0.00515
0.01114
0.30
0.01830
0.40
0.5
0.02721
0.03882
0.6
0.7
0.05504
0.08000
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.12492
0.2349
1.0
y out
y out
PCO2
t ms
cc STP cm
FP
FP
b.
1000
FIN
gmole
1 hr
3600 s
0.0002859
cc STP
J CO 2
Fin
Fin,1
FP1
2.125
0.32
Fin
0, y P
.15 .32
yP
pr yr
0.402, y out
0.46875
0.25625
0.0276 CO 2 conc.
(17-2b)
pP yP
0.088888
0.46875
2.125 .10
15.2 cm Hg 0.402
0.0002859
cc STP
cm 2 s
gmol
s
1.0 gmole
FP y P,CO 2
FP
1 0.32
912 cm Hg 0.0276
1 10 cm cm s cm Hg
Area
0.10, y P
J CO 2
FP FIN
FP
y IN
Slope
10
15 10
y out
y IN
y out
FP FIN
yP
J CO2
J CO2
1 FP FIN
yP
0.32
1.2764 E 8 gmole s cm 2
2.80 10 6 cm 2
Fin
FP
1 0.32
0.68 kgmole/hr.
1 kgmole/hr
1
2
FP,part a
1
2
0.32
0.16
0.16 1.00
FP 2 , Fout1
0.16 , yin ,1
Fin2
FP1
1 0.16
0.84
Fin ,2
0.15
RT curve is unchanged!
1 .16
0.84
Op. Line: Slope
5.25
0.16
0.16
Find arbitrary points to plot line:
0.15
If
y out ,1 0, y p
0.9375 (off graph).
0.16
419
If
y out,1
0.04, y p
y out,1
If
5.25 0.04
0.08, y p
5.25 0.08
FP 2
0.16
Fin 2
0.84
0.7275
0.9375
y P,1
0.5175
0.625, y out,1
0.1905,
0.0595
y in2
0.0595
FP2 Fin2
0.1905
yin,2
0.3123
1 0.1905
J CO 2
0.9375
Stage 2: J CO 2 ,2
15 1010
1 10
JCO 2 ,2
912 0.015
13.2 0.250
1L
J CO 2
0.0001482
6.6161 E 8
1000 cm 22.4
lh
FP 2
0.1905 840 mol h
3600 s
FP 2 y P 2
Area 2
1, 680, 000 cm 2
JCO 2 ,2
1:
cm 3 STP
cm 2s
mol
cm 2s
0.04445 mol s
168 m 2
Part a:
1 stage
Area
280m 2
y out,CO 2
0.0276 or 97.24% CH 4
y P,CO 2
Part b:
2 stage
0.402
Total Area
260.67m 2
y out
0.015 or 98.5% CH 4
y P1
0.625
y P2
0.250
420
17.D2. a.
yP
Slope
1 FP Fin
y in
, yP
FP Fin
FP Fin
.7
2.333 , When y out
.3
y out
y out
0, y P
y in
0.2
0.3
.3
0.6667
421
When
yP
y in
0.2
0.286
1 FP Fin
.7
RT curve is same as in Problem 17.D1.
Draw op line. From graph: y P,CO2 0.53, y r y out,CO2
b.
0, y out
J CO2
J CO 2
15 10
10
pP yP
t ms
cm 3 STP cm 76 cm Hg
1 10 4 cm cm 2s cm Hg
J CO 2
PA p r y r
0.06
0.002148
atm
cm 3 STP
2
cm s
60 atm 0.06
FP
, FP
Fin
Fin
0.6
1000 cm 3 STP
3
1 mol
cm STP
0.002148
22.4 L STP
cm 2s
L STP
3.3 0.53
mol
s
atm
3, 254, 000 cm 2
Fin
Fin x in
FP
Fout , 2
FP y P
J CO 2
0.6 Fout
Fout y out , 0 .4
FP
J
J CH 4 . A
Fout
1.4
2 0.2
0.6 0.53
1.4 0.016
.402 , OK
422
17.D3.
New problem in 3rd edition Since no concentration polarization x w
J solv
K solv
t ms
pr
pp
a xr
R
and M.B.
xp
xp
xp
x out
1
xF
xF
x out
Then,
pp
K solv t ms
1
1 R
xp
Then
pr
x out ,
xp
J solv
pr
Solve for
xr
1 R x out
415.4
a xr
xp ,
1 R x out , R
,
0.22, x F
K solv
t ms
33.29, J solv
415.4
0.9804
0.0077
0.0077 0.22
0.78
1 0.9804
0.22
0.0098175
0.0001924
13.72 atm.
423
a.
xw
exp ( J solv /
xr
1 xP
Mxr
xP
pr
3.6 E
3.6 E
K solv
solv ) k
pP
exp
6.94 10
Mxr
xP a
pr
pp
3.6 E
1.069 0.054
75 2
3.6 E
1.069 0.054
J solv
t ms
1.069
xP
4
4
59.895
4.625
a Mxr
Since
73
xP
1.0689 .054
K solv K A , K A
K solv
and
3.6 E
KA
t ms
59.895
2.29
1
atm
0.0665
g
2
m s atm
K solv
t ms
g
KA
m s atm 0.029 g
t ms
2.29 atm 1
m 2s
c. Write Eq. (17-37a) for old and new situations Divide new by old. Obtain
0.0665
0.75
k new
k old
new
rpm ,
old
k new
17.D5. a.
K solv
t ms
J solv
pr
RT eq., R
k old
.75
2000
0.000117m / s
1000
1.5 10
cm s
pP
1
102 atm
1.47 10 5 g
1 FP Fin
1 x P x out , Op eq., x P
cm 2 s atm
x out
x in
FP Fin
FP Fin
Solve simultaneously & obtain Eq. (17-26), which with M = 1 is
1 R x in
0.003 0.05
xP
xP
0.000272 , x out
0.091
1 R
1 0.997 0.45
1 R
1 xP
x P pr
xr
pP
xP
xr
xP a
J solv
K solv
t ms
pr
pP
, xP
0.0585, x P
a M xr
3.44 atm
xr
x in
0.000752
xP
424
425
J solv
1.47 10
2
78 atm
cm s atm
FP 1 x P
, FP
A
J solv
2
3
Fin
1000 g kg
g
cm 2 s
3.36 10 6 cm 2
9.91 10 g cm s
solv
n xg
336 m 2
n xr
J solv /
solv
0.052
0.037
0.026
0.0134
See Figure. Plot J solv /
solv
Intercept
cP
J solv /
J solv
g L,
solv
wt frac
xr
min
n xg
Slope
J solv
0.000991
3.33 kg s
Plot J solvent vs
17.D7.
5 kg s
3.33 kg s 1 7.52 10
A
17.D6.
dextran
0.012
0.03
0.06
0.135
versus ln xr
0.0185
0.01596
K solv
t ms
J solv
p
23.1 / (997 g / L )
n xr
4.423
3.507
2.813
2.00
1.159, which is x g
69.25
3.0
23.1
0.314 .
g
2
m s bar
L
0.0232 2
m s bar
426
J A ~ J solv c P
Mc
With
0.00696 g (m 2 s) . Also, J A
0.0232 0.30
1, 1 R c
Spiral Wound:
JA
Solving for M c
JA
0.00696
c out J solv
10 (0.0232)
J so l v c P
0.03 R c
0.97
M c cout 1 R c J solv
cP
1.0
c out 1 R c
8 0.030
K solv
J solv
M c cout 1 R c J solv
t ms
4.1660
80.8g / (m 2s)
23.1 3.5
Since osmotic pressure is ignored, M c does not effect solvent flux in UF.
yp
He H 2
rd
He H 2
Check y rH
H 2 He
b.
Pr
1 y PH
1 y PH
H 2 He
y rHe
Then
Pp
H 2 He
pp
pr
1 y rH
0.975
y PHe
y r ,He
0.025 0.07656
y F,He (1
yP
2.8314 .975
.9234
0.07656 OK.
0.05 0.07656
.07656
3.8314 1 .2 .025
3.8314
y rout He
10
y FHe
y F,He
1
1 yp
1 y P He
0.5152
Pr
0.2610 , p p p r 0.2
90.8 10 10
.739 0.2 .975 1
0.021397
0.025
.261
.739 0.25
.279475
y rHe
y PH
23.7 10
PHe PH 2
Pp
.739 .2 3
.261 .05
b2
4ac
2a
.25
2.3648
.05
.25
.25
1.4874
0.0522
1.4874
2.212359 .49377
2
.15763
4.7296
2.3648
1.4874 1.645
4.7296
0.00333
427
y r,He
y F,He
y PHe
yr
pp
1 yp
y 2p
pr
pp
yr
yr
pr
y rH2
.9234,
1 yr
pr
y rHe
y PHe
y rHe
FP y PH
FP
0.025,
2
.06
.739
.80786
.65264
y p,H 2
0.004842
0.1813
0.05,
y H2 IN
.95
.5152
0.975
FIN
pr yr pp yp
tm s
51.52 m3 STP h
1h
m3
3600 s
90.8 10
10
cm 3
cm 3 STP
14311.11
14311.11
a.
yp yr
PH 2 A
cm 3 STP
s
STP cm
cm 2s cm Hg
A
17.D9.
1 yp
pr
y He,IN
1000000 cm 3
Pp y P,H 2
.2956
0.05 0.06
0.004842 0.06
51.52m 3 STP
PH 2 Pr y r,H 2
.739 .2 1
.80786
y rHe
0.07656 y p,H 2
FP y PH tm s
pp
0.01566
4ac
2a
y FHe
FP
100m3 STP / h.
FIN
For Part A
pp
b2
y p2
0.1478
.06 .261
b
yp
.739 .2
pr
pr
0.10001
pp
.25
pp
.05
3 .00333
555,186 cm 2
.975 1.0 10 4 cm
380 .9234
76 .975
cm Hg
55.52 m 2
solv
J solv L / (m 2 h)
428
J solv
xr
k n
xg
k n xr.
Intercept
18.3 and k
18.3
k n xg
0, J solv /
n xg
k
solv
=J solv
82.9 L m h
23.0 g m 2s
4.53
5.08 m / s
xg
k n xg
L
5.08
m h
23.0g / (m s)
k n xg
92.8%
There is only one point further out on the n axis. Any error in point is greatly amplified in the
least squares regression. Hence, another point in this region would be most useful. The higher
the concentration, the better.
2700
800
3.375 , a
yin 1
yp
3.8884
pp
pr
yN
1
3.375 .25
3.8884
.7
2.375
.3
.25
.7
.7
.7
3.8884
1.20536
4 1.6116 1.20536
2 1.6116
.5
0 and 1..
429
yp
3.8884
2 1.6116
Since Fp y p,A
yp
1
PA A A
t ms
PA A p r y r
pp yp
.365295
.7
pr yr
F p y p,A t ms
.3
0.365295
.25
0.2006
.7
pp yp
. Since F
IN
1 mol s, Fp
FIN
0.3 mol s
mol
0.365295 1.2 10 4 cm
s
3
cm STP cm
1.0 L STP
1
2
L STP 10 3 cm 3 STP
cm s cm Hg
22.4
mol
0.3
A
2700 10
10
76 cm Hg
atm
A
c)
F p y p,A t ms
PA A p r y r
pp y2
, F p
F IN
mol
s
0.325 1.2 10 4 cm
9.0823 104 cm 2
xp
J solv
Then x gel
solv
atm
0.4 mol s
1
3
cm
STP
cm
22.4L STP 1.0 L STP 76 cm Hg
2700 1010
2
cm s cm Hg
mol
10 3 cm 3STP
atm
J solv
.5 .365295
6.569 104 cm 2
0.4
A
2.0 .2006
5200
L
2
m day
997
0 since R 0
x IN
1
0.001
.6
0.5 0.325
atm
0.0016667
day
L 86400 s
solv ) k
1.0, x out
2.0 0.175
60.0
g
m2s
0.0016667 exp
1.0 4.5 .
60.00g / (m 2 s) 997000g / m 3
2.89 10 5 m / s
He H 2
PHe
PH 2
0.01334
430
y p ,He
He H 2
1 yp
pr
y r ,He
1 yp
Eq. (17-7c)
.261
y FHe
y rHE
.2 .254
y p He
y rHe
.1 .254
a)
If x p
x in , cut
(17-27)
1 R
0.55, what value R required. Find R (including concentration
0.00050 &
xp
0.25446
1 R xn
xp
R x IN
0.353
1
1 .1
4.5
.261 1 .1
0.1 .261 1
x IN
xp R
x IN
xp
x IN
x IN
x IN
0.035 0.0005
xp
xp
Rx IN which gives
0.035
.55 .0005
0.035 0.001
0.9935
b)
If
c)
xp
0.0016,
M CaseB
17.D14.
wB
0.55 , R
xpR
RT curve: y w
Feed
xp
0.035
M CaseA 1 R CaseB
1.0 1 0.9869
1 R CaseA
1 0.992
wB
xw
wB
x IN
141.6
cal
0.9869
1.6375
43 x w
1 xw
1 42 x w
0.10, only need RT curve below 0.10. Create table and plot
xw
yw
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.0025
0.001
0.8269
0.78299
0.6935
0.571
0.3028
0.0973
0.0413
kcal
g 1000 cal
0.9 10.5
.55 .001
74.12 g
mol
0.1 9.72
431
C PB
0.625
1
1000
0.046 , C PW
74.12
CP,in
MW feed
xW , F MWW
a) Assume y P
and
C PL,in
0.9 0.046
xB , F MWB
1
1000
0.1 0.018
0.5 10.5
Tout
30
then,
x in
0.018
0.5 9.72
18.016
0.1(18.016) 0.9(74.12)
0.5 to calculate p
Tin
1.0
68.51
10.11
0.0435
10.11
30
0.129. This is a
0.10
0, y P
Fp / FF
( Fp MW p ) / ( FF MWF )
0.031
( MW p / MWF )
432
MWp
y p ,W MWW
.129(42.13 / 68.51)
Area
b)
Cut
Permeate Rate
0.08
x in,w
Then
Tin
c)
Tout
Flux
( 0.0791 100 lb h)
0.2 lb h ft 2
39.53 ft 2
0.10
1 cut
Slope
0.0791 in (lb/h)/(lb/h).
0.92
C PL,in
x out
0.05, x P
FP Fin
30
0.08
0.0435kcal / (mol o C)
48.3 C
x in
x out
0.10 0.05
yP
x out
0.6935 0.05
0.3065 10.5
0.6935 9.72
0.0777
9.959
433
Tin
Tout
C PL,in
xP
0, x r,out
Fout
Fin
Fin
FP
Fin
Fout
1
0.0777
0.0435
RT curve:
xP
Fin x r ,in
FP x P
30 C
47.8 C
1 R M xr
0.
Fout x r ,out
x r,in
FP
0.8 . Then
Fin
Fin
Fin
Fout
1
x r ,out
0.10 0.125 , Fout 0.8Fin
0.8
Alternate graphical solution gives same result.
6.5
xP
9.959
1
0.8
80 kg h
Op. line
xP
-4
xr
x r,in 0.10
0.125
xr
x r,out
xP
RT curve
FP Fin
FP Fin
x r ,out
Slope
x r ,in
FP Fin
0.8
4
0.2
When x r,out 0, x P
x r,in
0.10
FP Fin
0.2
b. Area = Fp / Jsolv = (20kg/h)(1 L)/0.997 kg)(24h/day)/ (2500 L/m2 day) = 0.193 m2.
c. Gel formation occurs when x w = 0.5 and xw = M xout = 0.125 M. M = 0.5/0.125 = 4.0
d. Gel formation occurs when xw = 0.5 and xw = M xout = M xF / (1 ) = 1.2 (0.1)/(1 )
Then 1 = 0.12/0.5 = 0.24 and = 0.76.
e. Gel formation occurs when x w = 0.5 and xw = M xout = 1.2 xF / (1 ) = 1.2 xF / (1 0.2).
Obtain xF = 0.333.
xr,out = xF / (1 ) = 0.3333/0.8 = 0.416
f. We have xr,out = xF /(1 ) = 0.20/0.75 = 0.26667. M = xgel / xr,out = 0.5/0.26667 = 1.875.
First occurs when Jsolv = 2500 = k ln (M). Obtain k = 3977 L/(m2 day) = 4.60310-5 m/s.
g. M = 1.875 and k = 3977. Since we change the pressures, J changes which will change M. However
with constant stirring k is constant. First, assume no gel and calculate J and M.
pr pp
K
Jsolv
2500 L (m 2 kg)
L
J solv K solv
, solv
2083.33 2
t ms
t ms
p r pp
2.2 1.0 bar
m day bar
Then, without gel,
J solv
5000 L m 2 d ay
434
0.5
0.2. Then, x w
3.516 0.2
Mx F
1
.8
0.2
xF
0.25,
1
.8
And from Eq. (17-45), Jsolv = k ln (xgel/xr) = 3977 ln (0.5/0.25) = 2756.6 L/(m2 day)
Note: The same answer is obtained in parts g and h if convert to Jsolv and use k in m/s.
h.
J solv
k n
x gel
.5
k n
xr
Case C, R C
xp
J solv
MB
x IN
1 R C x out
K solv
pr
tms
m d ay
pr
pp
1 RB
pr
pp
a M C xout
Equation:
log P
log P
0.27027
2446.6 L (m 2 d ay)
0.27027
1.0, p p,B
0.0007505]
1.1, p r,B
12.06
3.27
18.71 g m 2s
42 , P 10000,
1.6232
0.27875
1.9
4a b
4a b
1.9020 2b
b 0.95100 , a
0.16805 logP 0.951
log
.74
xp
8, log
0.0001,
a log 0.0001
log 1.9
0.5
0.2
0.01230
log 42
0.2, x r
15.2
1 RC
pp
0.26, x F
0.976, M B
1.1, p r,C
b) If
L
2
0.0093 0.26
.74
1 .939
.26
0.0007505
1 RC
3977,
Case B, R 0B
.939, p p,C
For Experiment C. M C
x out
3977
xr
b)
.16805
0.90309
log
0.16805
0.28509
.951
0.16805
PO2
1.93 Barrers
435
PN2
250, PCO2
FP
2700,
PHe
300, PHe
3
0.4 m3 s. FIN
FIN
550
1.0 m s
10 2 cm
10
3
10 6 cm 3 s , FP
m
76 cm Hg
Part A
pr
2.5 atm
Part B
pr
76 cm Hg
t ms
0.8 mil
Eq. (17-11d)
10
190 cm Hg
atm
pp
0.4 76
.00254 cm
FP A
30.4 cm Hg
Pi t ms p p
y r ,CO 2
Then
y p,CO 2 ,guess
FP A guess
Then,
PCO 2
y IN ,CO 2
1
t ms y p,CO 2
76 cm Hg
0.002032 cm
mil
Pi t ms p r
K m,i
pp
.4 106 cm3 s
yCO2,IN
where
p r y r.CO 2
0.40
0.4.
p p y p,CO 2
y IN,i
y r,i
K mi 1
1.0 ?
y r,N2
b.
.15037, y P,CO2
.3164, y r,CO2
.54446, yP,He
.3037, y r,He
y r,i
.3351, yP,H 2
.06099, y r,H2
.3189
.27154,
.999885
1.0000766
yF N2
F,cm3/s
pr, cm Hg
P N2
P He
Fp
yp CO2
Fp/A
K N2
K CO2
306 2008
HW 8
Problem 2
0.25
1000000
190
0.000000025
0.00000003
400000
change yp to
0.544455884
0.003983763
yF CO2
tm, cm
pp, cm Hg
P CO2
P H2
yF
0.4 He
0.002032 theta
76
0.00000027
0.000000055
get sum=1
yr CO2
A, cm 2
A, m 2
0.475237299 y r N2
1.792765611 yr CO2
0.05 yF H2
0.4
0.3
0.303696077
100407575.7
10040.75757
0.316417678
0.303696077
436
K He
K H2
0.549397235 yr He
0.851323363 yr H2
Goal seek
Sum
0.150373483
0.544455884
0.033509684
0.271546029
0.99988508
yp N2
yp CO2
yp He
yp H2
sum
0.060993544
0.318969314
1.000076613
xp
x out
Fp
xF
x out
0.022 0.056
FIN
xp
x out
0.00032 0.056
0.00032
0.9943 , J s u c rose
0.056
J solventx p
Fp
1.0
0.6106
J solvent
solution
Permeate
(3.923g / m 2 s)(0.00032)
J sucrose
b)
Eq. (17-27)
0.00126g / (m 2s)
1 xp
K water
water solute
K sucrose
x p pr
Mxr
pp
xp
Mxr
xp a
K water
pr
Eq. (17-18)
c.
pp
a Mxr
K sucrose
M xr
1 M 1 R
Then RT equation is
xp
1 R x out
xp
0.0706 g
0.00126
0.056 0.00032
xp
Solution 1.
xp
0.00032
J sucrose
tms
g sucrose
xp
3.923
60 1.1
g water
J solv
tms
K water
t ms
3.131
0.6393 x out
2.1 1 0.9943
m 2 s atm
0.0226
g sucrose
m 2s wt frac
0.98803
0.01197 x out
x out
xF
.39
0.036066
.61
x out
0.05537 , x p
0.022
0.61
0.000663
437
Check
pr
t ms
60 1.1
pp
a M xr
K sucrose
Mx r
t ms
3.67g/(m 2s)
0.000663]
J water x p / (1 x p )
0.00243 g (m2 s)
Alternatively, J sucrose
xp
J sucrose
J sucrose
0K
0.98803
x out
K water
J water
= 0.0706
xp
xp
0.00261
g
m 2s
6.9% different
xp xp
2.1 1
xr
Simplifies to,
Linearize x r @ x p
Slope =
0.0003
xr
0.02509
1 xp
0.01196
0.01196 x r or x p
Solve simultaneouly with Operating Equation
xF
1
xp
x out
0.6393 x out 0.036066
0.05538 , x p
2.1 391.66 x p
x out
x p 186.5 x p 185.391
0.0003
xp
0.01196 x out
C PL,in
FP
Fin
Tin
Tout , Tin
Tout
85 25
60
0.95
0.05
0.1 CPL,w 55 C
0.1 4.1915
0.9 CPL,E
0.9 2.7595
kJ
kg K
2.903
kJ
kg K
Where average temperature from 25 to 85 is 55C and C P values are from Perrys 7th, pp. 2306 and pp. 2-237.
FP1
2.903
Fin
2290.3
60
0.0760 100
7.60 kg hr .
438
x out
x IN
1
Slope
Op. Eq. is, y P
0.1
12.16 x out
12.16
0.0760
Fout1
Fin 2
100 7.60
92.40 kg h
yP
2.903 60
F1in
1892
FP1
0.0921 100
0.34
9.21 kg h , Fout1
9.86 , y P
0.0921
0.086
If y P
0.66
0.66 2359
0.34 985
1892 kJ kg
0.0921
1 0.0921
Slope
9.86 x out
0.0921
9.86 x out
1.086
1, x out
0.00872
9.86
Plot operating line and determine (from graph)
y P1 0.64, x out1
x in 2
value of yp is close to the assumed value of 0.66. Can proceed to stage 2.
Stage 2: Estimate y P
For x in 2
2
0.50 (water),
0.050, CPL,in
FP2
2.967
Fin 2
1672
Fout 2
60
0.05 4.1915
0.50
.1065 90.66
0.050
1 0.1065
0.1065
1672
2.967
9.64 kg h
8.40
8.40 x out
0.95 2.903
8.10 kg hr , Slope
90.66 9.64
0, y P
0.50
0.1065, Fin 2
yP
If x out
Fin 2 x in 2
Fout 2
FP2 y P2
90.66 0.050
9.64 0.34
81.00
439
Area
FP
kg 1000 g
h
kg
J g h m2
Stage 1
0.8333 g h m 2 , A1
Stage 2
0.208 g h m 2 , A 2
9.34 1000 g h
0.8333
9.64 1000
11, 208 m2
46, 346 m2
0.208
Other flow patterns will reduce area. Area is large because of low flux caused by low ethanol
permeation rate.
17.F1.
RT eqn., y
x x
1
1 x
x Benz
0.2,
18.3, y
x Benz
0.1,
6.66, y
, x Benz
0.3,
18.3 .2
1 17.3 .2
6.66 .1
1 5.66 .1
.9
.1
16.6, y
16.6 .3
1 15.6 .3
0.87676
0.8266
440
CPL,in
y Pbenz
benz
1 y Pbenz
x Pbenxw CPLbenz
iP
0.844 94.27
1 0.844 164
0.3 0.423
.7 0.73
105.15 cal g
0.6379 cal g C
441
Tin
Tout
C PL,in
50 C
0.1 105.15
66.48 C
0.6379
y p,avg
0.6193, y r,out
3, 200,152 cm 2
0.0203, A
2, 636,196 cm 2
100
28600
0.173174301
0.144051968
9710.750234
714
0.024356963
0.235015561
824015.8215
0.208999973
100000
9.09495E-13
0.144051968
99
98
29314
30028
0.1738615 0.174547
0.1447613 0.14547
9664.4075 9618.879
1428
2142
0.0475556 0.069677
97
30742
0.1752323
0.1461768
9574.1438
2856
0.0907935
0.714 PB/tms
76
0.2 erroracc
0.00175
0.0000001
96
95
94
31456
32170
32884
0.175916 0.1765981 0.17727918
0.146883 0.147588 0.14829195
9530.183 9486.978 9444.50995
3570
4284
4998
0.110973 0.1302761 0.14875885
442
17.H4. New problem in 3rd edition The spread sheet equations are shown below for part b. Part a agreed
with problem 17.D14. Part b answers: yp,W = 0.412, = 0.2122, xout,W = 0.0160, = 0.158,
Area = 79.0 ft2. Note that if the starting guess for yp,W is too high, Goal Seek will converge
on an answer with yp,W > 1, which is obviously not physically possible.
17.H5.
This problem is very similar to Example 17.7. It is easiest to solve on a spreadsheet, which is
443
444
17.H6. New problem in 3rd edition The spreadsheet is similar to that for problem 17.H5 and is shown
below,
17.H.7. The same spread sheet that was used in problems 17.H5 is used.
445
446
d
e
18.B.4. New problem in 3rd edition. There are obviously many possibilities. One is to develop sorption
processes that use an energy separation processes (e.g., pressure or temperature) to produce purge or
desorbent from the feed so that a separate purge or desorbent does not have to be added.
18.C1.
Vavailable
P
18.C4.
rd
1 f cry
P1
clay
P4
P1
f cry
P2
1 f cry
f cry
1
cry
e
P2
f cry
P2
P1
K di Vcol.
1 f cry
f cry
P2
(same as 18-3b)
z a c x cT
e z A c x c T v int er
e z A c c T x
z A c c RT y K DE
v int er
Simplify to, u ion
(18-44)
c RT y
1
K DE
x
ecT
445
18.C7.
CA
C AF
z uAt
1 erf
4E eff t u A
v inter
12
erf (a)
.9 a
1.164
95%
t final
5%
tw
t st
t1
erf (a)
At 5% point,
0.90 a 1.164
1.164
L
4E
t st u A
v
12
Or
let
u A t st
2.328 E t st
x1
12
st
t , uAx
2
1
uA
12
x2
By definition,
Use
u A t final
uA
v
12
12
L u A t st
v
2.328 E
12
u 1A2
v1 2
x1
2.328
L
2
0.
E u At
v
4Lu A
2u A
2.328
Let
4E t final
E 1 2 u 1A2
2.328
v1 2
x1
1.164
and at 95%,
12
fin
t , then x 2
t MTZ
t final
t st
x 22
E 1 2 u 1A2
v1 2
2.328 2 E u A
v
2u A
4L u A
x12
446
4u
2
A
4u
2
A
2
2
2
1
2.328 E 1 2 u 1A2
v
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
v
12
t MTZ
2
2
2
1
E uA
4L u A
2.328
12
4L u A
v
2
E uA
E uA
E uA
2.328
2.328
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
v1 2
12
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
12
2.328
2.328 E 1 2 u 1A2
2.328
E uA
4L u A
4L u A
4L u A
4u 2A
2
If
4L
2.328 E
v
t MTZ
2 2.328 E
12
v1 2 u A
In Out = Accumulation
t vinter A c CT,after x i,after
Out
Accumulation
LA c yi,after
yi,before CRT
C RT y i ,after
y i ,before
x i,before CT,before
t A c , mass balance is
T ,before
447
1
A
v1
v2
v2
v3
u A ,i
C A ,i L i
u A1
M 1A u port
vF
u BL
C B,i Vi
u B2
M 2 B u port
v B,prod
u A3
M 3A u port
vD
u B4
M 4 B u port
v3
v4
v4
B
4
v A ,prod
v1
CB v2
M 2B u port
CA v2
C A v3
M 3A u port
CA v 2
vF
M 3A u port
CA M 2B
If all
18.D1.
Rearrange:
vD
(2)
M 3A u port
CB
M 2B
CB
v4
M 3A
CA
v1 where v 4
u B4 CB
v1
Thus
(1)
M 2B u port
vF
u port
vD
CB
CA vF
Then
CA
u A1 CA
M 4B u port CB
M1A u port CA
M 4B u port
M 1A u port
M 4B
M 1A
CB
CA
CB
CA
M 1A
CA
M 4B
CB
M 3A
CA
vD
vF
Mi
1.0,
M 4B
CB
D
F
pA
qA
q MAX
1
CB
pA
1
CA
1
q MAX K A
1
CB
1
CA
M 2B
CB
vf
M 3A
CA
1.0
. Plot p A q A vs. p A
448
296 K
p/q
135.863
278.679
478.666
696.073
939.619
1116.143
1189.735
p
275.788
1137.645
2413.145
3757.6116
5239.9722
6274.1772
6687.8589
At 296 K
Intercept
Slope
KA
0.163636
1
q max
, q max
1 q max
0.163636
1 q max K A
80
80
480 K
p/q
1786.943
1709.129
1974.657
2309.538
2778.150
3011.134
3122.979
At 480 K
Intercept
q max K A
6.1125
0.00204545
p
637.7598
1296.2036
2378.6716
3709.3486
5329.6030
6246.5981
6687.8589
Slope
KA
1380
0.260606
q max K A
1
, q max
q max
1 q max
0.260606
1 q max K A
1380
3.8372
0.00018884
449
18.D2.
L soln
1 kg
kg ads 1000 g
q max K A,c C A
uj
Part a
0.022
K A,C
2.104
Kd
uj
2.104
c.
u AN
u DN
HETP
L
g anth
v super
40
5.671 cm min
L u S,DN
4.576
5.567
u S,AN
L N
g ads
K ij
1782 0.00301
4Ru
N1 2
From (18-83)
g ads.
40
1 0.69
2.104
g anth
b.
104.33
u S,AN
N 10885
0.002297 cm
2
From (18-81),
d.
time
18.D4.
1 0.69 1782K j
1 mol
0.10456
, u AN
g ads
, vinter
mol 178.22 g
v inter
40
, thus, K A,C
1 K Ac C A
q max
0.022
v sup er
10.0
v int er
0.43
23.26
0.042271 min
cm
min
v int er
a) u s
p
e
us 0
1
Kd
e
e
(18-15c)
p
Kx T
23.26
0.6027 cm min
0.57 .48 1.0
0.57 0.52 2100
17.46
0.43
0.43
684
t br 200 cm 0.6027 cm min 331.8 min
450
u th
1.636
t th,br
c) K x
t br
M.B.in
10.0
23.26
.57 .52 2100 2000
C ps
C pf
5.911
cm
min
23.26
1.23 g g @80 C , u s 80
200 cm 5.4868
cm
min
A c cm 2
10.0 A c 0.684
C 80
C 0
0.0011 g tol
g fluid
33.84 0.0011
0.0011 113.92
5.4868 cm min
1.636 2.603
36.45 min , see figure.
C 80
.43
684 1841
200 cm 5.911 cm min 33.84 min
out
Simplifying:
1
u th
1
u th
297.96 .0011
1
0.6027
1
5.4868
2.611
1
5.911
1
5.911
0.1255 wt frac.
113.92
451
80, C = 0
z
usol (80C)
uth
0.0011
C=0
0.0011
331.8
min
0.0011
t
Cconc
33.84
36.45 min
0.1255
Cout
0.0011
0
33.84
18.D5.
36.45
vsuper 20 cm min
vint er vsuper e 20 0.4 50 cm min
For step input w. unfavorable isotherm, get a diffuse wave.
v int er
Langmuir formula: u s
1 e 1 p
1 e
a
1
Kd p
s
1 bc
e
e
But now
us
1
b
.6
1.01 .54
.4
0.46
0
50
.6 .46 1.124 kg
1.2
.4
liter 1 0.46 c
1.81
time, min
50
0.93067
1 0.46 c
452
18.D6. a)
u th
1
u th
.57
1
.5
.43
C ps
.684 2240
.57
.5 920 1.80
.43
50 cm 12.61 cm min
v int er
c)
C pf
b) t thermal,br
u s 300K
C p f v int er
Kd
e
e
K xy
W
C pw
eAc
12.61 cm min
3.965 min
30
.57
.57
1
.5 1.0
.5 12.109
.43
.43
u s 350K
6.5298 K xy
t br 300K
3.0964 cm min
0.010 .
453
50 12.61 20
1
u s 300
1
u th
C 350
0.010 3.2989
1
u s 350
20 L u s 350 K
1
u th
23.965 min
1
3.0964
1
12.61
1
6.5298
1
12.61
3.2989
20 50 6.5298
27.6572 minutes
0.032989
18.D6.
g/L
0.010
0
t
18.D7.
vint er
vsuper
16.1478
15 0.434
Kd
tr
L us
(A)
p
s
K 4
34.56
0.566 0.43
0.434
60 cm 0.3715 cm min
27.6572
34.56 cm min
v int er
a) At 4C: u s
us 4 C
23.965
0.3715 cm min
1820 0.08943
0.434
161.49 min . Concentration out is zero from t = 0 to t =
0.01 .
454
v int er
b) u th
1.
C ps
C pf
WC pw
e
A c C pf
34.56
17.293 cm min ,
0.566 0.43 0.25 1820
0.434
1.00 1000
60.0 17.293 3.4696 min +1200
u th
1.743
t br,th
L u th
u s 60 C
34.56
0.720258 cm min
0.566 0.43
1.743
1820 0.045305
0.434
t br,conc 60 L u s 60
60.0 0.720258 83.3035 min +1200
C=0
60
60
60
0 60
C=0
uth
Elution time: 0
c high 60
chigh
cF
CF
1
us 4
3.4696
1
u th
83.3
C high
1
u s 60
1
u th
1.38839 0.05783
u th vinter,purge,
If t purge
t purge
0.019796 kmol m3
u s vinter,F, 0 C
u s v inter,F, 80 C
C=0
25.58
18.60
25.58 cm min .
0.3799
0.5225 cm min
4.343 cm min
18.60
vinter,purge
thermal,breakthro
ugh
120 cm
455
120
tF
0.5225 18.56
290.35 min
0.3799
The next feed input at 290.35 + 18.56 = 308.91 min. This starts a cold thermal wave at
v Inter,F , u th v Inter,F
4.701 cm min which breaks through in another 25.53 min for total time
to cold breakthrough of 308.91 + 25.53 = 334.44 min.
The solute is hot, first at v Inter,purge u s 80 , v Inter,purge
18.60
u s 80 ,v inter,F
4.343
25.58
u s vinter,purge, 80
t
Exit Time Solute
18.56
u s,F 80 , vinter,F
t purge
3.158
120
12.47 min
334.44
321.38 min.
Solute exits from 290.35+18.56=308.91 min to 321.38 minutes = 12.47 minutes & it exits at
superficial velocity of 8.0 cm min .
Mass Balance
All solute in = Solute out
t F vsuper A c c IN t out vsuper A c c out,AVG
tF
c out ,AVG
t out
290.35
c IN
0.0009 wt frac
12.47
0.02096 wt frac.
This is same as peak concentration in Example 18-3, but greater than x out,avg 0.00748. To
have same concentrations need to recycle the material exiting at feed concentration in counterflow system. NOTE: Counter flow system has advantages of not contaminating the product end
of the column and typically has less spreading of the zone.
18.D.9. New problem in 3rd edition. a.
u s,feed,M
vinter
vSuper
e
Kd
0.05 m s. vinter
v inter
RTK A,p
0.5 0.43
0.1163 m s
0.01712 m s
z after
which is 0.75 0.5584
y M after
0.003
Feed Step
u sfeed
0.01712 m s
0.75 m
4.0 atm
0.2128
1.0 atm
0.1916 m from feed and
4.0
0.5584 m
0.2128 1
1.0
7 sec
0.001007
0.11984 m
456
Blowdown.
Measuring from closed top, z before
z after
0.4386 m
0.2128
1.0
0.5890 m
4.0
The far end of the feed wave does not get removed from the bed.
0.11984 or 0.75 0.11984 0.6302 m from closed end has
z after
1.0
0.6302
0.4386
0.75 0.3114
0.2128
4.0
y after
y feed
1.0
0.2128 1.0
0.2128
1.3431 z before
z before 0.5584 m from closed
4.0
(product) end. This is 0.75 0.5584 0.196 m from feed end. This gas entered at an unknown
pressure between p L 1.0 and p H 4.0. Can calculate this pressure from Eq. (18-28c)
This z after
0.75
p before
z before
p after
z after
z before
y after,press
0.003
y after,BD
0.001007
0.5584
4.0
4.0
1 0.2128
1.00003 atm
0.75
0.2128 1
0.001007
1.00003
This gas is depressurized to 1.0 & exits column
0.2128 1
0.008933
0
.0030
time
z after
p after
p before
0.2128
1.0
z before 0.75
0.5584
4.0
from closed end, which is 0.75 0.5584 0.1916 m from feed end. Want the feed to end at this
point. During constant pressure feed step, feed travels u s,feed t F 0.01712 t F . Then for
pressurization step z after (from feed end)
457
0.5584 0.1712 t F
0.5584 0.1712 t F
z after
z before
p before
0.2128
0.5584 or t F 0.
1
Thus, need a purge step if have feed step at constant pressure for complete cleanout.
18.D10. a)
pt.10 : z after
y after
0.4,
0.002
Travels,
0.75
p after
0.2128, p before
3.0
0.4
0.5
0.000876
1.015128
0.4 m
0.01592 m s
3.0
.48
1
.2128
1.05128 atm
0.2128 1
3.0
p before
1
0.2128
0.002
26.126s
0.2128 1
0.00172
.5
2.4763
Dist. Traveled @ t = 30s: 0.02 + 0.01592 29s = 0.48168 m
For blow-down: distance from closed end = 0.01832 cm
z after
0.01832
Purge: u M,purge
0.5
0.5
.2128 1.0
(distance traveled)/upurge
18.D11.
.2128
31 s +
0.5-0.026824
0.01751
58.023s
458
BD
3
y=0
y=0
y = 0.0082
8
18.D12. a) The clean bed receiving feed has a shockwave for Langmuir isotherm.
320 cm 3 min
v sup er
vsup er
r2
A c , where A c
vsup er
4 cm
50.2654 cm 2
v int er
u sh
1
Kd
p
s
q after
q before
c after
c before
c after
where c before
50 mol m 3 , q after
q
c
0, q before
0.190 50
1 0.146 50
1.1446 mol kg
14.669
u sh
1
0.566 0.43
0.434
0.434
t br
L u sh
1.1446
1820
50 cm 0.5843 cm min
0.5843 cm min
50
85.579 min
us
1
14.669
0.566 0.43 1820
0.19
0.434
0.434
1 0.146 c
1.74336
14.669
193.92
1 0.146c
Create Table.
459
18.D13.
50, u s
3.218, t
L us
0, u s
0.07497 cm min , t
40, u s
2.491, t
20.071 min
30, u s
1.737, t
28.779 min
c 15, u s
0.7052, t
70.898
0.2205, t
226.80
5, u s
de xtran, B
L us
666.93 min
fructose
(1)
CA v1
u A1
M1u port
CB v 2
u B2
M 2 u port (2)
C A v3
u A3
M 3u port
CB v 4
u B4
M 4 u port (4)
(3)
v F,sup er
1000 cm 3 min
, vF
2
40
e
4
CB vF
Solve eqs. (2) and (3) simultaneously, u port
CB
M2
M3
CA
v2
CA
v3
1
1
e
e
v2
v3
v4
KA
1
.6
1
0.23
.4
0.7435 , C B
M1
CA
M2
CB
u port
u port
0.97
0.7435
0.99
0.4914
3.03175 cm min
60
3.03175
M 4 u port
1.03 3.03175
CB
0.4914
KB
0.4914
19.791 min
0.7435
1
.6
1
.69
.4
L t sw
3.03175
CA
V1,sup er
1.01 3.03175
Recycle flow
1
1
3.03175
M 3 u port
1.9894 cm 3 min
u port
v1
Vol Feed
D2
4
v F , v F,super
v1
D2
e
1988.176 cm 3 min
3070.15 cm 3 min
4.1184; V3,sup er
2070.14 cm 3 min
6.3547; V4,sup er
3194.19 cm 3 min
460
V4,sup er
Check:
V1,sup er
VD
VF
V4
V1
VF
F
V2
Extract Product
V4
M 1 u port
CB
CA
vF
M2
V3
M1
CB
CA
CB
M3
CA
.97
.4914
.7435
1.2060 , OK
.4914
.99
1.01
.7435
V1 3070.15 1988.18 1081.97 cm 3 min
3194.19 2070.14 1124.05 cm3 min
KK
Andersons data:
1.2060
1.03
.4914
Raffinate Product
M4
M4
CB
2.9 1.3
KK
Li
KH
Li
2.2308
DeChows data:
K K H 2.63 1.26 2.0873
For the shockwave Eq. (18-46) holds for K+
Since resin is initially in H+ form, x K,before CK,before CT 0 and y K,before
a)
x K,after
CK,after CT
y K,after
CR ,K,after CRT
CR ,K CRT
0.
1.0
1.0
v inter
u sh ,K
y K ,after
1 C RT
K DE ,K
x K ,after
e CT
25 0.42
u sh ,K
y K ,before
x K ,before
44.84 min
1
2.2
1 0
u sh
1
1.0
0.42 0.1
1 0
Same for both sets of data since K K H does not enter into equation when initial and feed
contain only one ion.
b) C t 1.0, u Sh,K 9.542 cm min , t sh 5.24 min
c)
Ct
1.0, x K,before
yK
Andersons Data: y K ,before
y K ,after
0.2, x K,after
K KH x K
1
K KH 1 x K
2.2308 0.2
2.2308 1 0.2
2.2308 0.85
1
1.115 cm min, t sh
2.2308 1 0.85
0.3580
0.9267
461
u sh
25 0.42
1
2.2
1
0.42 1.0
1.0
0.9267 0.3580
0.85 0.2
10.662 , t K
L u sh
4.69 min
DeChows data:
y K ,before
y K ,after
2.0873 0.2
1
0.3148
2.0873 1 0.2
2.0873 0.85
0.9220
2.0873 1 0.85
25 0.42
L u sh 4.95 min
10.100 , t K
1
2.2
0.9220 0.3148
1
1.0
0.42 1.0
0.85 0.2
4.69 4.95
% difference
100 5.55%
4.69
d) There is a difference if either initial or feed contains both ions. System with higher
K K H had higher shock velocity.
u sh
y i,after
1 c RT
K DE
x i,after
e cT
1
For both
Na & K ,
x i,after
y i,before
y i,after
t center
0
1.0
u i,sh
1
y i,after
1 c RT
K DE
x i,after
e cT
y i,before
x i,before
For both Na+ and K+: xbefore = 0.4 and xafter = 0.9. For Na+
K Na H xNa
(2.0 / 1.3)(0.4)
y Na ,before
1 ( K Na H 1) xNa 1 [(2.0 / 1.3) 1](0.4)
y Na , after
x i,before
25 0.42
5.186 cm min
1
2.2
1
0.42 0.5
L u sh 50 5.186 9.64 min
Thus same u sh , u sh
Part b.
x i,before
y i,before
K Na
1 ( K Na
xNa
1) xNa
(2.0 / 1.3)(0.9)
1 [(2.0 / 1.3) 1](0.9)
0.506
0.933
462
u sh ,Na
y Na ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x Na ,after
e cT
1
t Na
L / ush , Na
50 / 5.98
(25 / 0.42)
1(2.2)(1.0) 0.933 0.506
1
(0.42)(0.5)
0.9 0.4
y Na ,before
x Na ,before
5.98
8.36 min .
For K+ we obtain,
y K ,before
y K , after
KK
1 (KK
KK
1 (KK
u sh ,K
Part c.
(2.9 / 1.3)(0.4)
1) xK
L / ush , K
xK
(2.9 / 1.3)(0.9)
1) xK
v
50 / 7.054
(25 / 0.42)
1(2.2)(1.0) 0.953 0.598
1
(0.42)(0.5)
0.9 0.4
y K ,before
x K ,before
7.054
7.09 min .
1 c RT
dy
K DE
dx
e cT
dy Na
K Na
dx Na
dx Na
t Na
K Na
L u shNA
KK
1
xK
KK
K Na
x Na
dy K
.9
Li
KH
Li
KH
Li
Li
1 x Na
25 0.42
1 2.2
1
0.955
.42 0.5
u Na
5.409
1 xK
xK
KK
0.855, u K
Li
Li
KH
KH
Li
Li
2
1 xK
25 0.42
1 2.2
1
0.855
.42 0.5
5.979
u Na
3.477,
t Na
14.38 min
KK
xK
dy Na
dx K
K Na
KK
2.9 1.3 1 .5
dx Na
0.955,
2.9 1.3
dy
dx
9.244 min
dx K
x Na
1 x Na
2.0 1.3 1 .5
dy K
x Na
K Na
2.0 1.3
dy Na
Part e.
0.953
u
1
Part d.
0.598
y K ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x K ,after
e cT
1
tK
xK
2.9 1.3
2.231,
uK
2.442,
tK
20.47 min
.9
463
dy Na
1.538
dx Na
dy K
0.538 .9
2.231
dx K
0.502,
1.231 .9
0.698, u
7.159, t Na
Na
uK
6.984 min
tK
9.5075,
5.259 min
Part f. The velocities and hence the derivatives are equal. Thus,
K Na
dy Na
dx Na
K Na
KH
Li
KH
Li
Li
1 x Na
KK
dy K
Li
dx K
KK
Li
Li
KH
KH
Li
Li
1 xK
vint er
vsup er
15 0.40
MW p
f
37.5 cm s
1.0 kg
0.5832 kg m 3
m kPa
1000 g
298 K
mol K
q
kg toluene kg carbon
. Then, shockwave velocity is
is in
c
kg toluene kg air
v int er
RT
u sh
0.008314
Kd
q
y
s
f
37.5 cm s
u sh
1
0.6 0.35
0.4
0.4
1500 kg m 3 q 2
0.5832 kg m 3 y 2
q1
y1
37.5 cm s
u sh
For
1.975 1350.308
q2
y2
u sh ,1 : y1
0, y 2
0, q1
u sh 2 : y1
y2
u sh 2
q1
y1
0.0005, q 2
37.5
u sh ,1
At
2000 0.0015
1 2200 0.0015
L min
0.47619
0.104976 cm h
0.69767
37.5
0.69767 0.47619
1.975 1350.308
0.0015 0.0005
L min : u sh1t
1 2200 0.0005
0.00002916 cm s
0.47619
1.975 1350.308
0.0005
0.0005, q1 0.47619
0.0015, q 2
2000 .0005
0.00012539 cm s
0.451393 cm h
u sh 2 t 10 h where t is in hours.
464
Solve for
u sh 2 10
0.451393 10
13.03 h
0.451393 0.104976
cm
L min u sh1 t 0.104976
13.03 h 1.368 cm
h
Thus, for any column of partial length we will see a single shockwave exit the column.
v sup er 21.0
18.D17. v int er
52.5 cm s
0.4
e
pV n RT
u sh 2
Cinit
Since
u sh1
MW n
MW p
28.9 50
RT
us
1
Kd
1
y
0.0010
0.00075
0.00050
2nd wave (0.00050)
0.00025
0.00
us
52.5
0.6 0.35
.6
0.65 1.0
0.4
0.4
q
u s cm s
y
195.31
0.0001991
284.799 0.0001365
453.515 0.00008573
- add
20 hours
832.466 0.00004671
2000
0.00001914
us y
0.5383 kg m 3
0.001
q
y
where
2000
1 2200y
52.5 cm s
q 1.975+1350.23 q
y
y
t L u s 25 u s
1500
0.583
125,581s = 34.8835 h
183,117.6s = 50.866 h
291,596.6s = 80.999 h
100.999 h
535,250.5 = 148.681 + 20 = 168.681 h
1285937.96 = 357.205 + 20 = 377.205 h
0.00075
0.00025
us y
us y
0
0.005
t
us y
0.0005
465
80.999
34.88
0.001
50.866
0
0.00075
0.0005
100.99
168.88
0.00025
t
18.D.18.
Part a.
20
0.61 1.0 0.88
u S,F
1 0
8.416 , u
4Ru u S,G
Part b.
u S,F
L v E eff
u S,F
9.771
229.465
2N E eff
v
114.73 cm
20 cm min
tG
L u S,G
tF
L u S,F
K Ag
Li
uS
13.63 min
t ,F
K AgK
uS,G
0.39
18.D19.
377.2
KK
Li
vint er
8.5 2.9
vsuper
1/ 2
10.20 min
t ,G
229.465
1/ 2
0.673 min
1/ 2
1
229.465
2.93 , y Ag
e
3.0 0.4
0.900 min
2.93 x Ag
1 1.93 x Ag
7.5 cm min
6.667 min
466
b) Shock wave,
v int er
u sh
y Ag after
1 C RT
KE
x Ag after
e CT
before: x Ag
7.5 cm min
1 2.0 1.0 1.0
u sh
1
0.4
1.2
u s,Ag
x Ag
x Ag
0.5, u s
x Ag
0, u s
From spreadsheet:
1.0 .
y Ag
1.4516 cm min , t sh
v int er
1 C RT
dy
KE
dx
e CT
7.5 cm min
1 2.0
2.93
1
1.0
0.4 1.2
1 1.93 x
1.0, u s
7.5
12.208
2.93
50 cm
u sh
1.4516 cm min
1 C RT
KE
e CT
1
34.44 min
2
Ag
3.0965
cm
min
u_dif,Ag
3.097163211
2.852615804
2.598940969
2.337763116
2.071284133
1.802351071
1.53450084
1.27196632
1.019637556
0.782936124
0.567638906
2.0 eq L , c T
0.02 eq L , x Ca
K CaK C RT
0.6183 2.0
CT
0.02
75 cm, vsuper
61.83
K Ag -K
K Ag
1 x Ag
7.5
12.208
1 1.93 x Ag
, t out
us
7.5
50
1.8021 , t out
12.208
1.8021
1
3.86
7.5
L
0.5678 cm min , t out
13.208
us
xAg
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Column: L
v int er
16.147 min
27.745 min
50
0.5678
88.0555 min
t_dif,Ag
16.14380534
17.5277722
19.23860549
21.38796684
24.13961427
27.74154314
32.58388572
39.3091764
49.0370324
63.86217015
88.08416667
x Ag before
1.0
c) Diffuse wave: u s
18.D20.
0 . after: x Ag
y Ag
y Ag before
K Ca
Li
K K Li
0.8 at t
5.2
2
2.9
0.6183
0.
shockwave .
20 cm min ,
vinter
20 .4
50 cm min
467
Feed:
u sh
0,
0.4, K E
v int er
, before: x Ca
C RT K E y
1
x
e CT
u sh
1.0
50
1
2.0 0.971965
1
1.0
0.4
.02
0.8
x Ca
K Ca C RT
CT
0.8
0.971965
75
0.16407 cm min , t br
0 , after: x Ca
0, y Ca
u sh
50 cm min takes
75
50
457.1 min
1.5 min.
v imter
dy Ca 1.2336 1 y Ca 1 x Ca
u diffuse
where
3
C RT K E dy Ca
dx Ca
1 x Ca 1 y Ca
1
C T e dx Ca
(Wankat, 1990, Eq. (9-25b)).
dy Ca
50
At x Ca 0,
1.2366, u Ca
6.96088 cm min
1.0
2.0
dx Ca
1
1.2366
0.4 1.0
75 cm
t out
10.7745 min (slow wave)
6.96088
At x Ca 0.96897, and y Ca 0.971965
dy Ca
1.2336 0.028035
dx Ca
0.03103
1.96897
0.908386
1.971965
50
9.022 cm min , t out
2.0 1.0
1
0.908386
1.0 0.4
At x Ca 0.5, y Ca 0.534927
75
u Ca
dy Ca
1.2336 0.465073
dx Ca
u Ca
.5
C Tol
1.5
0.97013
1.534927
50
2.0 1.0
1
0.97013
1.0 0.4
Cy
9.022
75
8.546
1
1
e
e
Kd
0.132234
p
K Tol 300
468
K Tol 300 K
C xy
.95
.10007
vF
v2
M 2 u port
v1
M1 u port
v4
M 4 u port C xy
1.05 0.6479
v Tol prod
v2
v1
6.7914
0.10017
6.1447 4.6547 1.4900
v xy,prod
v4
v3
vD
Check: vOut
18.D22.
0.10017
u port
E eff
v sup er
us
v4
v1
6.7914 4.6547
v tol prod
ED
v xy,prod
u s2
dp
6 k M,c
20 cm 3 min
1 0
v
1
8.5972 , K xy 300 K
cm
3.1366 , v total in
2.035
D F
2.1367
vD
3.1367
vF
, where
6.366 cm min ,
15.915
2.1367,
dp
6 k m,c
k m,c a p
v sup er
OK.
15.915 cm min
7.821 cm min
E eff
0.15
Eq. (17-69) X
cm
7.821
min
0.6 0.69
5.52 min
CF
Argument of erf, a
0.4
8.063 cm 2 min
z ust
1 erf
4 E eff u s t
v int er
12
for step up
200 7.821 t
15.849 t
12
469
Step down:
X L, t 8
L u s t 8u s
1 erf
12
4 E eff u s t 8
v int er
323.04 7.821 t
Argument of erf , a
15.849 t
Total Solution X X
L
If t
25.573 min
us
X
If t
and X
2
L 8u s
1.998
4
X
31.2835
341.89
12
1
2
0.979235 0.0084
cF
See also Problem 18.G1.
cF
1
2
0.499 c
1.44473, erf a
12
1
2
50 0.970835
Cinitial
1 .983186
.998
24.975 .
0.95847
Kd
CF1 X z, t 17.5
CF1X z, t 28
0.132234
p
K Tol 300
8.5972 , K xy 300 K
1
0.0084
48.54
C xy (300K)
0.999
0.983186 , X
Cinitial
Tol
K Tol 300 K
2.773, erf
0.979236
0.970835 , c
12
532.13
468.663
1.95847
63.96
31.2765
29.575, a
1.69189, erf a
0.50 or c
1 2, a
0, X
xy
0 , c cF
7.358
12
279.6
0.999
Peak at 25.575
12
123.03
0, a
1 1.000
33.575, a
us
1
126.792
0.10017
470
u port
.90
.10007
vF
1.4812 v F
1.10
.132234
M 2 u port C xy (300K)
v1
v4
v2
v1
vD
v4
Check: vOut
v4
v1
13.3084 cm min , v3
0.10017
1.4812
.90
10.0812
0.132234
13.3084 10.0812
v3
v tol prod
v xy,prod
v2
vF
12.3084
16.2655
0.10017
16.2655 12.3084
16.2655 10.0812
148.12 cm
3.2272
1.10 1.4812
M 4 u port C xy (300)
v xy,prod
u port t SW
0.90 1.4812
v2
vTol prod
1.4812 cm min , L
3.9571
6.1843,
7.1843 , v total in
vF
D F
vD
6.1843
7.1843
OK.
v2
6.1447 , v3
v1
M1
5.14476
0.5 and M 4
and v 4
M 4 u port C xy 350 K
K Tol 273K
17.612
K xy 350K
4.423
C Tol 273K
C xy 350K
v1
0.2135
vTol prod
0.07259
v2
4.4627 , v 4
1.6820 , v xy prod
v1
v4
v3
v4
v1
6.0707
1.608
D / F 1.608
18.D26. a)
u sD
4Ru s
u sA
1.0
1 5.8
u s,B
, R
0.147059 , u
1.5 , u s A
1
1.0
s
KA
6.5
0.15385
0.15045
471
4 1.5 0.15045
Need N
b) t R ,A
t ,A
CA
C A ,max
17689 , L
0.0067873
884.45
uA
0.15385
uA
5748.88
95.813 min
tR
2
t
exp
0.05 N
884.45 cm.
95.813 min
12
exp
t,min
CA CA,max
12
0.7204 min
17689
t 95.813
2 0.7204
90
92
94
95
95.813
96
97
7.27E-15 8.3E-7 0.0421 0.52898 1.00 0.9669 0.2573
CA
0.33 X A L, t
CF
18.D27.
18.D28. a) u p
25.0 cm
L t center
35.4 min
b) Large-Scale system
1.0 0.33 X A L, t
1 .55 X A L, t .8t F
0.55 0 X A L, t
u pt MTZ
t MTZ, LS
d 2p ,LS D eff
1.0
t MTZ,lab
d 2p ,lab D eff
0.12
t MTZ,LS
Independent of velocity
0.4t F
69.44 2.8
tF
0.706 2.8
1.9774 cm
69.44
194.44 min
v super
u p ,LS
u p ,lab
LS
v super
e
lab
12
u p,Ls
0.706
4
3
0.941 cm min
lab
457.6
L up
486.27 min , t br
486.27
194.44
0.941
2
This is length of feed time if column is completely regenerated.
18D.29. K CaK
a.) c RT
K Ca
Li
K K Li
5.2
2
2.9
2.5 eq L , cT
t MTZ
2
389.05 min .
0.6183
0.03 eq L , x Ca
0.7 at t
0.
472
K CaK C RT
0.6183 2.5
CT
0.03
Column: L
p
Feed:
u sh
90 cm, vsuper
0,
shockwave .
51.525
25 cm min ,
0.39, K E
y Ca
(1 y Ca )
25 / .39
64.10 cm min
1.0
v int er
, before: x Ca
C RT K E y
1
x
e CT
from Equilibrium,
vinter
0, y Ca
0 , after: x Ca
K Ca K C RT
x Ca
CT
(1 x Ca ) 2
0.7
400.75
u sh
64.1
1
2.5 0.95128
1
1.0
0.39
.03
0.7
K CaK C RT
(0.6183)(2.5)
CT
1.1
0.22000 cm min , t br
35.0 / 0.39
1.4057 y Ca
90
409.10 min
u sh
90
1.003 min.
89.74
K Ca K C RT
x Ca
CT
(1 x Ca ) 2
to
v imter
dy Ca 1.4057 1 y Ca 1 x Ca
u diffuse
where
3
C RT K E dy Ca
dx Ca
1 x Ca 1 y Ca
1
C T e dx Ca
(Wankat, 1990, Eq. (9-25b)).
dy Ca
89.74
At x Ca 0,
1.4057, u Ca
9.7631 cm min
1.0
2.5
dx Ca
1
1.4057
0.39 1.1
As an alternative can do numerical calculation of derivative. At x = 0, y = 0. x = 0.001, y = 0.001404 and
y / x (0.001404 0) / (0.001 0) 1.404 , which is reasonably close.
90 cm
dy Ca
1.4057 0.04872
dx Ca
0.05749
1.94251
1.95128
0.85169
473
89.74
15.049 cm min , t out
2.5 1.0
1
0.85169
1.1 0.39
From equilibrium, at the arbitrary value x Ca 0.5, y Ca
u Ca
dy Ca
1.4057 1 0.55544
dx Ca
.5
1.5
15.049
0.55544
0.95282
1.55544
89.74
2.5 1.0
1
0.95282
1.1 0.39
u Ca
90
90
13.695
6.572 min .
K CaK C RT
(0.6183)(2.5)
CT
CT
1.0
KK
Li
KH
Li
DeChows data:
K K H 2.63 1.26 2.0873
a.) This will be a shock wave since K+ is more concentrated in the feed to the column than it
is initially and KK-H > 1.
v inter
u sh ,K
y K ,after
1 C RT
K E ,K
x K ,after
e CT
Ct
1.0, x K,before
yK
y K ,before
y K ,after
u sh
tK
0.2, x K,after
K KH 1 x K
2.0873 1 0.2
2.0873 0.85
x K ,before
K KH x K
2.0873 0.2
1
y K ,before
2.0873 1 0.85
0.3148
0.9220
25 0.42
0.9220 0.3148
1.0
0.85 0.2
1
2.2
1
0.42 1.0
L u sh 49.5 min
All three times are the same for the shock wave.
10.100 cm/min,
474
b.)
This will be a diffuse wave since K+ is less concentrated in the feed to the column than it
is initially and KK-H > 1.
v inter
u diffuse,K
dy K
1 C RT
K E,K
dx K
e CT
dy K
K KH
At xK = 0.15, dxK
u diffuse,K
25 / 0.42
2.2(1) dy K
1
(0.42)(1.0) dx K
(1 ( K KH
2.0873
1) xK )
25 / 0.42
2.2(1) dy K
1
(0.42)(1.0) dx K
1.543
[1 (1.0873)(0.15)]2
59.524
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
59.524
1 5.238(1.543)
6.554cm / min
dy K
K KH
2.0873
dxK
(1 ( K KH 1) xK )
59.524
u diffuse,K
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
0.876
[1 (1.0873)(0.5)]2
59.524
10.65cm / min
1 5.238(0.876)
dy K
dxK
u diffuse,K
K KH
(1 ( K KH
59.524
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
1) xK ) 2
0.5970
59.524
1 5.238(0.597)
14.42cm / min
vSuper
10
vint er
10 .4
25,
0.4,
30.0
475
c RT
2.4,
1.10,
KK
2.9
Na
y K ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x K ,after
e cT
b.
u sh,exp t
c.
L MTZ
L t center
u sh t MTZ
1 2.4
1.0
.4 1.1
x K ,before
1 0
1 0
7.31 min
7.31 7.75
100
6.00%
7.31
30 7.31 4.10 cm min .
25
y K ,before
1.45
2.0
v int er
u sh ,K
u sh,K
cT
L MTZLab
2.093 cm
1 0.5 L MTZ L
d 2p v Super D eff
16 d 2p
l arg e scale
d 2p v Super D eff
0.965
d 2p
Lab
Lab
Lab
200 D eff
L MTZ,Lab
100 D eff
L MTZ,larg e scale
16 2 2.093 cm
v inter,large scale
u sh
u sh ,lab ,exp tl
v inter,lab scale
0.5 t MTZ
L u sh
2580 ft 3 , h=2580/860=3ft.,
End
View
0.833
0.5 L MTZ u sh
8.2
wLh
66.98 cm
860 ft 2
p0
20.31min
T max
6 atm
500 C
932 F
88.14 psia
73.14 psig
Weight vessel
Di
ts
0.8 D i t s
Seider etal,
s
Eq.16 59
w
Seider etal. (2004), Eq. (16.61)
476
Pd
exp
0.60608 0.91615
Wall thickness
tp
(Eq. 16.60)
Relate w to h.:
n p0
96.66 D i
2SE 1.2 Pd
2 13,100 1
96.66 psig
3.7057E 3 D i
1.2 96.66
cos
cos
90
D
Pd D i
0.0015655
where
Weight
n p0
3.7057E 3 D
0.5h
1.5
r
0.5w
r
w
D
w
cos 90
860
D cos 90
cos
cos
cos
3 D
cos
0.8D
3D
3.7057 E 3 D 490
Cv
CpL
From p. 531, Fm
Fm C v
CBm
0.20294
118,323 Cp
1.0 in 2000
Cp
Cp Fm
Absorbent: p. 553 Cp
0.04333 n w
2724
0.054266 ft
1580 D
ts
1.0, 2000
$60 ft 3 , Cp
3.05
60 2580
$393, 400
$154,800
477
478
479
480
18.G2.
t MTZ
18.G3.
6.0 3.13
4.52 min
2.87 min
Find
D F 1.0. D 141.55 E R
CA 0.343 and CB 0.219
Eq. (17.31a)
u port
a)
M 2B
CB
M 3A
CA
141.55 cm 3 min
vF
e
u port
t sw
v1,int er
v1,sup er
Dc
0.4
10
4.5057 cm min
4.5057
1
0.219
L u port
CA vint er
Recycle Rate
vF
F.
u A1
2.7295 cm min
1
0.343
50 2.7295 18.32 min
M1u port
2.7295 cm min
2.7295
7.9577 cm min
0.343
0.4 v1,int er 3.18308 cm min
3.18308
10
250 cm 3 min
18G5.
481
482
483
18.G6.
k m,a p
1.5 min1 , L
25.0 cm
484
v sup er
20.2 ml min
Eq. (18-66)
2.0 m 2 4
6.366 cm min
6.366 cm min
19.1
1.5 min -1
Satisfied, but close. Thus some bypasses but most undergoes equilibration.
18.G7.
485
18H1. New problem in 3rd edition. Spreadsheets with numbers and formulas shown.
486
487
18.H.2. New problem in 3rd edition. The spreadsheets are shown on the next pages. They are based on
the previous, but includes both a step up and a step down. Because of the quirk in Excel not
allowing negative arguments, it was set up with multiple solution paths. The correct solution
occurs when there are numbers.
Time, min
15
20
22.5
25
.0134
1.798
24.96
25.5726 27.5
25.0
30
33.575
35
37.5
11.13 1.114
40
.040
488
489
490