-Aplid Meshal Sitios, Chapter 5 Distributed Forces : Centroids and Centers of Gravity 5.1 Introduction Actually, the earth exerts a foree on each of particles forming the body, all the small forces may be replaced by a single equivalent force W" which is applied at the center of gravity of the rigid body AREAS AND LINES 5.2 Center of Gravity of a Two-Dimensional Body consider a flat horizontal plate, we divide the plate into» small elements AM, at Ga) AW, at (.y3) AM at Cus) then WEA =M, xW = Emam EM: yh the point Gla, ») is the postion ofthe center of gravity of the plate increase the number of elements and decrease the size of the elements, then Wwe aw We | xdW y= S yawApplied Mechanss— Suties for a wire lying in xy plane, the *| center of gravity can be determine by the same equation in general, G(x, x) is not located on °' the wire 5.3 Centroids of Areas and Lines in the case of a homogeneous plate of uniform thickness AW = pgtad 1p :density of material 1g : acceleration of gravity trthickness A.A: area of element then f , EM: similarly . . then the centroid (x,y) is the same asthe center of gravity, the integral Sxd4 and Sy dA are called the first moment of area A with respect to 1 and x axes, respectively if the plate is not homogeneous, the above equations cannot used to determine the center of gravity , in the case of homogeneous wire of uniform cross section AW = pgaal a: cross-sectional area of the wire AL : ength of element similarly as above aL = Sxdb yl = Sydb 5-2 7Applied Medtanies— Sates 5.4 First Moments of Areas and Lines define Q,, Q, the first moment of area A with respect to y and x axes, respectively, then Q= Sydd = yA Q,~ Sxdd= 2d similarly for a lines Q= Sydb = yb Q,= Sxdb = xb an area A is said to be symmetrical about an axis BB if to every point P of the area corresponds a point P’ of the same area such that the line PP" is perpendicular to BB" and is divided into two equal parts by that axis line Lis said to be symmetrical about BB ifit satisfies similar condition when the area A or line L possesses an axis of symmetry BB", the centroid of area or line must be located on the axis, ifan area A orline L possesses two or more axes - of symmetry, the centroid of area or line must be located at the intersection of the axes ° 5 an area is said to be symmetrical about a center O if to every point P of the area corresponds 4 point P* of the area such that the line PP" is divided into two equal parts by O, a line L is said to be symmetrical about © if t satisfies similar condition when the area of line possesses @ center of symmetty O, the point O must be the centroid of the area of lineApplied Mechanics ~ Sates centroid of common shapes of areas and lines are listed in figures $.8A. and 5.8B in the textbook ‘5.5 Composite Plates and Wires in many instances, flat plate can be divided into several regula shapes, the center of gravity G can be determined from the centers of gravity of the various parts Gils.) Gen92)— GG,9») 7 vs W=memem [PZ gw yal mM, YEW= Tym “ if the plate is homogeneous and of uniform thickness, the center of coincides with centroid C of its area AnEA — EM: XEA= End 2 EM: YEA=Eyd the first moment of area, may be positive or negative negative : an area whose centroid located to the left ofthe y axis or the area ofa hole Ay semicircle ‘Az full rectangle + Ay circular hole + tea the center of gravity and centroids of a composite wire can be determined by the similar way ‘Sample Problem 5.1 determine Qq, Q, and the centroid of the composite area 5-4Applied Mechanics — State A (mm) x(mm) y(mm) xA(mm') yA (mm) 1 96x10? 60-40. S76 x10" 384 10° HW 36x10" 40-20, 44x 072x108 HI 5655x1060 105.46 393.3x 10" 596.4 x 10 IV -5.027x10" 60-80 -301.6x 10" -402.2x 10° E 13.828 x 10° 757.710 506.2% 10" = 506.2 x 10° mm? 757.7 x 10° mm* X= xd A = 157.7 x 10/ 13.828 x 10° Y= 2 yAIA = $06.2 x 10*/13:828 x 10° = 36.6 mm 4.8 mm, Sample Problem 5.2 determine the center of gravity of a thin homogeneous wire segment L(mm) x(mm) y(mm) — x (mm*) yl (mm) AB 6003000 18x10" 0 BC 650 300125 19.5x10" 8,125x10* cA 250 «0128 0 3.125x10" z 1500 37.5x10" 11.25x10" X= DxL/L = 375x10'/ 1500 = 250mm 11.25x10"/ 1500 = 75 mm ExL/LApplied Mechs ~ Sti Sample Problem 5.3 determine the reactions at A and B EM = 0 Be) = Wri) B= Win > ER=0 A A ERO 4-W= A=W A= A+ Ay = 1.049 S 12.3° the concept of three-force body can be used a= 23° B= Witana = 0318W > A= Wisina = 1.089W \ ‘5.6 Determination of Centroids by Integration x4= SxdA va= Sydd this is a double integration aA = rdr dd x= re0s 6 y= rsind denoted by xa and yx the coordinates of the centroid of the element A, then Q= xd = Sxadd Sedaxa and ys should be expressed in terms of the coordinates of a point located on the curve bounding the area under consideration three common types of elements are general used to evaluate the integration fo St |e ad ; wad xa=(atxV/2 ya=y x= (2r13)c080 ys = (2r13)sind vide dd = (a-x)dy dA =P d0/2 the double integral can be reduced to a single integral similarly, the centroid of a line is defined by aL = Sxdb xL= Sydb aL should be replaced by one of the following AL = (de + dy = [1 + (lds) = ((aldyy + 1) dy aL = (lr dBy + dey = [PF + (arlaByy* do it is also reduced the double integral to a single integral 5.7 Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus 1a surface of revolution is a surface which may be generated by rotating a plane curve about a fixed axis, e.. a body of revolution is a body whi may be generated by rotating a plane area about a fixed axis, eg.-Aplied Mecha Sines ‘Theorem I : the area of a surface of revolution is equal tothe length of the generating curve times the distance traveled by the centroid ofthe curve While the surface is being generated, Le, A= 2nyl Se A dA = 2nydb \; A= Sdd= S2nydb = 2m Sydl =2nyh F a where 2 sy is the distance traveled by the centroid of L ‘Theorem I: the volume of a body of revolution is equal to the generating area times the distance traveled by the centroid of the area while the body is being generated, ie. V=2nya av =2nydd Vs Sdv= Sanya =2n Sydd = 2eyd where 2 1 y is the distance traveled by the centroid of 4 ‘Sample Problem 5.4 determine the centroid of the parabolic spandrel for the point (x,y) = (@,) bake => bla then the equation of the curve is (bie) or x = (alb Hy ” vertical differential elementApplied Mechanics ~ Sines A= Sdd = Syde= § (blat)x* de = (bla?) (23), = ab/3 EM: Q= Sxadd = Sxyde = §x(ble)x de = (Ole) fey, = ab 14 A= Saadd x = (@b/4)/(ab/3) = 3a/4 DM: Qc = Syadd = §(/2)yde = $4 (bie?) ef de = Peal) (x/5}, = ab*/10 tect v= Sauda ct nt Y= (ab/10)/(ab/3) = 36/10 = | wy Saadd = § Mats) (a-x)dy = 1-2) dy Vf [a= ayiby dy = @b/4 horizontal differential element EM: Sxadd = Sy@-n d= Syla-(@d9 yd) Stay (aib%) "| dy = ab? /10 =M, x and y are the same as above Sample Problem 5.5 determine the centroid ofthe are L= Sdb= S"rd0=2ra Q, = Sxadl = J reos rad =P sin® |" QL = 2Psina/ ra) = rsina/a © (by symmetric)Aplied Mechanic States ‘Sample Problem 5.6 determine the area of the surface of revolution x= 2r-Qr/n = (1 - Va)2r b—»— : A= axl =2n[2r(1 - Vay] (er/2) oT =2nP(@-1) ~ Sa Sample Problem 5.7 eee ener 7 ie fine the volume ofthe revolution body t p= 785 x10" kgim? A(mm) —y(mm) = 2ny4 (mm!) 150s Mm -1800 365 “4.13 x 10" V of the rim = 7.65 x 10° (085 10"4gm) (768 x10) = Oks | map W = mg = 60x981 = 589N — ‘Sample Problem 5.8 determine the centroids of (@) semicircular area (b) semicircular are 4 anya Aap =2nytar 3 2 ya 4rl3n AnQnyL — 4nP=2ay(er ya 2rinApplied Mechs Sates 5.8 Distributed Loads on Beams the distributed load on beam ean be represented by plotting the load w supported per unit length, Nim, the magnitude of the force exerted on the length de is dl” = w dx, then the total load on the beam is We Sd w dx is equal in magnitude to the clement of = area dA, then 1 is equal in magnitude to the total area A under the load curve ie W= Sddm A the point of application of the equivalent concentrated load Wis obtained by expressing that the moment of WY about point O is equal the sum of the moments of the elemental loads dV about O (OP)W= SxdW ie. (OP)A= Sixdd a distributed load on a beam may thus be replaced by a concentrated load, the magnitude of this single load is equal to the area under load curve, and its line of action passes through the centroid of the area 5.9 Forces on Submerged Surfaces considera rectangular surface submerged in aliquid p= bp = bpgh 2 density of the liquid ‘h vertical distance from the free surface seulAppi Mochanls Sates Re pebh ‘Pe: pressure atthe center of the plate the resultant R should not be applied at E for a curved surface AB, the resultant R determinated by direct integration isnot easy forces acting on body ABD are W, Ri, Ra, -R are in equilibrium, then R can be determined determined in Chapter 9 Sample Problem 5.9 _ ‘determine (a) equivalent concentrated load etme TT (b) reactions at supports A(KN) — x(m) 145 2 135 4 18 x= 63/18 = 3.5m ZR=0 =0 eset EMy= 0 Byx6= 18x35 By = 10.SKN a ZR=0 448, 8 A, = 75KN ‘Sample Problem 5.10 (a) determine the ground reaction (b) determine the resultant force of water on BC 1p of concrete : 2.4 x 10? kg/m’ 1p of water : 10° kg/m? considera 1 m thick section ofthe damm, %, W, m P = x 54x03x54x 1000 x9.81 = 42.9KN ER=0 H-429=0 EF,=0 V- 6293 - 69.9 - 381 -318=0 EM =0 = x27 x 6.6 x 2400 x 9.81 = 62.93 kN = 15x66 x03 x 2400x981 = 69.9 kN = %x3xS4x03 x 2400 x 9.81 = 38.1 KN = %x3x54x03 x 1000x981 = 31.8 KN v 202.7KN 1 + 429x18 + M=0 M = 662kN-m 9 replace M and V bya single force d= 622/202.7 = 3.27m H = 42.9kN >" Applied MechaiesStates ~ 62.93 x 18 - 69.9x3.45 - 38.1x5.1 - 318x6 the single force acting at adistance d to the right of resultant R of water force R=WOP R= 198MN 7 365° VOLUMES. 5.10 Center of Gravity of a Three-Dimensional Body, Centroid of a Volume the center of gravity G of a body can be obtained ZF: -Wi= ECW) =M, PxC WS = ZlexCav pl) ifthe number of elements is increased 5-13‘Applied Mechanics ~ Stor w= Saw cW= Sraw or xW= Sxd¥ yW= Syaw 2W= S2qw ifthe body made by homogeneous material of density p aW = peav W=pev and rv = Srav = Sxd¥ yV=Syd¥ zV= S2av the integrals xd¥, Sy dV and § zd are the first moments of the volume with respect to the yz plane, xz plane and ay plane, respectively centroids of common shapes and volumes are listed in figure 5.21 on page 249 5.11 Composite Bodies divided the body into several of common shapes, the center of gravity ccan be determined as AW=ExW YW=Syw ifthe body is made of a homogeneous material, the centroid of the body ccan be obtained x =ExVo 0 EV=ZyV ZV =E2V 5.12 Determination of Centroids of Volumes by Integration xV= Sxd¥ y¥= Syd¥ 2V= Szadv if dV ischosen dV = dedyde the integrals are triple integrations seu4Applied Mechanics ~ States if dV is chosen as a thin filament av = zdedy mate yam y z= a aV= Sxd¥ yV= Syad¥ 2V~ Szad¥ / itean reduced to double integration ‘k if the volume possesses two planes of symmetry yarso this can be done with a single integration W=nPde x= és x= Sxad¥ ‘Sample Problem 5.11 locate the centroid of the ~, i pea component ohane is? mm ox ¥,mm3 hemisphere Foo} ~04sa4x 18 22.5 = 10.18 x 10° cylinder 2 60°x 100= 1.131 x10" 50 56.55 x 10° cone = 460"x 100=-0377x10° 75 = 28.28 x 10° z 1.206 x 108 18.09 x 108 18.09 x 10*/ 1.206 x 10% = 15 mm ¥=Z=0 —— bysymmetry S-15‘Sample Problem 5.12 locate the centroid of the steel element Applied Mechanics ~ Stes V,mm? x,mm 350m zm x V,mmt 1 73,1025 625-25 56.25 439,453 WH 24,5536 33.71 -21.21 6.25 827,702 MM 61384 625 25 875 -38,365 “61384 6.25 -25 37.5 -38,365 82,5893, 1,200,425 X= 1,200,425 82,5893 = 14.53 mm ¥ = 1,971,662 /82,589.3 = -23.9 mm Z = 3,341,238 /82,589,3 = 40.5 mm y¥omm* 2 ¥,mm* -1,757813 3,955,078 -520,782 153,460 153,460 -537,110 153,460 -239,190 -1,971,662 3,341,238Applied Mechanics ~ Stes ‘Sample Problem 5.13 ddofermine the centroid ofthe volume since 29° plane isthe plane of symmetry z=0 chosen a slab element d= YenPde mex y= 4r/3n rix=ath then r=axth the volume of the body is nah V=SdV= Shard = Sh x (asthe = total moment of the body w. r.t.yz plane is nal Saudv {x [An (au de = aV=Saudy [xa'h?/8] / [xa'hi6] = 3h/4 total moment of the body w..t. x2 plane is Saadv = Si 4ri3a) (4 ards = 34S (auth) de = ae BV =SxadV¥ Y= [@hI6] [naPhI6] = ale by symmetric with respect to ay plane