(/ AEN Showing Modern Machine Methods fae Service Station Shop im il ay te ayMachine Shop Practice In the Madan Service Station Shan This handbook outlines the latest shop practice and methods used in the large, modern service sta- tion shops for servicing the mechanical parts of automobiles, trucks, buses and airplanes, of all makes and types, with accuracy and precision. The machantonl atte fhe alan extemehila, truck, bus and airplane, such as the engine, trans mission, differential, ignition system, brakes, ball bearings, roller bearings and ober part are all buile to meet the most exacting standards of accur- acy and precision. The back geared, screw cutting lathe, being a cision tool, is employed in the manufacture of t parts: therefore, it is logical that when these parts are to be repaired, the work should be done with ‘Those wishing additional information on the correct mechanical equipment for the eervice eta- tion shop, or on lathes, tools, attachments, etc should write for booklets illustrated and described on pages 94 and 95 of this service book. AUTO MECHANICS Service BOOK No. 66 Price, 25 cents, postpaid Can Samp fey cory eed South Bend Lathe Works 666 East Madison St. ‘South Bend, Indiana, U.S.A. coma an ceThe South Bend Lathe for use in the Service Station Shop _ Electrical Shop Garage Shop Drake Service Shop General Automotive Repair Shop Truck and Auto Flect Owner Shon 1. Turning + Shaft in 16:neh Quik Change Gear Lathe | Few Major Jobs That Can Be Done on South Bend Latnes Trang rai sotto rao wr ‘Finishing semicmachined pistons. ag ertctine es eee Se ee | ae et HER remo ‘Milling and keyway cutting. pipe lee | sees Se Seeded sapien ate akin eon | Piling and polishing. Pent mae ‘Traing beake drums. ‘Anal hundreds of other jabs Principal Service Station Shops Using South Rend Lathes serge tein Regie: Serigggtston Humber ice Morce Stations 85 Hupmobile Service Stations "Si Cadillae Service Stati 47 Nush Service Stations Fy ‘Chevrolet Seryice Stations 2B Oakland Service Stations a Chrysler Service Stations 72 Oldemobile Service Stations 12 Dodge Service Stati 28 Packard Service Stations 30 Pond Service Stations @D{ Reo Service Stalions a | Fee Saree aia 2k Blur ot Der egy Stan nan fee Sev it $9, Silaikar Sree Suton == 0| Contents Armatures Bushings Valvoe ‘ Ra Pistons % Brake Drum and Wheel Service Flywheels and ring Gears Grinding in the Lathe Decimal Equivalents Crankshafts Axle and Drive Shafts Connecting Rods, Boring te: : Milling and Keyway Cutting ©. ee 6 Drilling si : 64 Filing, Polishing and Reaming eee ee 65, ‘Tempering and Hardening ms x 66. Chueking Jobs : 5 ne 67 Henry Ford's First Lathe |. |, , 88 The Small Lathe. cei) ay) ae elias 69 Auto Mechanies in Shoal Shops - 141 Aeronauties and Airerait. ee 725 Size of Lathe for the Auto Repair Shop. . |, Patina Fontureo of New Mudel South Dend Lathe,” , - 1870 Silent Chain Motor Driven Lathe é ee 8 Prices, Sizes and ‘Types of South Bend Lathes st Leveling the Lathe. , £5 on5 82 Oiling the Lathe . pees * 8 Produetion Work and Tool Room Worl: ae rection Plans for Lathes . oe ee Floor Plans for Lathes... ee ee ee Ralos Relative to the Circle and Sphere ee ie 88 Gear Information. : 7 89 ‘Tap Drill Sizes, — : 0 Weights and Measures. f De or Wire Gauge Standards 4 ae 92 How to Read Micrometer Calipers ee 93 Booklets for the Mechanic . eae » 9499Fig: €. Armature Commutator That Servicing the Armature In the 9-inch Bock Geared Screw Cutting Lathe ‘The commutator of sn armature in the generator and starting motor needs truine from time to time because its surface becomes worn uneven by the Heiss "The mica insulation of an armature commutator is harder thar Hrentspper segments It separates, Constant uso will wear down the copper a cee the mioa projecting above the surface. . The commutator must aaa Se tamed true and the miea undereut; starting motor commutators, however, are not undercut. ‘Truing. the Armature Com- mutator is done by mounting te irmature between centers in the athe and taking a light cut: with Bfumaing tool cross tre surface ‘of the commutator. Before any machining operation is performed Duties commpatator; the armature shaft should be tested between athe centers to see that it runs trace The trsing operation is described in the following para graphs, Teotists and Stesi lwp of Too! Turning the Commutator Shaft is dove by placing Smature between eeatess is ie the lathe and revolving it by hand. If the shaft is not tr . ark thie “hide spot”? with hall, remove the armature from the athe and place the shaft on an anvil, Tap it gently on the high spot” with a wood mallet. ‘Test and mark again, This oper ation should be repeated until be the choft is perfectly straight martin, gh pet wove Bont Armatore Shaft anid TUDS tTUC, 34 AUTO MECHANICS SPRVICE BOOK Truing the Commutator.—Armatures with worn commutators roquire ‘ne or two cuts across the commutator to true up the face, depending upon the wear received. Usually a commutator ean be trued ih about fite ee tutes. The carriage power feed should be used whon turning the commute, tor as it eauses the tool 10 eut smoothly and will leave the surface tme acal Belore mounting the armature in the lathe, see that center holes in armature shalt are clean. Attach a lathe dog tn the end of the armature ghafe opposite the commutator and place the armature between centers Be sure to place a drop of cil an the tail eenter point. Fig, 9, Tring the Commutatorof an Armature in Setting the Turning Tool.—Set tho cutting edge of the turning tool even with the center point of the tail center. Bring the point of the taal se qgsinet the eoummuaitor lightly. “Move the carnage back watt te teed clears the commutator. Start the lathe, throw in the power feed and tke ‘light cut across the commutator from right to left. Repeat this operation ntl the commutator fs bre The Correct Spindle Speed for truing commutators on the 9-inch lathe S,appoimately 410 revolutions per minute. Ts obtain this opsed, dhvvw ut the back gears and put the belt on the middle step of the spindle cone The Correct Power Feed for turning the commutator is obtained on a Qiindh Intha by placing « 30 ‘outh gear On Une Stud and @ 92 tocthrgeng ae the lead screw. Then mesh the 16 tooth gear into the large compound idler a {te 92 tooth gear into the small eompound idler gear. For operating the nower ford of the lathe, coo page £3 in the luk “How to Rum gienate Fer Polishing the Commutator take a small piece of No. 0 sandpaper and hold it lightly against the commutator surface while it is revolving et a high speed. Keep the sandpaper in this position until the desived finish has been obtained. “Never use emery cloth for this purpose. Sandpaper produces the proper finish desired on the commutator and is not likely te cause damage during the polishing process,Restoring Damaged Center Holes in. an Armature Shaft. Wher eee ie of am armature shalt has been damaged it is necessary to the center sp ihat the armature can be held accurately for truing: the com: rote I eee PTTuC aif us utlee sepatz operations | Ta restor carte aies it is essential to use a lathe equipped with eompound rest ans conter rest, Machining = Canter Hole True,—Battered or damaged center holes are restored in the flowing manner: Plage one end of armatire shaft in an ‘ersal lathe ehuck and the other fend in center rest. See Fig. 10. Najust Jaws of center rest ant enter of the shaft is approxi. mately trae with, the point: of the tail center. See page 58 of Pee ee acaage “How to Run a Lathe. Set a finger boring tool in the tool post and adjust the edge of the cutting te aieSait exactly oven with the point of the lathe centers. Set the ol dound rest at the 60 degree angle mark. il the center rest jaws wel, Tele lathe and remove only enough stock to make she center hole run ar icing very light cuts by turning the compound rest serew by hand, sre ane ‘poner hele is machined true, reverso the armature and repeat Ate cperation on the other end, See Figs. 11 and 12 Fig: 1. Postion of Compound Res Drilling New Center Holes.—Sometimes armature shafts do not have ceOrilling New, Gach evsee it ix necessary to, center drill each end of the Pate before turning the commutator true, ‘The set up of the work for re storing center holes deseribed in the preceding paragraph may beapplied for setting up the job. A combina tion drill and countersink snd drill chuck held in the iailstock spindle may be tised for drilling the new center holes, or follow method shown in Fig 15 on page 7. nee Angles Pinger Toa for Machining6 AUTO MEcliANics senvtcr BOOK Types of Mica Undercutters For the inch Baok Geared Serew Cutting Lathe The No. 201 Electric Rotary Type Mica Undercutter has a disc cutter to remove the mica from between jhe commutatnr seemonte.. The Scr dior ts mounted ot an extension shalt atiaaleed dee te the chal ot the motor Electric Rotar Undercutters ren justable for all sizes of commutators, The | cutter is very im- portant attachment for the lathe ina | service station that handles “commutator ff work. The mica must he underoat to pre- vent, excessive spark= ingofth>commutator This rotary type of undereutter is for the same purpose as the shaper type of undereut except that itis operated by a motor, Shaper Undercutter.—Use of the shaper type of mica insulation under- cutter is an excellent method of removing surplus mica. When using this Une dereutior the arme- ture is mounted Fr tween eenters and the undereatter is. fas tened to the tool rest and traversed the full length of the mies strip by means of the Tread Feed w heel of the earrings, Electric Rotary Type Mica Undercut ‘The tool cuts only on the forward sircke. Ttis held in a elappor box and lifts up:on the Baek stroke. How to Operate the Shaper Type Undercutter.—Place the armature between centers. Set the tool vertically central over the lathe center points Rring the first mioa eoetion into line with the cutting ool. “The tool should travel the length of the miea. Return the carriage and rotate the armature hy hand to the next seetion of mica. Continue this operation until finished Each section of miea should be undereut to depth of Yy-ineh below the surface of the commutator. ‘The tool should remove the mica cleanly with. out tearing it. If the tool tears the mica the eut is too heavy pr the eutting edge is dull. “Take a small piece of sandpaper and polish commutator after undereutting, ing Mica Ineulation ofa Armature Come ‘shaper Type Mice UndeventieeSOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 7 ‘Truing Commutator Having Shaft Without Center Holes. tures often arrive in the shop having shafts with no center holes the commutator without centering the shaft, we mount, the ou tee cam Figure 15, illustrated above. Place one end of the armature shaft own inertal geared seroll chuck mounted on the lathe spindle and place the other end of the shaft in a bushing which is fitted into a holder. whicl Hts the taper of the tailstock. ‘Tbe armature mounted. this way is held Ate ne poo the same position as when itis in its bearing in the motor: The operator may then proceed (o true up the commutator as instructed on pogee Band 4 Bushing and Holder to Fit Ar- mature Shaft.—The drawing at busing te tit Amature Stott The sight phe dataile of the holier Shunk fe ft Lathe and bushing for supporting the ar Banana mature shaft which is not centered fand whieh is illustrated above, ‘The pushing can be inade of soft sicel or |;—— cast iron. One can have a number of bushings to fit armature shafts of Various diameters. Cutting Wires from Armature to Permit Re-Winding. The illus: tration herewith shows an Arinature sivusted between centers in the lathe with a eut- ting tool in the tool post eut- Gng tho wires to permit re- moval from the armature be- fore rewinding. ‘The armature is revolved lowly between centers in the lathe and the tool fed carefully. This is a rapid metliod of eut= . ting the wiring without injury Fie 17 Caving O18 Wie to the armatureMaking Bushings In the 9-inck Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe its own bushings ssilates the use of job can be done ervice station oceasionally is required to 1 pair job. The making of these bushings a back geared screw cutting lathe on whieh the enti Bushings from Bronze Castings.—Somotimes we make the bronze bushings from a bronze easting that is about s-inch larger than the fine ished work. | Oceasionally it is made from a bronze casting that is about ‘eight or ten inches lon andl in this ensn wo prt tho har anstingy in the chucky let it pass into the lathe spindle and project from tho ehtuek just far enough to machine the full length of the bushing as is described below. ‘The method used to make a bushing depends upon the size of the material from whieh the busing 1s to be made, When making a small bushing in the lathe it is customary to machine the iob comnlete in one set-up. Tho bushing in rough turned), dsiled, Lowa reamed, finished turned, and then ut off at the proper length. Details of the Uperations.- Place the rongh easting of the bush- ing in the chuck, allowing it to pro- ject far enough to be machined. Ser Figure 19. Adjust chuck jaws to make the easting run true. Face tho ond and rough turn the outside diame- ters to within bi-inch of the finished dimensions, The same tool may be used for both facing and turning ‘Then cut the work off to the correct Fit 18, Driline the Bushine length‘The illteation at the left shows large Vusking held xa fate independent chick af the lathe. A borin tra is held ip the tool port This ar i fad ita lumina, east inn, cs Mounted in an Independant Check Drilling, Boring and Reaming the Bushing. Place « drill eluck in the tailetock spindle, Use a dill }¢rinch smaller than the finished size of the hele, Drill the hole 14-inch deoper than the Iength of the bushing, ‘Take a boring cut to truc up the hole and then ream it to the correct diameter. Both the drill and the machine reamer should be fed by turning ‘he tailatock wheal by hand. Cut bushing off and allow grinch on each end for finishing. Press bushing on a mandrel, using a little machine oil on the mandrel so von finished, Attach a lathe dog to the fers, ‘Turn bushing and shoulder to fin- ngth. See Fig. 21 ved Ate bushing van be sacily mandrel and place it between ished diameters and face ends to exact Cate must be taken throughout: the 1 curate messurements arc maintained, It must be remembered that the flopree of accuraoye attainod in the work will determine the performance of the machined bushing when it is placed in the engine. achining, operations wy sce thet ae thie ilastration showsa busting whic fan tore” and mop out 8 Trond Been et {ere in the lathe for ‘tinge ere ‘This method of fine ishing. the outside dl faructer of 2 bushing, fied whenever the Wiagth of the material fom which the. bash Ing fy tide. wil permit i bang turned Wore inthe chuck ie 2. Turning » Bushing maunted on a Mandel10 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Fig Bt Beilings Basking Fig 23 Boring s Bushing ‘The operation in Fig. 22 shows the method of drilling a large bushing. The casting is held in the independent chuck mounted on the head spindle Tho drill ie hold ina dell cluch lied in the tall Spindle of ahe inte, The casting is revolved, the drill is stationary and is fed into the work by the hand wheel of the tailstock After the bushing is drilled, 1 boring bar is put into the tool post of the lathe as shown in Fig. 23, and a few light cuts taken to true up the hole Enough stock should be left for reaming, A sizing reamer is held! in a drill ghuck mounted in the tail spindle. The work is revolved and the reamer fed slowly through the hole, using the hand wheel of the tailstock. Two et three thousandths of metal is sufficient to leave for the reamer to eut New bushings of all kinds and sizos ean be q also worn or damaged bushings ean be reconditioned an. when necessary, made in the lathe, 4 now parts made Information on the kinds of tools to use, how to grind and set them, different spindle speeds, automatic feeds and other details of this work are ustrated and fully described in the Saath Rend Tathe Works book How to Run a Lathe.” Fig.24. Various Types of Bushings Mace inthe inch Junior LatheFig. 24, Refucing Valves by Turning is Four to ix Timen Faster than Grinding Refacing Valves In the 8-ineh Back Gearet Screw Cutting Lathe ‘The Modern Method of refacing valves in the service station shop is to true them in the lathe by machining with a eutting tool, ‘The principal reaeon is that machining is {rom four to six tumes quicker than grinding and Talo just as good a job. The time required to reface a valve by machining fillarniug ia the lathe will average about two minutes for each valve, This fides Setting it up in the lathe, refacing it by taking one or two cuts, and removing it from the lathe, The only equipment needed isa lathe and an Tiina turning tool; the job will be perfectly true, as the compound rest Perils the tou Wy be oot at amy desired angle Tungsten, Silichrome and Mild Steel and Cast Iron Valves for suto- ttle bangs and Gueke, ranging in size from the Ford Mod {othe Mack Truck valve, can be refaced easily and quickly by macnining te the S-inch Junior New Model South Bend Back Geared Serew Cutting Tathe.. ‘The entting tocl is made of a bigh quality, high speed steel that will cut eas ‘AValve Made of a Metal that is too hard for a cutting tool to machine wees So thatd to. use in the mowr, Leeaare the Bret explosion which Breseed the valve on its seat in the block, would eause the valve head to Erap off like glass. Valves that have been used for a loug time are Aon Oe i ou that so hard, but evan thoso valves can be turned and Sanehined by high speed cutting tools and the job done quickly, leaving « smooth, clean surface on the face of the valve. In Addition to Truing Valves, the lathe can be used for hundreds of other jobs that come into the modem service station. The S-ineh Junior Set deitiel South Bend Back Geared Serew Cutting Lathe is not a single parpos® machine, but 8 a universal tool which will reface valves, turn parrdures, machine pistons, make bushings and do a hundred end one eet tins of jobs that come up every day in the modern service station Shop. The skilled mechanic knows the advantages of the back geared screw coutting lathe because of its universal application. u2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Valve Refacing does not require a large, expensive lathe. The 9-inch serew cutting lathe will reface valves with the greatest accuracy. {tea Precision tool that will do the finest work your shop may" require 1 mefacing of valves is almost a daily job in the average Handling this work in the lnthe is. vary {sim paragraphs Tollowing Mounting a Valve in the Lathe.—The end of the valve stem is held in rill chuck mounted in the headstock spindle of the lathe wal che falve head is eontored by the talstock venter” This is the cotect way. fo hold a valve for reftcing and insures a clegres of nema Meet a te ‘Spproached by any other method. Gives Valve a Perfect Finish—With the compound rest, sol_at the desired ugly lake unt OF two IBII cuts with a turning tool Keeling the gompound rest screw by hand will true the face with preeision accuracy ie turning tool will leave the surface a th as can be obtained by ne and will do the job in one fourth she time, Valve valve by tuming in the lathe is bettor than grinding because it can be done four times faster and the tured finish canbe made equally as smooth as a ground finish. A valve ean be Fefuced by turning in the lathe in about two minutes, Truing Makes Face, Head fein Gin and Stem True.—The face of a valve tumed in a lathe will be concentrie with the axis of the valve stom, This is due to centering the valve head with the lathe tailstock centerSOUPH BEND LATHE WORKS B while it is being refaced—the original position in whieh the valve was held when it was manufactured. faced it should be to see if the stem runs true, 11 che stem Is bent it should be straightened before the valve face is machined. This is de~ seribed below. Sal ‘ale Rofaced by Turaing in Lathe How to Test and Straighten Bent Valve Stem»— Place the valve in the lathe, as shown in Figuce 29 illustrated below. Revolve the valve by hand. If the valve head and stom fare not eoreentri it will readily be apparent to the eye. Mark the “high spot” on the stem with a piece of chalk. Straighten «the stem by hold- Jing it on an anvil and. tapping the “high spot” lightly with amallet. Place the valve in the Inthe again and re pest the operation until the stem runs: tue. Tho valve ig then ready for re- facing. Fie, 2. Toning Perfect Alignment Main- tained.—Figure 30 illustrates a finished valve perfectly seated. ‘This valve was refaced in the luthe esording to tho South Bend method as deseribedin this chapter. Note the true alignment trom the center of the valve head through the conier of the valve guide bushing. ‘The valve face has a perfect bearing on the valve seat. Figure 31 shows # close-up of the graduation of the compound rest whieh enables the operstor to set the compound rest at the angle desired.“4 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE ROOK Mounting Valves Without Centered Heads Fig. 32. Ford Valve Witheut Canter Wat fond Valves Without Center Hole in the Head.—The above illustration shows a valve without a center hole in the head. There are twa met have of refacing this type of valve in the lathe. One is to hold the valve in a hollow spindlo drill chuck mounted in the lathe as shown in igure 34, ‘The spindle of this drill chuck being hollow pormits the valve stent to pass through as far as desired, the ehuck then grips the valve stem as near the valve head as possible and the operator proceeds (0 reface the valve as described in the previous pages The other method is to center drill the val illustrated and described on Pages 12 and 13, ‘The centering operation for the valve head is described on Page 18. We recommend the valve be centered for refacing because centering the head permits the valve to be faced more accurately. = head and reface it as Hollow Spindle Drill Chuck.—‘The illustration in Figure 88 shows a eross soc. tion of a three-jaw drill ehuek fitted hollow opitalic which fits the caper or lathe spindle. Ttalso shows that the chuck Jaws open wide enough to permit the end of the walva, stom to. pase through ee ehuck, ‘The jews may then be clamped to the valve stem which holds the valve true. Fig. 32. Hollow Spindle Dell Chuck Holding a Model A Ford Valve with Mushroom End.—This suctligd holds the valve rigily while is being refuced, ‘The compound rest is set to the correct angle and tho tool io fed across the fave of Ue | valve by hand. ‘Time required to | true the valve will average from t two to three minutes. General in- structions for traing valves with centered heads, as deseribed in the previous pages, should be followed.SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 1s “The Compound Rest Set at the Correct Angle.—Tigure No. 35 shows a valve without the eenter hole in head mounted in the three-jaw, drill chick whieh in (ura is mounted in the {athe apindle ‘The sntting tool is fed inat the correet angle and the cutting ceage of the eating tool should be the exact height of the tailstock center pomt in order to get the true ‘ap ‘The valve should be held tightly in the chuck and the eutting tool fed by the Compound rest serew: Tac eu weg Le taken both hy feeding in and feeding outward. ‘The revolutions por minute of the valve while being faced depend upon the kind of material the valve is made Naa ee, 4 cat, iron valve will permit # 2, ACERS iRieckiesna Whippet faster speed than soft steel valye and the custing speed of a tungsten valve should be auch slower than that of soft stecl. For further information on Ti subject, see book “How to Run a Lathe” ander the heading of *Cut- ting Speeds” Drilling a Center Hole in a Valve Head.—We recommend centering the valve head as shown in Fig. 36, especially if one has the time, because this incures accuracy. It is the correct method for holding the toe ceaiferefacing. “Kis merhod kits Ween eaplained in the preevedings two pages. Tt insures conceatricity of the machined surface with the axis Df te valve stein Fevaune when the face is concentric the stem operates in the valve stem guide more effi- tig. ‘Tocenter the valve head, grip the valve stem in a Universal Geared Stroti Chuck mounted ta de spiu~ tile nose of the lathe as shown in the illastration. Or the valve may. be Tela iva lnlliw epindle, theron. jaw drill chuck. Another drill chuck is plated in the tailetock of the lathe Fie 3& Conteine Val Head bald 19 Chest Joldinga countorsinking drill. Start the lathe and feed the countersinking drill to the valve head by using the hand wheel foed of the tailstock. Be sure to have the valve head running tare before starting the drill. Then feed the drill in to the proper depth. ‘The combination center drill s a drill that may be purchased at any ma~ chinists supply storeand it ismade in two grades, one carbon steel and the Sther high speed steel. This drill is illustrated and described in our lathe citalog No. 80-A and in book “How to Run a Lathe” These drills are frexponsive and ean be purchased direct from us if desired,Finishing Semi-Machined Pistons In the 9-inck Back Geared Serew Cutting Lathe Semi-Machined Pistons tally machined, and in this unfinished Gone by the pist chined piston is fi © made of ed to size in some oper- has; bored for wrist pin hole, head centered and faced, inside of skirt. beveled and grooves timed far piston rings The diameter of the semi-machined piston isleft approximately 1¢ineh oversize so that Heen be ceed Ee the various sizes or bores of the eylinders of automobiles, busesand trucks, ‘There are two methadlgot nish saahinved piston ra AUTATMinuee Phony turning oF gin inishing Semi-Machined Pistons is « pr station shop the serow atting lathe i ie lathe tuming method, the piston is finish machined, ssitaasmoot hn ioreeastiy ul arsuperiortosur- face obtained by grinding. The piston as held in the Inthe by an adapter in the headstock spindle and by the tail center, the mios curate and practical way to holdasemi-ioachined piston for finishing. 16 sion job, and for the service For the work, Unians theServicing the Piston in the Lathe. Pistons of every design, every metal, and any size, ean be easily, quickly and accurately fin- Ise on Ue buck geared serew euing iavle. With a lathe, the mechanie ean accurately finish turn and’ fit pistons faster than by any other method Pistons also mar, be accurately ground in the lathe, but, the heat from grinding, even ‘wher! only very light cuts of -O01 are taken, will sometimes make the piston warp. Turn- ing does the work four times faster than grind~ ing al does noe generate tne ent th Is 3 detrimental ‘The speed an accuracy in finishing a piston depends largely on the method used in holding it for machining. Using the No, 44 Piston Adapter in the lathe, permits the piston to be machined with a speed and accuracy that could ot be obtained with any other method. It is the same mothod as is used by the manufacturers, that is, the skirt is supported by the beveled edge and the head held and supported by the eenter hole. ‘Steel Sra ‘The Piston Adapter is simple in construction and easy to handle, The mechanic ean remove the piston from the lathe, test it in the eylinder to which he is fitting if. and quickly replare it in the lathe for further machining, estroying the accuracy of set-up in any way’ Some of the Semi-Machined Pistons, especially the alloy spilt pistons, are connected by a meial gate in the casting, This gate is not to be removed until the piston has been com- letely sentir etd teat The gate holds the casting in form which permits machining and if the gate has been Femovea, the casting cannot be machinel on the adapter without inserting a drop of solder which will act asa gate for further machining. tis, therefore, necessary to besure that tne piston i finished to correct dimensions before removing the gate. The Lathe is the Universal Tool for suto- motive repair work. Modern automobile Ee service stations all over the country are using Bilse tint Turted nthe Latke the lathe for finishing semi-machined pistons, pecauise it is practical, fast and economical in extremely aecurate job. ‘The great advantage of the lathe is that it can be used (o handle many classes of work in adilition to finishing pistons. operation ani will produelathe can be used for traing commutators, refi bushings and hundreds of other jobs, without avidition ments, ng valves, making ial tools ot attach= Application of the No. 44 Piston Adapter The Inustaton an BYgtire shows a. piston correctly ‘mounted in the lathe on the parcen aoe ee teetvetoe The ‘piston has” been eut away to show the applic Hon’ of the adapter. Note how the skirt end of the piston is centered on the one ring: how the driving SakeeaMometorane dog is adjusted for driving rma ticmeere the piston and the piston head contorod by tho tailstock conter. ‘This method insures perfoot align ment of the piston for machining in the latke. Fie 5 All sizes and diameter, cast vecuratel of pistons, ranging from 294 to 514 inches outside ‘on or alloy, solid or split skirt, ean be machined quiekly and 'y on this adapter when mounted in the 9-inch lathe. ! The No. 44 Piston Adapter with Rings Fie at ig Dog. One end af the shank it tapered to | Seth heatstock spindle of te lathe to recive theca ong Thedrrng dg wes Pistm, One'ring, Nos 3D, the moat popular sve, i frpahel et a devine a Paoeeag te eat ee hee Pri iaton Adgntee Complete Pi Nlag ar tnd as Case Rie, pinch Lathe ind Prices of Addi 3 He TenSOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS » Centering a Piston Head = Pistons That Do Not ha) y contethotean the nes encstioud he center drilled for the lathe center before being machined. ‘Yo drill a cenier hole in the piston head, place the piston on No. 66 Adapter, as in Fig. 46, and mount the assembly in the f headstock spindle and’ with a countersink drill in the tailstock, Gril. the center tole, as in Fig, 45, Then replace the tail conter, ‘mount and ream the skirt bevel ig 45. Phaton a1 Mounted for Driling Center Hole The No. 66 Adapter, that is shown Pig, 46, is for center drilling pistons The piston fits snugly on the seat see- tion of the step ring, and is placed so, may be run through the ring. ning the adapter shank draws the piston tight on the step ring and holds it true. The No. 06 Piston Adapter with =-)-0 65 Adapter Shenk 26 Ring Bait ec tt ook w ee to 6 Us Meee ‘ter end ie machined for rings. ,The same abaake its both hole in'the sank and may be adjusted to any sia fist fing, No. 2G, te furnished with Adapter.” Extra rings farniaed fs Ested below Driving Dog and One Specific “Shubert Stade amet ep fe ; HERE : ide2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Mounting the Adapter and Piston in the Lathe.—Mount the No. {4 Piston Adapter in the spindle nose of the lathe. Place tho eone ring on the adapter and adjust the driver in position to come in contact with the wrist pin boss inside of the piston. Mount the piston skirt on the cone ring and Lock tailstock on Ved of lathe and with tailsiock hand wheel adjust tail center to fi in the head of the piston, Be eareful not to force the piston ton hard against the ene adapter ring and xpread tha aki Ra mira to put a drop of oil into this center hole before entering the tail center. Now lock the tailstock spindle with the binding serew. Testing Piston to see if it is Round.—Semi-machined pistons some- times bevome warped while standing in the dealer's stock. To correct t distortion, the inside edge of the piston skirt is reamed to make this beveled edge true 40 that when itis placed on the eone ring of the adapter the piston will contor correctly. ‘The preceding paragraph tells how to mount the piston on the adapter in the lathe. Before proceeding with the machining of the piston itis well to test it tosee it ivisround, Mark the heveled edge on the inside of the piston skirt with « piece of chalic. ‘Then place the piston back on the adapter in the lathe and bring up the tail center so that the piston rests snugly on the cone ring, With the left hand, hold the cone ring from turning and with the right hand tum the piston on the cone ring, ‘Then remove the piston, examine the beveled edge and if the piston is out of round it will show on the high spot through the chalk surfsce. ‘To True the Devel Lage of the Fiston.—riace the correct size reamer on the No, 44 Piston Adapter Shank and mount the piston as shownin Figure 48. Pass a wooden peg through she yest pe ele aa eeceten and turn the piston slowly with the leit; hand, " (Do not start the latho spindlo) At thasamo timo feed the piston against the ream= er by tuming the tailstock hand wheel with the right hand. | Re- move only enough stock with the roamer that the beveled edge will be round and true, If considerable stock is to be removed in order to true up the beveled surface of the piston skirt, start the lathe, using a very’ slow speed, and’ ream by power. Piston Skirt Reamere aro fumished in four different diameters as illus trated on following page. The holes in the piston skirt reamers are machined to fit the No, 44 or the No, 66 Piston Adapter Shank and are interchange able, Each of the reamers has a hole drilled in the back of it whichSOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS a » of the shoulder of the adapter shank. slips over the pin driven in the f position on the shank. ‘This pin serves to lock the reamer in a fi Piston Skirt Reamers and Shank Fis 8. ‘Specifications and Frices of Piston Skirt Reamers Finishing Semi-Machined Pistons in Full Sets.—When preparing to machine pistons in sets, mount the first piston in the manner deseribed on page 20." Be sure that the skirt fits snugly on the piston adapter. cone Sind, ard that the tail oonter in tha piston head fu adjneted ta hold it firmly in position, Grind and set the eutting tool for the roughing eut i? ‘The preliminary operation on the first piston, which is taking the roughing cut over the entire piston, should be applied to each piston of the set before tanging the position of the cutting tool. For example, after taking a roughing eut on piston No. I, mount piston No, 2 and take a similar roagh- ing cut and continue this operation until each piston of the set has been given the roughing cut without changing the adjustment of the cutting tool.After piston No.1 is placed in the lathe for turning, the roughing cut should always be deep enouzh so it will eut. below the scale. Continue this opera- tion on all of the pistons, allowing the power feed of the earringe to feed the tool irom left to right, or towards the tailstock, s0 that the pressu spread the skirt when the roughing cut is taken. If the pi Vg" oversize, two roughing cuts should be taken on the entire set. The roughing oot on ents ahould somove ourplin atoct: ta within .010 of an Inch of the finished diameter When all of the pistons have been given the roughing cut itis advisable to ascertain with micrometer or ealipers the exnet diameter of exch individual eylinder and then finish the pistons to fit their respeetive eylinders. This should be done because of the slight difference of measurement. between evlinders of a motor block that has been teground or rebored For rough turning of the pistons the earriage feed of the lathe should be from fifteer-thousandihs (.615') 1o twenty per revolution of the lathe spindle and for tho fin thousandths (008°) to six-thousandihis (,006") of an inch per revolution of the lathe spindle. After all of the pistons have heen rough turned by the ahove opera- tions, start a light or finish eut on the firet land of piston No. 1, feeding the tool from right to left. or toward the headstock, using the automatie longi- tudinal earriage food. This finishing eut should be the exact diameter of the first land when finished. Let this eut be taken from the head of the piston to Ine first ring groove. icepeat. this operation On each oF Une Otter pIStOns and cut to the depth necessary for the individual lund, Resommended Spin. back gear drive and the spindle cone belt on the second step of the cone for the 9-inch lathe. This will give the proper cutting speed for semi-machined pistons. or the selestion oF the proper tool ad ts adjustment 10 the correet height for turning and eutting, as well as information on the eorreet speed of the piston, see booklet “How to Run a Lathe,” where this subject is fully illustrated and explained fa Speeds Ths eyiaie chon Ua eperated st Clearances for Various Types and Sizes of Pistons.—The informa- ton, vantous tables and illustrations imeluded on this and the following, ‘two pages havo heen supplied by the MeQuay-Norris Manufacturing Co., makers of all kinds of automobile pistons. If vou follow these charts closely you will be able to attain elose preeision in your work. Semi-machined pistons, when sold by the manufacturer, are machined with the exception of the skirt diameter, ring lands and the final reaming. of the pin holes to fit the pins. All production operations necessary at the factory are performed while the piston is mounted on ceaters, with the skirt ‘end of tho piston on an adapter and the head ond hold on the tail canter.SOUTH END LATHE WORKS 2 ‘The cone adapter ring used (o hold th tangle for the skirt end of the piston. The tailstock center has a 0 degree pomnt for the head end of the piston. All semi-machined pistons have a 60 Aegree thamrer machen inthe insiae eae o1 the skirt End, and 1 is a ston in the lathe has « 60 degree “fl saad od oid The Amount of Piston Clear- SKIRT- a ince shown in the tabulation is based on each inch of diameter of the piston. "For example, the skirt clearanco should be about .001 ineh for eaeh inch diam- ter of eylinder bore. For a cylinder with a hore of 3 inches in diameter, the piston. skirt when finished, should be 3 inches in diameter less .003 of an inch. {n tour and pistons tne tour tand clearance outa ve me se third land. The skirt clearance rule given aboveipplies to pistons with or without skirt rings below the wrist pin, Figuring Clearances.—The proper clearance for each finished piston is Important. The first thing to do is to measure the diameter or bore of inders into which you are to fit the pistons. ‘Then figure the clear- fanee You wish to allow foF each piston, Keeping in mind the diferent eens sinees to allow for the various lands and the skirt ow [ee Mencuring Cylindere and Pietans —The hare ar diametarafa evlinder may be measured with an inside micrometer ealiper, 8 cylinder gauge that reads in thousiadths of an_inch, or an ordinary inside spring caliper and then transferred to an outside micrometer. The piston ean be measured with a micrometer ealiper or an outside spring caliper, In figuring the clearanee between the piston and the cylinder, some machanies make the last measurements hy machining the piston so that it fits the eylinder with a thickness gauge or a piece of paper of the required thickness, Clearances for Aluminum Alloy Pistons.T'he table of clearances shown on page 24 gives the exact amount of elearanco to allow in the cylinder for the lands and skirt of an aluminum alloy piston. A comparison of the clearance allowances given in this table snd the clearance allowances given in the table for east iron pistons on page 23, will show considerable difference in the two.ea AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK tte tha alae nee allowances for ait Care should be taken not ¢ iron pistons with the ele allowances given for east inum alloy pistons. Clearance of Steel Strut Aluminum Alloy Piston: ‘These pistons must not be complete- ly slotted until finished and wrist pin skint —holoroamed, ‘Tho uppor clit romaine solid. At Tower end of slot remove motal tack BOHNALITE TYPE Aluminum Alloy Piston with Skirt Slots. Alter finishing the skint diameter and lands to the proper size (ste tables above) the skirt slots requir- ing finishing ean he completed with a heavy. hack saw blade, All skirt slotslare not machined alike. "Pistons with slots should be installed with the vertieal skirt slois on the right hand side of the eylinder when looking at the motor from the front end of the eat. After finishing the land and the skirt of the Lynite type of piston to the proper eylinder size, remove the meial tacks at the top and bottom af the Nerual alot with « back anw blade. ‘This ty yo uf pinivu umot bevy lia vor tical slot completely open from head eross slot to the bottom of the skirt Measuring Diameters of Pistons and Cylinders.—In Figure 93 is shown x the application of the outside micrometor measuring the diameter of the piston in Thousandths of am" ineh. Tihs done while the piston is still mounted on he adtapner i be lathe. “(The lathe should not be in Cpe eae measuring.) If the micrometer shows the piston is oversize, the nece sury amountot chining should be et ee 5% Measuring Diameter of Puiton with Micrometer Call Seer eerie Me Maurine ameter Bitoni Mrmr alee reful not to take too deep a cut before the next measuring operation Inieromoter graduated cellars an the eross feed serew and the eompounclSOUTH REND LATHE WORKS 25 rest serew will permit adjustments of the lathe cutting tool to be exact to the thousandth of an inch so the mackanie can maintain the uimost ac acy when turning the piston to its finished diameter, Measuring Cylinder Bore With Inside Micrometers. To determine the correct dianieter of the finished piston, measure the eylinder bore with fan inside mleromchor aa chown in Figure 54. ‘Transfer the size of the bore toan outside micro- moter and, sibirart from that diameter the amount of clear- ‘ance for each diameter of the lands and skirt of the piston as shown in the tabulation of the charts on pages 23 and 24 The result will be the correct size to finish the lands and skirts ‘of the piston. Cylinder bore measurements taken with inside mieromoters should always be transferred to outside microm- ctor to correct any possiblo inaccuracy of the inside The South Bend Method of Fi tne Soun Bena mterno practical method because it i by grinding, Permits the operator to remove the piston from th exlinder and replace the set-un. of tring semicmchined pistons ie Uke aust four times faster and does a better job than lathe, test it in the it on the adapter without destroying the accuracy of Speeds up the work—with a little experience the mechanic ean machine set of six pistons to the finished diameter in about forty-five minutes Enables the operator to turn the piston to its finished size in one rough- ing eut and one or two finishing cuts Insures uniformity when machining a set of pistons because only one set-up is needed for roughing and one set-up for finishing the skirt and each land, ‘The surface obtained by turning the piston makes a better contact with the evliner wall than the ground surface because will hold greater Holds the piston firmly and accurately between the center points of the lathe in the same manner as they are held when being manufactured, ‘The turned surface of piston is nev Th impregnated with the grit of a grinding wheel55._ New Model South Bend Brake Drum Lathe with Silent Chain Motor Brive Brake Drum and Wheel Service Brake Drum and Wheel Service Work ior automobiles, buses and trucks is of growing importance because of the tremendous inerease in ie, improved road conditions and laws rezulating traffic. This new iness 18 rapidly expanding and offers Unustial opportunities for service and profit to the shop with the eorreet equipment to handle this work The South Bend Method of servicing brake drams and wheels is based’on the scientific principle of the selt-centering mandrel and bearing adapters which automatically center the wheel, brake drum and huh This Method Insures the utmost accuracy and precision, It also. per- mits te handling of all sizes, types and makes of automobile, truek and bus wheole all kinds of brakes, including two-wheel and four-wheel, contracting and expanding, air and hydraulie types—and ean be applied to all models of motor vehieles, both old and new The Best Modern Method for servicing brake drums and wheels, and the most practical and economical equipment for this work, now being used in some of the largest. and most successful servieo station shops, garages and brake serviee shops in this country, is described and illustrated in this book, 6SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS z The Back Geared Serew Cutting Brake Drum Lathe, Silent Chain Motor Drive or Countershaft Drive, is the ideal tool for brake drum and wheel work because this work requires accuraey and precision. This lathe balancing wheels, testing, truing and machining brake drums. The Lathe Uses a self-rentering mandrel fitted with universal bearing adapters which permits the mechanic to swing the wheel, with tire ate tached, between centers in the lathe, All machining done on the brake drum and wheel will be concentric with the axis of the hub, because the tance! antl bearing adapters are supported at each vil by Ue lathe centers and hold the wheel in exactly the same position as when it is in actual use. ‘Two Types of Drive are Available for this lathe, eountershaft drive and motor drive. Ifthe shop is equipped with a line shaft, the countershaft drive is more practical. If there is no line shaft, we recommend the mator drive. The Size of the Lathe required depends on the class of work to be done. ‘Tho No, 302 or No. 2 lathe, which takes 36-inch wheels, i the popular size for servicing autos and medium sized buses and trucks.’ ‘The length of bed may be either ix or right fect, ‘The longer bed length is used for general purpose work as it permits 51-inches between centers and will handle drive shafts No, 303 and No. 3 Lathes, which swing a tire, 42-inches in dinmeter are for heavy duty truck work. ‘The ten-foot bed is recommended, as this allows §9-inchox hatwaen cantors, a very desirable aiza for tho laren shor that may do considerable general repsiring of buses and trucks, 1. Testing 2 Trung 5. matancing 4. Machining Brake Drems2s AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE ROOK South Bend Straight Mandrels and Adapters ‘The Self-Centering Mandrel and Adapter Method of mounting wheels in the lathe for testing, traing and machining, is based on the seien- tific prineiple of using the bearing cups in the wheel hub to line-up the wheel fon the mandrel and adapters as it Is when ranning on its own axle. Explanation of Symbols in Above Illustration Universal Bearing Adapter Tinivereel Rearing Adanter in Timicam Cin To Fit the Wheel with a Straight Mandrel and Bearing Adapter Remove from the wheel the bearing cones and besrings, bat do not remove tha hearing aupeanlose, upon examination, they prove ts bo wmf for fad use. "Wash bearing cups with gasoline or kerosene. Measure largest opening of each bearing cup and select adapiers to fit the cups and a mandrel to fi. the adante Lay the adapter in the large bearing cup. Put mandrel through the adapter, bearing eup and hub. Tur wheel on sdge co it roots on the 'd push the mandrel through the hub snd put the other adapter on the mandrel. Serew up the nut so the heaving adlaptene are held firm- ly but not too Fightly ogainot the bearingeups. The assembly is then teady to be mounted be- tween centersin Fig 6; heal Bendy Poteet the inthe aimSOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 2» The Self-Centering Straight Mandrel acts asa temporary axle while the wheel is held between centers in the lathe. The rigidity and aceura ‘af a wheel thns held makes it prsetical for the mechanic to obtain clos precision, _Mandrels are fitted with spacing collars and s threaded nut. to hold the bearing adapters firmly against the bearing cups. Straight man- drels with universal besring adapters will fit front wheels of all “automo- biles, treks and buses and all three-quarter and full-foating rear whee! ‘Three Sizes of Straight Mandrels No. 1800, for automobiles, light trucks and buses. Nos 1810, for trucks amd buses of medium sine. No. 1840, for heavy duty trucks and buses. Speciteatons ane Prices of Soi-Centering Straight Mandrela, Inching Spacing Collars and Net | Ye Ta | eit Wont | Moar [ae ee 100 agih | sinhes Universal Bearing Adapters are used with straight mandrels to fit all sizes and types of wheels, except wherls with tapered hubs. Adapters nave rounded corner which coufucan to both Timken Caps and Ball Bearing Cups. Adapters are made of cast iron and will not injure or strain the bearing cups. No, 1801 Universal Bearing Adapt ‘Nantel, For diameters so tabu Peo aE Cee ete ay Nos 181 Universal Bearing Adapters it No. 1340 or eto Sinnttd "For amet Se abuso bln Pages | gw | Pest von | mam | em wat | xs, 1n0 [ Mei wea | xoamo | Bh30 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE ROOK Stiga Hat Wheel hes, aae Wheel itd oth Annular al eaings Mounted ona ‘The Straight Mandrel, Face Plate and Annular Adapter Method of Mounting Wheels with Annular Ball Bearings.—Some automobiies are equipped with rear wheels fies with stun taal eat iti, such as the Buick, Chandler, Marmon, LaSalle and Willys-Knight. To mount wheels of this type, we have devised the Face Plate and Annular ‘Adaptor te Rt the No. 1800 Mandrel as chown in the illustration howe ‘This method of mounting the wheel is simple and practical, yet accurate because the annular bearing adapter “A” fits the mandrel’ and the hub To Mount the Wheel place the face plate, “B,” on mandrel “E.” Put spacing collar, “C,” and annular bearing adapter, “A,” on the mandrel. Pisce the stncideel is the wheel ev Al Ine Iworing Sta thee annalar bearing adapier “A”"—this centers the wheel. Force the wheel against the face plate and put the remaining spacing collars on mandrel and tighten the nut The Flange of the Face Plate, “B,”’ being of smaller diameter than the bolt circle, permits the mounting of any size wheel. Use the wheel clamp- ing bolts to fasten wheel te the face plate with extension nuts through the clamps, “D.”. Most wheels have from six to twelve bolts in the hub. For clamping the face plate to the wheel, only use half of the bolts—for example, if wheel has six bolte, thon three clamping bolts are sufficient; if eight, four bolts should be used.7 RiftenterngInandee fe Runes meters A fe aay show the apo ‘The Application of tho Solf-Centoring Mandral, Face Plate and Annular Bearing Adapter in the above illustrations ean be compared with the illastra- tion and symbols on the opposite page. ‘The hub of the wheel is centered on theannular adapter, “A.” ‘The wheel is squaved by being clamped securely to the face plats, “B.”" ‘This holds the wheel rigid and accurate on the manclel for swinging the wheel between eenters in the lathe. The Face Plate is made of cast iron, accurately machined all over and fits on the No. 1800 Straight Mandrel; only one face plate is necessary for all makes of cars. The Annular Adapter is made of east iton, It is accurstely machined to ft the Thu anid Is ute sarne uhansever as Ue susan bearing used in the hub, gt oo ne ‘and require Annular Adapter No. IS07-C, sie 1.3807 Inches diameter. Tu some exes only ont ear model £65, rumen eA ve ans cay the Adapor ice wed SpuitntinestFaePlae | Pres and Spetenonsel Annular Adgtet a Lrge| [EL One: | tae | co | Ee is AT| ie [etal Alger wer tn tse 0 teow | ir fiew| oem fg sao we The Clamps or Lugs and Extension Nuts for clamping the wheel to the face plate are shown in the illustration at the left, ‘The extension nuts are made of steel; threaded to tS. A. F, standard Vginch bolts, and are ease hardened. zi 00 g.s6, Clamgy and Eatension‘The Taper Mandrel is used only for mounting semi-floating lathe. It fits the taper hole in the hub, shown in the illustration at the loft, tho same as tho aslo of the ear. ‘Two Taper Mandrels, 2 “regu- lar” and a “special” are made. ‘The “regukar™ mate ts niget aes of wheels. The “special” mandrel fits only a few makes of whoels © Senna Ral iet the Each Taper Mandrel, whether “Regular or Special," will fit from one to about tnenty various wheels beoatte the tapered holo in the shed! hub varies but little in diameter in many different makes of wheels. The taper mandrel may enter some wheel hubs only a little ways, and it may, biter scme other wheel hubs nateh further, but in both eases It wil be a practical it if ouehalf of the wheel bub has a bearing on the taper of the andra Fitting the Taper Mandrel.—Choose the mandrel with the correct degree of taper, put a little machine oil on it, and aoe mandrel into the hub. Tap the mandrel with a babbit hammer to make it fit tight, which it wil dout'inere sro purr in the hub. 1! there should be a burr in the hub Welivuhl be rommed out Dimensions of Taper Mandrels Fig. A-SmallDiameter of Taper Ty Tt ape Teper Mandrels ane “fell-eentering just the same as Straighl Mandrels, is fitted tightly on the taper of the mandrel it ill be ‘concentrie with the faxis of the wheel hab, even if only onechalf of the width of the hub has a bearing on the taper nt oe ge tat tng [trActual Time for Truing a Brake Drum rough estimate of the time required to true any average brake dram, {vuing one brake deum on the South Bend Brake Drum Lathe is shown below. This time does not include mounting or dismounting the wheel. a Sh afowelace por minut. Letwel trning a machining Automobile, Light Truck or Bus Tring Time, 5 Minutes Brake Drum Size, 10! 2 inches: ‘Tire Size, 20 + 4.50 inches. Lathe Used for Work, No. cor No. 302. Medium Size Truck or Bus Traing Time, 12 Minutes Brake Drum Size, 18 x5% inches. Rear Wheel of SE-d& 2-ton International Truck. ‘Tire Size, 4x7 inches, Lathe Ured for Work, No. 2 or No. 202. Heavy Duty Truck or Large Bus ‘ruing Time, 15 Minutes Brake Drum Size, 17 x6 inches. Rear Wheel of Model Kt 10-ton G. M. C. Truck Tire Size, #0-x8 inches. Lathe Cred for Work, No. 3 or No. 303. It is best to havea floor erane or chain hoist to mount truck and bus wheels if oneman operatesalone. When mounting heavy wheels in the lathe a small ‘enable one man to do the iob nicely. ‘Size of Lathe and Mandrel and Adapter Equipment No. 2 or No. SUZ Lathe — ine automobile dealer tiandiing, thee or four makes of automobiles and light tracks, ean service the brake drums and wheels of these eats with a No, 2 Brake Drum Lathe and about a $50.00 Carefully sclvclad cyuipmren’ uf ooll-ventoring mondrele and adapters No. 2 or No. 302 Lathe ‘The brake drum and wheel service shop that takes cate of all makes and types of wheels for automobiles, ba Inedhium size trucks requires a. No. 2 Brake Drum Lathe and sou: carefully selected equipment of sel-centering mandrels and adapters No. 3 or No. 308 Laths 12 chop, that wishes to service brake drums and wheels of heavy trueks and buses in all sizes and types, in addition to automobiles and light trucks, requires the No. 3 Brake Drum Lathe with a carefully seloetoi, self-centering mandrel and adapter equipment amounting ‘to about $125.00. One Operator with a South Bend Brake Drum Lathe can service a fleet of 150 buses and trucks without loss of sehedule trips and keep the stock room supplied with parts. Tl is the most used and profitable machine in the shop, heenuse of its general utility.South Bend Method of Truing Brake Drums Servicing a Brake Drumand Wheel. When an automobile, truck or bus arrives for wheel or brake drum service, remove the wheel with the tire attached, Make a test to locate the cause of the trouble unless the exaet Testing takes only a fow minntes and will promptly and accurately determine for the mechanic the real eause of the trouble. It will also prevent mistakes and the loss of time aud Kubo on parts not siteeted. Ihe proper tests to make are listed in order below. Instructions of how to proceed with each test and operation are also given in proper sequence Five Major Tests and Operations.—Make the first test listed below before mounting the wheel ona mandrel, After the wheel is mounted on the mandret and placed between centers in the lathe, the remaining tests and operations may be made: 1. Test the bearing cups in the hub. 2! Test and balance the wheal, with tire attached. 3: Test and true the surface of the bralce drum. fest and true the hub flange. fest and true the wheel fale. The Brake Drum Should Never be Detached from » woolen spoke or dise wheel for testing and truing. With a wire wheel, the assembled hub and brake drum must he detached from the wheel for’ machining because Of its construction, Test and Operation No. 1. Testing the Bearing Cups—When the wheel has bean removed from the automobile, truck or bus, take out the hearings, but leave the bearing cups in the hub. Wash oat the hub and bearing cups with gasoline or kerosene, Examine each bearing eup to see if it Se ee ee A ise. ‘Test the seating of each bearing up with angner snd a nase. Tey fiye or six points sroand, the eurs ‘The sound will Indicaée whether the eups are seated solidly against the hub shoulders Fit the wheel with a mandrel and bear- ing adapters. The wheel is now ready to be placed between centers for the next test: and operstion The universal bearing adupters fit into the heaving oups in the same manner as the bearings do. If the bearing cups are ol Wheel Hub show- WOT. OF cracked and are to be replaced, tr Cupsin Mace” it should be done before doing any other work on the wheel or drum, ‘Then when the wheel is mounted on the mandrel and adapters between centers in the lathe for farther testing and machining, the conditions will be the samc as when the wheel is mounted on its axle shat,‘ie... Balancing en Automobile Whee in the Brake Drum Lathe Test and Operation No. 2. Balancing the Wheel. Tit the wheel swith « mandral and hearin adapters and swing it between centers in the nthe. Rotate it by hand several times snd seo 1f 1¢ will stop at several dil= ferent positions. If not, the wheel is out of balance. Have some patty handy. Tail center should be loose enough so that any heavy added weight will totate the wheel and make the heavy part come to rest at Ube boviom: ‘Make a chalk mark on the side of the tire which will indicate the heavy point. New take about 9 or 2 auneos of soft nitty and place it on the felloe or rim diametrically opposite the chalk mark. Rotate the whee! until the chalk mark and putty ate in a horizontal plane—that is, in a line actoss the center of the wheel. \ Now if the putty is of sufficient weight to balance the wheel, then the wheel will remain in that position. If the putty 1s not heavy ‘enough, the wheel will rotate the chalk mark to the bottom again Tt may be that the puity ie not located in the right position. Tem tobe changed forward or backward; a little testing will determine th position of the putty. When the whee! is in perfect balance, mark the position of the putty. Remove the putty and weigh it. Select’a piece of iron equal in weight to the putty and attach this iron to the felloe by two small eap, serews fitted tightly into the felloe so that they will not jar loose when the wheel is in operation on the car. With the metal fastened securely to the felloe, the wheel is balanced.36 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE ROOK Test and Operation No.3. Test- ing and Truing the Brake Drum Surface.—Pefore machining a brake drum be sure that the drum is seeurely HeasePbee meus mens waco seat the circumference of the brake drum, If the inner surface of the drum is to be machined, this belting ehould be held in place by aspiral spring hooked together at the ends ‘The reason for using the rubver bet when machining is because it eliminates noise and vibration or chattering dur- ing the machining process and helps the tool produce a smooth ent. See’ Page Al for description of rubber beits and springs SRIQERENEEERETARIS Attach the whos driver to the fave SAR TASER yyee a hay is stl mil exter bee three the spoken ofthe wheel fi a dise wheel let the stud extend through one of the openings in the dise first and then fasten the wheel driver securely to the face plate. Place the lathe belt on the second largest step of the spindle cone, put the Taek gears in mesh si Start the lathe. He sure thatthe tumsrg too invcten thot the ote edee wil eat to the Aibest the eats sige Oa wel oll one revolving brake drum. This will indicate immediately Ot of true, ary. un th earvige buck ual the tool sree of the drum, With tho oroos food, advance the out ting tool three or four thousandths of an inch towards the surface of the brake u thatis ta be tried ‘Then withont wanging the adjustment of the. tool, bring’ the earriage forward until. the point of the tol is up to the edge ofthe Start © « riage and take chip across the enti is badly worn it may take several chips to true itup, dependingon the amount of wear, but let the last chip bea very smooth finishing chip. Before taking the finishing chip the tool should be ground sharp and keen with a slightly rounded nose, so. the finishing ent will leave a smooth surface ‘on the drum.Facing Vek inset Gla Brake Bria Lait Tet and, Oreration Ny hubettaigesl Te oe ore and mount it between ce in thess a wheel. Test machined ugue tne tec rare teed before doing any machine work ‘The side of the flange should be machined if it is J elight cuts Bs suffice lange trie up. he outside of the fange, i machined, should be polished lightly Fig. 14. Troing Hub Flange of Bu ine Wheel Felloe Test and Operation No.5. Testing and Truing Wheel Felloe.—Remove Gre and rim from whol, Mount wheal fon mandrel with adapters and swing it Detween centers in lathe. Start lathe and move cutting tool. forward until it just. touches the fice of the fellce. It fel- oe is true, the tool will mark it evenly all the way sround Fi. TE, Testing Face of Wh If the felloe shows an uneven mark, it shoald he machined true. Polish the felloe lightly after machining. Another method of testing the wheel felloe ie with a dial indicator, as shown in Fig. 75. The rim surface of the fel- joe may be tested and trued in theFig. 17. Brake Drom and Hub of Wire Whesl Mounted on Taper Mandel Truing Brake Drums of Wire Wheels Truing the Brake Drum of a wire wheel is shown in the illustration above. Note that the brake dram and the hub assembly, without the tire and rim, is mounted on a taper mandrel. This hub is from an annular ball bearing type of wire wheel but the face plate and annular adapter wore not neeassary in this ease heeause the hub is tapered and a regular taper mandrel could be used. The Brake Drum Assembly for Wire Wheels is different than it is for vood or dise wheels. On wire wheels the brake drum is attached to the hub. To test and true the brake drum of a wire wheel, remove the assembled hub and brake drum from the wire wheel and mount it on a mandrel Proceed with the testing and truine of the brake drum jp the same manner as for other wheels. See ‘Test and Operation No. 3 on Page 36. The Hub Design in wheels with annular ball bearings sometimes differs sehen wire whcela are weed inatcad of mood or diac whecla. In come inatancon the hub of the wire wheel ean be mounted on the taper mandrel, as illustrated and deseribed above, whieh centers the hub and brake drum accurately mithont-neing the face plate and snnilar adapter mothed shown on ages 30 and 31 Wire Wheel Construct is such that any machining done on the brake Aram will be coneenteie with the axia of tho hub when the assombly: is ‘mounted between centers in the lathe. The stud is adjusted to drive from one of the bolts on the flange, or a lathe dog ean be attached to the mandrel ‘The former method is preferred. Brake drums should not be detached from wood or dise wheels for truing, but only with wire wheels as already de- seribed above. When the Hub and Drum Unit aro taken from the wire wheel for truing the brake drum in the lathe, the work can be done in either a brake drum lathe or in any regular lathe that has the swing necessary to give the assembly clearance over the bed of the Inthe. Tho straight mandrel with Universal bearing adapters may be used, or the taper mandrel, or the straight manilrel and fare plate adapter, depending of course, on the design of the Ihub in the wheel to be trued. For a description of these types of mandrels and adapters see pages 28 to 32.SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS » Various Jobs for the South Bend Brake Drum LatheCombination Straight and Taper Mandrel ‘The above illustration 1s shown m eross section monter toexplain the ap- plication of the combination mandrel. Wheel designs are not standardized yet and it is probable that a truck will come to the shop oceasionally for Rervive wheres special aumutleel will have ty be sachinval vin Ube lath ty fit the wheel hub. These Special Mandrels can be made by the operator in the lathe and nued'to the Job, Instructions are given on Pages 42 and. 49 for the making of mandrels and adapters, and the inexperienced mechanic following these nstructions, ean pick up an old shaft from the junk pile and make up his dniauslel lo axvouimedate the work he has om hard. ‘The mandrel shown in, the above illustration is for the rear wheol of a White ‘Truck Model 51. ‘The mandrel is 33” in diameter and 28" long. It is made of mild steel ‘The mounting of a dual wheel like the above requires a No. 3 or No. 308 South Bend Brake Drum Lathe. With a lathe of this kind the skilled me= chanie can handle any brake drum or wheel job that comes to the shop. ipor Ree eg) LEE Rubber Belts and Springs to Eliminate Vibration Vibration and Chatter, whieh 1s liable to occur when machining the thinner brake drums, ean be practically eliminated by the uso of rubber belts and springs to muffle the droms while being turned, Tt is obvious that in order to do accurate, precision work, there must be no vibration. For Internal Expansion Brake Drums, the wide rubber belt and coiled spring shown in Figure 1 above, are slipped over the outside of the drum, the spring holding the rubber belt in position. When drawn taut, this gives the drum added support or reinforcement and practically eliminates the tendeney to vibrate. For Band Brake Drums, the narrower belt and flat seel spring shown in Figure 2 above, are sipped insie the drum, the spring being used to hold the belt in place. ‘The tension of this spring, together with the cushion (ot Of che rubber Uele Uihes up sly seuleney cy vibeation. Special Boring and Turning Tool Brake Drum and Wheel Work calls for tuming large diameters and working in places that’ would be. inaccessible with = Stindard tools.” Use the special boring and turning tool for truing large brake drums, ruing center holes, boring bushings SS oo Metal Liners for Brake Drums Brake Drums that are Worn can be fitted with metal ners to give them added Iie and service. “Lhe liner should he finished on both inside and outside eireum- ferences, To fit_a metal liner, mount the wheel with brake drum attached on a self-centering mandrel between centers, Machine the drum so the liner will fit snugly ‘The liner should then be attached to the drum by serews or rivets. After the liner is attached to the brake drum Fig. meut uiner it should be trued up on the brake contact surface con ‘ari tak centric with the axis of the hub.2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Fig. 88. Making « Mandvel for Mounting Front or Rear Whesle Making Mandrels and Adapters in the Service Shop The Average Operator who has not had much lathe experience should have little, if any, trouble in making mandrels and adapters in the lathe. Vor emergency jobs, or during slack times in the ehop, he ean make up a few mandrels and adapters that are neeessary for the regular run of work. When the Emergency Job comes into the shop and there is no mandrel in stock that will ft; the operator should remove the wheel, find out what Kind of @ bearing is in the hub, ‘Then selee. a piece of steel or an old shal, cut i off to the correct length and locate the center holes in each end of the Shaft, ‘This operation is fully deseribed in book “How to Itun a Lathe” ‘which accompanies the equipment of the lathe Bee ere teers eerie Ge ecient as mentee enero be taht or taper by studying he tuning operetons nthe bok “iw to Hn a Lathe.”"" Speeds of the lathe spindle, how to grind and set cutting Psapp tale Ae ere i aris Veprek ada caviar information can be secured from “How to Run a Lathe.” In the Making of Adapters for the stroight mandrel, east iton or mild Pelee See caien ene lee eUce en sa nueuaet ithen drills hole as near as possible to the size of the mandrel leaving about of an inch to finish with a boring (Gots tat the eer os tras ae face the adapter true white i still in the chuck Makean arbor on whieh the ‘adapter will Be tightly and dive. the Adapter on the atborand machine it to thw correct diameter and length while the arbor is between centers in the iat For Making Collars for thestraight mandrel proveed in the same. way. ‘These collarsmay bemadeofeitheresst iron or mild sed, Tus necessary that the sides of the collar be parallel so that they will hold the adapter firmly,SOUTH peND LATHE Wonks 6 BEAN, Fig, 90, Reduction of a Draving for Making « Mandral Detail Drawing of a Straight Mandrel ‘The sbove is a detailed drawing of the No. 1800 South Bend straight mandrel, one of the collars and universal adapter. Ihe materia! issott steel, Cut the material off to the proper length, face it on each side with a side tool and take a roughing cut over the entire length of the mandrel and then hnlsi to the correct dimensions. ‘Then iat « tread vu dhe cud vf Ue. drel, but hefore cutting the thread, see if there is a nut of any kind in the shop that you can use on the mandrel. Or if not, see if there is a tap in Stodk for tipping a mut about the siee sequined for tho mandrel. After yout find a finished nut, cut the thread on she mandrel to fit this nut, Or if you are going to use a'tap, make the nut first and then tap it out so that you tan wxtt tho thread af the mandrel to fit the tanned nut. Instructions for All These Operations, with tables for turning, will be found in book “How to Run a Lathe” andi fllowel earful, the operator ean do an exeetient Job. For Mandrels Used to Any Extent it is well to harden the ends to pre- serve the sontor helos. ‘To do this, hext the ends until they heeome a dark cherry red, then dropa small piece of cyanide of potassium in the center hole. ‘The eyanide will dissolve slowly and be absorbed. After the centers have received a thorough coat of eyanide, again heat onds slowly for about one minute and then plunge into cold water. The center holes should then. be lapped clean. The Center Holes should be hardened after the arbor is rough turned. ‘The arbor should then be put, back in the lathe, finished to the correct dimensions and tho end threaded for the nut.le Small Equipment of Mandrels Services Many Wh Only a Small Investment in Mandrele and Adaptors Required for the Average Service Station Shop Very Few Mandrels and Adapters are necessary for the average brake unm wie service stop, Deeaiive Ue Manel, the NO. LO) Will UiiVers, bearing adapters, will handle the front wheels of practically all makes and mode's of automobiles, the rear wheels of several makes and models of auto- mobiles and eles the whosle of many malcee end modela of light and mediura ize trucks and buses, In the Mandrel and Adapter Equipment listed below, we show three aukels, Uru taper aud vue straight, with a set uf eighty Utaring suapters for the straight mandrel, tht will handle the wheds of 62 makes and models of automobiles, trucks and buses. This is the equipment recommended for the No. 2 and No. 202 Brake Dra: Lathe, $51.00 Mandrel and Adapter Equipment Services 62 Makes and Models of Auto- ‘mebiles, Trucks and Buses For Front Wheels 1 No, 1800 Straight Mandrel, ‘15.00 4 No, 1801 Bearing Adapters with outside diameters TOG ATA", BUT BMY, BG, 296", A, BIR 20.00 For Rear Wheels 1 No. 1822 Taper Mandrel 1 No! 1823 Taper Mendrel Total Cost of Mandrels and Adapters, ‘The Price of Mandrel and Adapter Equipment ior ue average suop should not exceed from $55 to $60, for use with the No. 2 or No. 302 Brake Dram Lathe. Many shops are taking care of a variety of automobiles, trucks and buses with less than the above amount invested in mandrel and adapter equip- ment. The List of Automobiles, Buses and Trucks shown on the following pages, contains the males and models of practically every automobile, and truck in use today. ‘This list is given here to assist the operator of the Brake Drum Lathe to solect tho correct size and type of mandrel and adapters to service the heels and brake drums ofthe various types of motor vehile that comes to the shop. When a Very Old Make of Wheel comes into the shop, it may require « special mandrel and special adapters, and these can be made in the lathe by the operator. ‘The hubs of automotile wheels are becoming more stand- ard in size and type, which means that the equipment necessary for doing wheel service and brake drum work will eventually be ews down to 8 very limited amount.SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS s How to Select Correct Mandrels and Adapters For Servicing Wheels of any Model or Make of Car, Bus and Truck ‘The tabulation sts the makes and medels of automobiles, bases and trucks, also the year in which they were built, Opposite the name of each vehicle is shown the earrest lz and type of sel-centering mandrels and universal bearing adapters to use. universal pearing adspuers are used for rome wheels and rear ile, ists snd tricks, Taper mandrels awit he in a for Antosssoltles en WHEL Samant a ee | de ‘Aine 81 a oi | is fants Fa Aum Sey at : 8 st ae aie Raa Asa neste EB ers i pe | ae Edis 4 HE | i at ame | ae | | x in Ghoeded 26. ascii Cis L. Do Le ier me | abh i Se = eee | Bi fo 3 Res a a 3 3, * = B # | ‘at | Be a # = & | t a x ple ; By | 3 4 sila ; | a * ; Pa Mandrele and Adapters for Automobiles Continuedayy zs SOUTH REND LATHE WoRKS a VEE perece< TERS } Seine wea EGA a Mandrels " Shek el. ee | mw | x | ae | ou peEe Pe Bigot feg 2 ha leet ea 2p a. 1AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BCOK Mandrels and Adapters for Buses and Trucks Continued : ——— —)___BRAR WHER ——— 4 oped Ma ‘TBs tek ff aes yyy agpeey esi Eppa oe gage sey ee UESEEE LEESemen Mole Aro Matt 24 ‘obra 157 Soh ce Gi = = = tS a jegeze Hi ges & a & g 338Turning Flywheels for Steel Ring Gears ‘The above illustration shows the New Model South Bend Brake Drum Lathe machining a flywheel that is to be fitted with a steel ring gear ‘The Fathe machin 8 ee shes and = qrocee ext wath a watt tol 4 underneath the teeth, to remove the damaged teeth from the flywheel. The cut under the teeth should b ' slightly decper than tho width of th sear teeth. “Only tapping with 2 hi mer is necessary to make the ring of devant tooth dvap from the flywheel. With the tecth removed, the turned surfsceon the flywheel should be of larger diameter than the bore of the zine gear cd also wider than the width of the ring gear so there will be shoulder back of the ring gear when it ix shrank on the flyw ‘Turning the flywheel in the lathe is toca hia Work eerie 50SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS st Chucking and Turning the Flywheel.-Plave the fivwheel in gu independent four jaw ehuce leo support the Hywheel and hold it approximately center and Fel caine tee aes or chick. ‘Fasten the taistock place the pipe center in tail spine ad Tet the toint enter the enter hele of the hed, the pipe center wll enter the flywheel ard hold iin postion, Then adjust each one of the four jaws of the cltuck. until they merely touch the diameter of the frwhes), then. tighten conch Slightly one after another until the fiywheel is held securely. 1c is very important to true up the flywheel in the chuck so the hole in the wheel will mim trae and he concent with the anit Of the eeeatona With a dial indicator held in the tool post, mak tent gn the lola fe flywheo! hub For the correct spindle, speed to tum the fiywhec, engage the back gears and put the belt on the largest step of the spindle cones ‘The foo foe fuming the whee! should be reduced to the vory fest pews. When Machining the Flywheel «shoulder shoald be turned to line up the ring gear face even vith the fac cf the flywheel. I's shoulder sennce be turned, the wheel should he plaved face down on a fat sariuee al the Towing the Hora a ring gear slipped vm fasnn tly rear uf the fyw! Ring gears are made in different sizes to fit the flywheels of the various makes of motors and are attached to the wheel by the process of ring sluunk on. Shrinking Ube ring gear onto the fiywhedl is an ehective taethol that requires no keyway or pin to hold it in place. Manufacturers of Steel Ring Gears stau ‘on Ue side ot each gear the exact diameter. to machine the flywheel to receive the gear. They ' also publish a booklet of instructions deseribing hhow ty lout the ring gear in order to expand I 4 properly to fit the flywheel. ‘The instruction booklet. also explains the man ner of cooling or shrinking the gear on the fiy- wheel and specifies the exact limits to which te diameter of the wheel should be tured in order to receive the gear. ‘We recommend the No. 2 or No. 302 Brake Drum Lathe for ring gear work. ‘This work ean algo be done on the No. 8 or 803 lathe, but not satisfsetorily on the No. 1 or No. 301 lathe. MeGrinding Attachment for the Lathe The Electric Grindes a eleetyie wr The ill Jer mounted, rost of the fathe and driven from an ord light socket. Being attached to the eom- pound rest, the grinder ean be swiveled to any Angle tor ‘gnnding taper, bevel or straight cutters and reamers. ‘The small electric grinder is a useful iment for lathe, on st as grinding and sharpening all kinds of reamers, cutters Straight, taper or spiraly also for grinding of small hard bushings and shafts. ‘The electric grinder should be used. for grind ives or sill took Ut = the wheel out of trueand rains "Figs 7. No 1S Electric Grinder It for regular work The operation of a small grinder in the service station shop presents some problems to the beginner. Tt is not the parpos® of the small grinder to take K move extessive stock. On the contrary, the ses ee eae h speed sp that in taking a heavy eut the wear than the amount of stock removed from the on the wheel is often great work in each ent ‘The Depth of the Grinding Cut. a wheel from 4" to 6” in diameter, thi tus 001" In using the grinder equipped with depth of the cut should not be more ied Use Sate Uke rl elo as Lee aati ace than 002" on each cut. On the finishing eut .0015" on the diameter of the work will Jeave a better finish. It is sometimes a good pli Binding te tule one or two Finish on the wheel, Machine the Work Instead of Grinding Whenever Fosstbie ind the work only when it cannot be ma- chined, For example: when the work has been hardened or ternpered, auch ao cutters, gic. en “we must grind, but on material Such as soft Seot iron wand other metal, in mich better to machine the work be- cause machining is much faster than grinding the work with the small type of tinder usod in the service station shop. g cuts without making any adj 2Practical Grinding Jobs Fig. 99. Grinding s Straight Reamer Fig, 100. Grinding Clearance om a Cuter Grinding or Sharpening Hardened Reamers or Cutters. straight and bevel, requires eure and skill on the part of the operaior. The cut. should be light; the adjusting stop that regulates the position of the cutting edge of the reamer flute should bye eet accurately eo as to get the proper clearance on the eutting edge; the grinding wheel should be of the right grade to have the proper speed and run true Grinding Angular Cutters in the Lathe.—The illustration shows the me- thod of grinding angular eutters in the Inthe. ‘The eutter ie placed on an arbor that is a snug fit and then mounted he- tween centers in the lathe. Set, the compound rest to the proper angle or Bape ot Wie cabled) GeV the elentauce stop to the proper height. Holding the cutter against. the stop by one hand, food tho grinding shoal across the et ting edge of the flute, Repeat the operation on each tute Fig. 11, Grinding an Angular Cutter Be careful not to take too deep a cut or it may heat the cutter and draw the tempor, Whew siiiling augles ur tapers, nee that. iie center OF the grinding wheel spindle is on the same plane or at exactly the same height as the point of the lathe center. Grinding a Spiral Cutter.— ‘Tie il- lusiration shows the method of grinding spiral cutters in the lathe, The eutter is and mounted U Set the clear- height and hold the cutter against the atop with one hand feeding the wheel with the other Rotate theeutteras the stopand grinding wheel is fed acrom the cutting edge of the Repeat, the operation on each Angular spiral cutters may be ground in the sume manner by setting the compound rest to the proper angle or ‘apor of the euttor54 au ‘Truing the Grinding Wheel.—A grinding wheal of 4° to 6" in diameter in cantinnous vork will need truing up at least every half hour and some- fines oftener depending upoa the work. ‘The wag to true the wheel is with tvblac or eoiamercil dian amv i dh stration. The diamond {chal jn fete tho grinding wheel is brawgh pin the diatmond pout and Tad slowly actos thofaeo of the diamond, Two or three cuts are sufficient to true the wheel properly. setae, Bd Diamond Holder and Spring Cutter Stop —— Digmend Brewer for ting Eiery Wheel The adjustable holding eae pad the indus- trial diamond for truing F Mively and ill ako hd See the egiter rap wd when rye fa tage grinding cutters. Ditmond Dr Emery Wheel Speeds.—Grinding wheels are run in actual practi 4,000 to 6,000 feet surace speed per minute. Below we give the number of revolutions of whe for 4,000 and 5,000 fect surface speed per minute. of different diameter R.P.M. of Grinding Wheels at Various Surface Speeds Din. Wheel | 1 ins |2in.|3 in| 4 in.| Sin.| 6 RPM, for surface | | ‘peel of 400... | 15,270 7,680 5,005 RPM. for surface Speed of 5,00... | 10,0 2851910250 | 3,820) 3950 1,910, 1,592 | | Grinding Wheels for Various Kinds of Work.—There are various grades of grinding wheels, all of which are marked for special kinds of work, Such as east iron, steel, valves, hardened tools, ete. We give below a tabu- intion showing the grain ani grade of wheels to use for different wor’, Grade of Wheel for Various Metals Kind of Work Name of Wheel rai | Gade Gast tron Crystalon 26 K Steel | Aitndum. * | M Citing Took londum: 19 3K Valves Shellac 6 i Aluminum Shalae 6 3‘Truing Brake Drums by Machining vs. Grinding Machining Brake Drums True is Recommended in the serview sta- sion chan rathor than grinding heoansa it ia fva times avislor ond dans « better job. Grinding is unnecessary exeept as described in the next para graph. The modern method of truing brake drums is by machining. Oring @ Drake Drwsss to uocee sary orly when the drum is of a mater- isl fo hard that it eannot be machines, tte an oceacional east tool drum whore there are hard spots on the brake drum surface. Another exceptional ease is, where a truck or bus brake drum has nme cver-heated in operation, and uring a rain storm, water is splished ‘on the heated drum, ‘The drum being. hot may be chilled ‘hy the water which may harden it in spots so that it is, necessary to grind the drum to true it Grinding in the Service Shop is » very difficult operation Deeause the grinding whoo! must run true in order to got a smooth job.. A cut of only one- thousandth of an inch can be taken with the grinding whedl whieh requires lot of timo to true the brake. drum. ter that often the wear on the whee is greater in one cut than the stock removed from the work. Grinding Brake Drums in the Manufacturing Flant, where brace drums are made, is resorted to in production work, but the drum is held in a large chuck and this permits the grinding wheel to be almost as large in Timnelor ao Uke drum and from 9 to 0 tuchos fa widilh, ‘This wlicel enters the drum when grinding because there is no axle shaft er man- drel to interfere. A cooling compound ie continually flowing on the work while the grinding is being done, whieh pre- vents the dram from becoming heated. ‘Phin method eannye be woe i ae service shop because the drum should not be removed from the wheel. ‘The whee] must be mounted on a mandrel in ordor to have the drum. circumference con- centrie with the sxis of the hub, there fore, the diameter of the grinding wheel must be small as it must pass between the mandrel and drum. Fig. 107, at the right, illustrates a grinding attachment which may be fitted to, the compound rest of the lathe for grinding the drum if grinding is necessary36 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Table of Decimal Equivalents Sths, 16ths, 32nde and 64the of an inch athe sends. j= 135 O35 Ng = 83125, YS 20 Wisi) wig wD a 315 15625, ‘65925 4 = 00 ais TIst5 x = 780 34375 S375 5 = 895 4g = 90028 Mg = seers 16 = 015825, 785625 a = 02081 ig — 078135 ag, — N85 — e125 359575 5 ‘300025, G 2 = 21875, oo 2% — 458125 86 Mg SANIT — TMNT Oy = 988378, Table of Metric Linear Measure pe ee tree these = TREN yee yee) | ai a9) Cf 2 Fe Mh TM ree Metric and English Linear Measure ‘The measuring rule herewith: is graduated, one edge in the Metric system and the other edge in the English system. ‘This shows at a glance the com- frgacn of the fraction ofthe Metric and Knish units, the meter and the inch. Equivalents of Millimeters in Decimals of InchTesting and Truing the Automobile Crankshaft A crankshait is true when all other main hearings are eoneentrie with the main bearings at each end of the shaft To Test Crankshaft Main Bearings.—See that the center holes of the shaft are true and clean, Let the shaft revolve easily between lathe eenters, placing wil in both center bles. Place a dial Got indicator ia Ue yok post of the lathe and let the button of indieator rest on one end of the main bear- ings of crankshaft, Revolve the crankshaft by hand and read the dial of the indieator sehich will chow if tho haawings iz aut of tra. Repoat this operation on each main bearing. Test the Throw Bearings after the ma tooled. “‘Tlieoe tay Wee tive ta ay eon and the connecting rods will wear the throw hearings gg-s slight de- gree. The throw bearings of the crankshaft ean be tr using the Special truing tool as shown in Fig 119, or hy using w regular lathe tool and Norton centers as shown in Fig, Ul If the main bearings of the crankaheft do not toot trie then a Tight eat shoul he taken over the center main bearings, Great care thos bo taken with this operation, After the center main bearing is machined, true then placo the center rest in the lathe and have the jaws support the main bearing just machined. Then machine all of tho other main bearings, truing them up with the center rest still sup- 1 bearings of the crankshaft are porting the center hearing Fig. 111, Trulgg the Main Bearinss of « 7Fig. 112. ‘Tring Throw Bearings on Seuth Bend Lathe with «Special Too! ‘Truing Throw Bearings witha Special Tool.—'The illustration on this page shows the truing of threw bearings of the crankshaft with a special tool ‘The special tool rides around with the throw bearing, the handle resting at all times on the lathe tool shank whieh is held parallel with lathe bed in the tool post. At the top end of the special tool is the hand wheel whieh foes the cutting tool into the throw bearing. This wheel has # dial below it that is graduated in thousandths of an inch. The dial ean be locked in Any position by tneans of @ set screw, Mus Making It easy vo turn all che throw hearings to exaetly the same diameter. ‘he throw bearing is hold in the speaial tool by three supparte An ade justable bronze shoe forces it back against the two hardened steel plates in the “V" block. This shoe is kept tight by means of 2 hand screw which ean hho adjusted whila the tool is entting. ‘The cutting tool used is # forming tool, the width of the throw bearing, The corners are rounded to cut the fillets. Operation in Truing Throw Bearings—Place the crankshaft, with lathe dog attacked between centers of the lathe and fasten lathe dog Foeo plata to hold shaft in plano Tt ie advisable ta noligh the elaze off the throw beatings before truing them. The special tool is then fastened to the throw bearing and the cutting tool adjusted. Be careful not to feed the entiter to the throw bearing too fast. Feed it in enough to keep it eutting fas the edge is soon destroyed if it slides over the throw bearing without taking a cut. Use a cutting lubricant freely. By using the graduations on the hand wheel, it wi ‘turn all throw bearings to the same diameter. be found easy to ‘The shaft is rotated at the lowest speed with back gears in mesh, enabling ‘the operator to clearly s9e the cutting operations at all times.7 a ti Ae Fig. 13, Train Crankshaft Throw Bearings using Norton Throw Centers Machining the Throw Bearings of the Crankshaft.—The illusira- tion above shows @ erankshaft mounted betwoen centers in the latho and supported by Norton adjustable throw centers. The adjustable. throw centers ean be set in various positions so that all of the throw bearings on the erankshaft ean be tried up by machining in the lathe. ‘The illustration shows throw bearing No. 2 being machined by a turing tool held in the tool post in the lathe. "As the crankshaft revolves the turn- ing tool takes a finishing eut and is fed hy the carriage of the lathe. When this eut is finished the tool is moved to throw bearing No. 3 whieh has the same axis as No. 2 just machined. This throw bearing is then trued up_in the same manner. The Crankshaft is Rotated ai the slowest speed with back gears in mesh enabling the operator to eleariy see the eutting operation at all times. A very light eat should be taken so as not to remove any more metal than is necessary to true up the throw bearmg. By using the graduated collar on the compound rest io govern the depth of cut taken all of the throw bearings of the crankshaft ean be machined to the same diameter. Throw Bearings may be Tested by using the Norton throw centers Place a dial test indicator in the tool post of the lathe and let the bottom of the indieator rest on the throw bearing of the crankshaft. “Revolve the Crankshaft by hand and read the dial of uke incivator wich will sluw it the throw bearing is out of true. The Norton Throw Centers may be used for grinding erankshafts as wells turning, whether used ia writid ne Or Ui a Tatlve wich rine ing attachment Twisted or Bent Crankshafts are difficult for the ordinary mechanic to true or repair. This work ean only be done by a skilled workman who has had considerable experience in erankshaft work and where equipment for crankshaft work is available, We Recommend that servicing s crankshaft and its problems be referred to the factory where the crankshaft is manufactured, especially if the me ‘chanie's experionco in the service shop is limited.Testing and Making Axle and Drive Shafts To Test an Axle or a Drive Shaft for straighiness, place it between conters in the lathe, without a driving dog, first making sure that the center holes in the end of the shaft are clean snd true, ‘Allow the shaft, to be loose enough between centers so that you ean spin it by hand. Spin it with the left hand and with the right hand place a piece fof chalk against the revolving shaft. and in that way you ean locate the gh spots” if the shaft is not. true, To make s more careful test place a driving dog on the shaft and place ie beeween centers as before. Pave au indicator on the diawoter vf Une machined surfaee of the ‘The test dial will then register the amount of crror that the bont shaft is out of true. To Make an Axle Shaft —i ests piece of steel the correct Tength and of sufficient diameter to turn up to the proper dim sions, Fave and center each end, Attach the driving dog and place hetween centers in the lathe. Machine both ends of shalt, to the correc: dharneicr sand eal any recesses that are necessary. Care should be taken to see that accurate measurements are obtained on all bearing surfaces, "The Tapered Portion of tho shaft should then bo tumed. done by using the tailstock set-over, or if the lathe is equipped with a taper attachment, this may be used. Before Cutting the Serew Thread the part to bo threaded should be turned to finished diameter. Arrange the lathe for thread cutting and eut the thread to fit the nut that is to be used. "The book “How to Run « Lathe” explains in detail the operations of facing and centering, taper turning, thread cutting, ete, o Fie. 118 Tarsing the Taper of am Aale ShaThe Necessary Keyways can be Cut by using the milling and Keyway cutting attachment. Key the: id of this attachment, which is shown on page 63 of this book, ‘Otheroperationsrequiredshould 4 then he done as some axle shafts have splines cut in one end, a hole inilled for euveer pin vies” These are all explained in detail in book: “How to Run a Lathe. Fig 16, Topnings Drive Shaft Supported To Make a Drive Shaft.—‘The same general operations should be follow- ced in making a drive shaft as in making the axle shaft as the only essential Uifferenice in the machining of the (wo shafts is in their length, In truing the drive shaft, it may be necessary to support the work with a center rest while being machined. Adjust the jaws of the center rest so that the work is properly centered and revolves freely. Clamp the jaws in position and the work is thon ready for machining. Oil should be used freely on the jaws of the center rest during the turning operation, When taking a | roughing cut on steet | that has a scale upon its surface be sure to Tipit NiliggsWoodrut cot the tool deep Reyway inated Shalt enough to get under the ceale the first cut Joesuas unless you do, the sosle on the metal will dull the point of the tool ‘When the work has been rough turned to with- in shout ht af the, Gnished size. with a sharp, Keen tool take a fish cut, Calipe ; he sure that you are machining the work to the rig. 88. Milling erwer proper dimension hina da For Turning Short Tapers the compound rest may be used Instead of ofoctting Whe talletocle. ‘he compound rest is swiveled to: the preper degree of taper and the taper i turned by using the eom- pound rest screw. When truing tapers the cutting edge of the tool should be set at the exaet height of ihe center point of the lathe center eeoa AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE nOO1 Boring Connecting Rods In The Lathe The jllustration below shows a Connecting Rod Boring Attachment fitted toa 9-inch South Bend Serew Cutting Lathe. ‘The attachment is made in The equipment of the connecting rod boring attachment consists of the fixture which is 6tted to tho Inthe anddla, boring bar and tools for boring amd facing and two cone adapters for centering the erankshaft bearing af the rod. Operations in Dosing « Connecting Red—Paciou Ulm pisluu waial pin in the wrist pin hole of the connecting rod. Place the rod in the attachment. letting the wrist pin rest on the two. "Ve? as ehawn in the illase tration, Pass the boring. bar through the crankshaft bearing of the rod and insert the end of the boring barin the head spindle of the lathe. Slip the taper cone on the tailstock end of the boring bar. Bring up the tailstock center to the end of boring bar and lock tailstock in that posi- tion. Move taper cone along the boring har until it enters hole the crankshaft bearing, Adj sroas food soraw until erankshatt hearing is eontorod hy the tapar oone Fasten the adjusting serews on the wrist pin and tl ting serews on cither side of the connecting rod s0 as to hold the rod firmly in position, Fig 12, Boring Connecting od on aSouth Bend With the connecting rod being in position, unlock tailstock, move it back and remove the taper cone from the boring bar. Adjust the fly cutters in the bar and take a cut in the bearing, feeding the work to the revolving cutters by using the sutonnAtie fee Boring a Set of Six Connecting Rods—There are two cutters in the boring bar about three inches apart, one of these cutters to make the rough= ing cut, the other to make the finishing eut. After the finishing ent is taken, then place reamer on the boring bar. This takes the standardizing or finish cute Tepeat dis operation for each eyamecting rod tn tte set. Do not move cross feed screw after machining first connecting rod until entire oct of rodo have been machined, because if the oroas foed pores ia ‘moved, it will change the position of the connecting rod and that will make the distance between the wrist pin hole and the crankshaft bearing longer or shorter on the different rods. If eross feed screw is not moved during ma- chining of the entire set of rods the center distance will be identical om all. When boring is finished then use the cutter for facing each side of the bearing and for rounding the corners,Milling and Keyway Cutting in the Lathe The South Bend Milling and Keyway Cuceing. attachment equips the lathe for doing a grest deal of work that otherwise could be done pac eraans machine. an milling The base of the atta and ean be operated at any angle on the horizontal plane, HLS he eumocund rt) he upright plate to whieh the vise is attached, swivels int Vertieal plane and is. gradu: ated in degrees, ‘The vertical adjusting screv ai the top of the attachmen isequipped with a micrometer ret graduated collar A Screw Cutting Lathe fitted with the attachment and using various types of milling cutters makes aa excellent equipment for the stnall shop that has not enough of this clas of work to invest in a milling machine ‘The aitachment is fitted to the saddle by removing the compound. res top and swivel, and bolting the attachment 0 the tase using the bolts that clamp the’ compound rest in position The Depth of the Cut ig controlled hy the feed of the lathe earrisoe ih by the crass Teed screw; and the graduated serew at the top re of the vertisal adjustamonts snes Dovetail in the Lathe ing and Kesway Cutting Attachment oan bs used for oatting Kinds—straight, taper, Woodruff, ete. It ean also. be usec ring the ends of s shaft, cutting splines, milling dovetails, slots an¢ hundreds. of different jobs. both for tool work and repair work ‘The milling attachment ean be fitted with a horizontsl vise fixture for holding: small parts as illustrated in figure 122, and with a vertical vise fixture as shown in Fig. 124 iM aSpor Held Fig 1k Squaring the Entel Fig. 124, Milling Attachment | |ot AUTO MECHANICS sev Drilling in the Lathe Drilling practical than with the ¢ vantage on ms ill press. In figure 128 the illustration shows the back geared, serew with the drill ehuek fitted to the tailstock. The head stock is fitted witha universal lathe ehuek whieh holds the work concenirie, In this operation the work revives and the drill remains stationary. Tis method is used for making bush- ings, ete, The drill is fed to the Work (by the Matdwiied of Use stock. 1 Figure 129 shows the drill chuck in the headstock apindla and a eroteh center fitted to the tail- stock spindle. The erotch center ‘mits ronnd work to. be drilled 1 this 12%, Using Crofch Ceater for janner because it centers the work accurate ith a Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe is sometimes more ‘This method of drilling is used to ad- 'Y manufacturing and production jobs. The drill being in Piet sleeeatin athe chips to fall elear of the work Tn Figure 127 the illustration shows a dill chuck fitted to the headstock of the lathe and driing tha a piece of flat steel. ‘The operator feeds the work to the Grill by means Or the tallstock hand wheel ‘The lathe shown a buck aoe tone a Loe Fourcttop spindle cone which per- ht spindle speeds. Four tre direet belt and the other four are obtained thru the back gears ho back goar power is used for operating Inege drills mtting lathe i Fig. 1h Drllie apd Facing a Gear Blank Held Te FRee hae Chock The still aechnie ean cusses at least 100. different, drilling. opers- Hons'in the lathes The holes drited will be aceurate whether the work is held in the head spindle or the tail spindle because either spindle lines i up aceurately. Use of the lathe in drilling makes it stand out as a very versatile machine ‘he automotive terviee station and jit a few minutes ican be set up to do some other type of workion SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS “s ing, Polishing and Reaming in the Lathe (Filing in the Lathe.—In Wig. 150 ing on centers in the lathe, using a mill file. ‘The leit hand is holding the file with the thumb on ton and the. first two fingers underneath the end of the file, ‘The right hand is holding the file with the thumb squarely on top of the handle andthe ‘tngets underneath This is the proper way to hold a file for filing in the lathe or filing work in the When filing in the lathe, never use a seine ce file without a handle. Do not knock a file on the ways of the lathe to freo it from chips. The best way to remove the fine chips from the file is to use a wire brush Fig. For Polishing Round Work, the work should revolve at high speed Fold a piece of emery cloth around the file, put plonty of cil on the work and polis by the same motion used in filing, ‘When polishing in the lathe there should be some play of the work on the centers otherwise the tail center will heat, ‘There should be slso plenty of oil fon the tail center. i Using = Machine Resmer in the Lathe.—Fig. 131 shows Es the appliestion of s lathe chuck io fei holding work and a, drill chuck inthe tailstock spindle holding a machine reamer. The reamer is La fed through the work by the tail- vig. 187-“Uning aMachine Reamerin the Chuck STOCK Dali WHE. Do not rotate a hand reamer or machine reamer backward be dull the odge of tha autting, blades. it will Tapping in the Lathe.— shows the tapping of any lathe. ‘The tap is inserted in the nut held in the lathe chuck. A tap wrenel, is used to keep the tap from turning and the shank end is centered on the tail center. The spindle is started on slow speed and the tap may be fed in with hand wheel of the tailstock, or for light work the entire tailstock may be pushed by band.cy AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Tempering and Hardening Tempering a Lathe Tool.—In tempering a forged lathe tool made of crucible tool steel, eare should be about two inebes from the cutting edge. When the heated part becomes a cherry red, immerse the tool 1m cold Water avout 19 inches trom the cutting polat, See Fig. 133, After the point has become cool, re- move the tool from the water and polish the hardened surface with a piece of emery cloth, then wipe the sir- face with an oily rag. The heat in the shank of the tool will now-drive the tompor toward the euttingedgo When this edge becomes a brown straw color immerse the entire tool in cold water. Annealing « Piece of Tool Steel. Heat the stool slowly and evenly to fa dark red, Then place in box of lime or ashes, cover completely and let remain over night. In the morning the piece will be annealed ready for machining. ‘To water-annoal a pieee of tool steel, heat slowly and evenly until a dark red. Then hold in the tongs in a shaded corner until all eolor has left. the piece. Place a small pine stick against the steol. When the stee! is cool enough so that it will not smoke the pine stick, then immerse the steel quickly into cold water and it is ready for machining, Case Hardening.—To case harden a piece of machinery steel, for ‘example, « ball race, heat the ball race in an even fire until the piece becomes 8 cherry red, take it oat and sprinkle eyanide of potassium on the heated part where von with it esse hardened. ‘The evanide will dis- solve slowly and be absorbed by the ball race, After the surface to be hardened has received a thorough coat of cyanide, place the ball race Uach iu tre fae amd nat ekmly for about one minute vo that it will thoroughly absorb the cyanide, remove the piece from the fire and plunge it into cold water. Hardening High-Speed Steel.—In hardening high-speed steel, gns or oil furnaces are generally used. ‘The hardener operates two furnaces, one called the prehea> furnace, having a temporatare of about 1500*F., and the other the high heat or hardening furnsee, temperature of from 2300°F. to 2450°F., depending on the nature of the steel. ‘The work to be hardened is placed in the preheating furnace and, when heated through, is then trans- ferred to the high heat furnace and brought up quiekly to the hardening heat. ‘The work is then quenched in oil or cooled in aa air blast. High- ‘peed steel is nover quenched in water.Henry Ford’s First Lathe ‘sed in Making Parts for the First Ford Car ‘The illustration above shows the back geared screw cutting engine lathe used by Henry Ford in building the first Ford automobile, ‘The photograph was taken at the New York Automobile Show, 1927, where the latho was Dnt on display an that the thonsands of visitars might see how Henry Ford got his start in building h The placard at the right of the lathe reads as follows: “At this lathe, whieh he purchased early in 1804, Henry Ford made parts for the first Ford Car, working in a little brick shed at No. $8 Bagley Avonue, Detroit. “Thus was laid the foundation of the Ford" Motor Company formed nine y er tne ast industrial organization portrayed in this exposition.” tremendous organization ‘This Latha, az ean he soon, is what is known as a “mall lathe.” The swing capacity is 11” and it takes about 30" between centers. On it Henry Ford made the principal parts for his automobile, machining the parts himself. 2 ‘The Advantage of the Small Lathe Small lathes, such as the 9" and 11° lathes, have always been used to exeollent advantage by the skilled mechanie. Tho 0” x 4! Inthe, for example, has the capacity for machining a shaft 634" in diameter and 39” long. On chucking Work @ steel ring or flange 94" In diameter can be machined in the chuck. The 0” lathe may be fitted with a variety of attachments for the machining of small accurate work., Screw threads from 4 to 40 per inch including 11% pipe thresd, can also be cut. One can readily understand how Henry Ford used to advantage a lathe of this type in building his first Model T car.‘The Small Lathe as a Manufacturing Tool The skilled mechanic prefers the mall back geared screve extting lathe for the machining of fight work heeanse the lathe ean be used for maleina small accurate tools, jigs, and fixtures, It can also be ftied wiih’ variety 0} ettackments. daseenll ack oe jon is far more rapid wnt Shop Praction in the mo oe chines beesuse with this eombination produ fewer mistakes and the original cost of the eauipment used is much lower Many of Our Large Factories have batteries of small back geared, rew cutting lathes equipped with special tools for production of small farts They find that this type of eqminment i leet expe more productive. Production Engineers in large plants manufacturing products such as reuraey and pre ive and far for manufacturing operations that reqaire the greatest When One Jeb ie Finished tho screw cutting Iatho can be act up for doing a different job, and ean be kept in operation the year around. Many indastrial plants are’taking advantage of this fact and are using serew eut- ing lathes, Many plants ate using Uhese lathes in groups on production work and geting excellent results The Screw Cutting Lathe can be fitted with a number of practieal at- tachments such 2s lathe cbueks, drill chucks, drave-in collet ebueks, taper attachment, grinding attsehment, ete., all of which tend to make the lathe deserve its name of **The Universal Tool.”70 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE ROOK g the Youth in Auto Mechanics work, ano ‘mechanics, elee= frieal, and. airplane. work ta for higher postions i isthe Age of Machinery neo the rao, the mute ‘he airplane, ete, “The ola fhe Togical ue provide thie tating as Hence the young Ma with mechanical training. Will ve a deeiled advantage ove the entrained man, Fig 1 Aute Mechs The General Motors Corporation, recognizing the need of trained en, las founded [ts own schoo), known as the General Mowors or ichnology, at Flint, Michigan. This school takes eare of 2,500 students and has a waiting lis! of 6,000, "A little booklet deseribing the activities a fe ecitelteae ee SENReteM hy ete alae cer nt Detroit, Mi their young employees. This se 3,000 boys ai waiting list of over 8,000. 4 little booklet describing courses, ed methods. and all partienlars. ean be obtained by writins direet fo the sehool ‘The Hudson Motor Car Company, Detroit, Michigan, is starting a school with the object of eraduating 25 to 50 boys a veur. ‘They will com- bine work in their own plants with part time study of such subjects as shop arithmetic, mechanical drawing, elementary metallurgy, and other subjects, Many Other Manufacturers are operating their own training sehool as: United Shoe Machinery Company, Peabody, husetis; General Electric Company, Schenectady, New York; Studebaker Corporation, South Bend, Indiana; and others whose names space will not permit listing.Precision Mechanical Units of the Automobile Line Type Water Cooled Automobile Motor Iv isa complex anism having several hu dred parts, all of whieh mu seurately machined and in onder to. produce e motors te ‘care on the tory when the motor is built Fle. 1H4: Auton Matar wih Sesion Cu The aveurate machine ope tions in the mod- em gntomobile manutacturing plant are handled ‘on precision tools, Fig. 145, Front WheelandStecring UUW! WINCIE OE poe 46 Rage Wheel Hub and ee ae * modifications of "™*™* gait Bram the principle of fbis bank eonsed ersee system eke eal onberec ie parts are made to the most aceurate limits beeause the tunits operate with precision at high speed ‘Ihe Student in Auto Mechanics Is 1aignt Lhe fandamental principle of the automobile motor and is given practical train- ausembling the va fous units, Precision rye'StZaia ment is used inthese shops: this the student become a” skilled2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Aircraft and Aeronautics Vocational Departments Public Schools in’ M{eronattie shop work such as, di tling, assembling, ‘repa uid servicing. The airplane motors given along with the theory” of aerody Pena Ratt, methods that are used in manufactur Ing, maintaining and servicing the ait= plane and motor. Students trained in hese sehool shops heeome skilled an efficient workmen with exeellent. op portunities for the future in this rapid- y expanding industry The Aircraft Industry, with its manufacturing plants, maintenance shops and airports, offers great opportunities to the youth with mechanical training and. knowledge cf sprodvnamirs. ‘The Wright, Brothers. Curtiss Lindbergh, Byrd, Chamberlain and others have made it possible for the young man of today to make rapid progress in acronauties if he bas me- anieal training and ability Servicing and Maintenance at Airports ‘The moder airport bas every facility for maintaining, servicing and re- biting wirera(cor all hides. “Phe mechanical equipiicat used is the hate and most modern and iseapable of handling the finest and most aeeurate workSOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 2B Aircraft and Aeronautics The illustration sat the tight shows the! ipl bp Orvis Wi bur Wrieht of Day- ton, Ohio, and fown angen Tosat Kitty Hawk, ‘North Carding The Wright Brothers’ First Flight Mechanical genius and mechanical ability on the part of the Wright Brothers developed the first airplane motor and craft that actually flew. All the parta of thie motor and plane needed to be built with the utmost precision and accuracy because of the nevessity of being light and st the same time having ample power. "The first plane was bullt on the Inck-geared, serew-cutting lathe, ‘This machine was necessary for turning out various parts of the first aimplane motor. Today the lathe is the most widely used machine in the plants manufacturing airplane motors of the various types. ‘AN parts of the kurplane motor operate with precision; hence, they stout be repaired and maintained on precision tools such as the serew-cutting lathe, which is capable of turning out the most aecurate work. Lathe used by the Byrd South Polar Expedition ‘Commander Richard E, Byrd and his associates recognized the necessity of the hnsl-goared, corew-ovtting lathe for maintenanes and repair work when Starting on the Soath Polar Expedition. ‘Two South Bend Lathes were taken along—the 16" size to be used on the base ship “City of New York,” while the 9" lathe is to be used at the various temporary bases set up on the ice to service the planes. ‘The two sizes selected are eapable of taking are oF alt mechanieal devices aboard ship and the general need of the airplanes. ite [edt meh en Nl Moy DroverAircraft and Aeronautics Fie. 157, The Graf Zeppain Dircible ‘The Largest Modern Dirigible, the (iraf Zeppelin, which made the historie flight from Germany across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States, and. retar 1, 1028, with. passengers, mail and_ express Canta stags Hekener commande! ihe airship. “His training and ability were tesponsible for the sticess of the epoch mskir At the r one of th bbe used hy South Pe tion. Thisis one of t modern types used for rail, express, and pas Soni purposes Fig 188, One of Byrd's Antarctic Airplanes The Airplane Motor is highly complex and delicate unit of mechanism because. it Pause hace! porfast Valance, portestiy Stine parts, witha minimum of friction. It operates high speed with low fuel consumption and develons tremendous power. ‘The most mod fern methods are used Lo repair and service the various parts of these motors. Aelane Motor The Water Cooled line-type airplane motor, shown ahoye, while similar to the automobile motor, is more highly developed and has less weight per horse power The New Radial Type of air-ccoled motor, shown at right, bas attained great popularity Heese of is low weight per horse power and dependability. Col. Lindlergh used this type of motor on his famous trans-Atlantic light.HL BEND LATHE WORKS B Types of Airplane Motors a twelve eylinder, water cooled, “W" type motor which is the type used in many commoreial planex “and government planes. Low head resistance permitting higher air speed is the chief advantage of the water cooled motor. Acronguties stadents are given com- ¢ training on serviemg and main. is aizplane motors in teoros of in the United States Radial Type Air Cooled Airplane Motor At the left is shown a line drawing illustrat ing the principle of the radial type air-eooled eel Fig. 16000 ator of f= At the right is shown a line drawing of the recently developed Radial Type Diesel Motor for auplane ust which uses erate oi ‘ote that no ignition equipment is Firing in the cylinders is accomplished by compressing the fuel oll and igniting it with he heat of compression. ‘The parts are machined and fitted with extreme seearacy £0 a8 to hold this high compression in the compression chamber. ‘These motors must be servieed with precision tools tairplane motor using gasoline for fuel. This type of motor ax illustrated in ‘Pts Caray of Paarl Nour Co Fic, 185, Diesel Radial Type MatorSize of Lathe for the Auto Repair Shop Fig. U9, S-inch Junior, Bock Geared, Screw Cutting Lathe The 9-inch Junior New Model South Bend Lathe For the Auto Repair and Service Station Shop For the Small Shop.—The 9 x3! Junior New Model South Bend Back Geared Serew Cutting Beneh Lathe is the popular and praetieal size to use for stall work, It is precision tool that ean be used to true commutators, mak Inshings, refsce valves, finish semiemachined pistons, make small replne ment parts, eut any kind of standard serew threads from 4 to 40 per inch, make prcesion tools and do general machine work with the finest aeeurney. Fig. 17, Minch Quick Change, Back Geared, Serow Cutting Lathe The 11-inch New Model South Bend Lathe For the Auto Repair and Service Station Shop For the Medium Size Shop.—For handling medium size work in any al tomotive repairshop, large or sinall, the 11"x4” Quick Change Gear New Mod South Bend Back Geared Serew Cutting Lathe is the popular and practical size to use, This lathe will handle all of the work done by the inch Junior Tathe as well as heavier work because of its weight and power. It has autom matic feeds and will ent standard serew threads from 2 10 112 per inch. 6SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 7 Fig.171, seinh Quish Change, Bech Geared, Serew Cutting Lathe The 16-inch New Model South Bend Lathe For the Auto Repair ond Service Station Shop For the General Repair Shop.—For the handling of general repair work, large or small, the 16° x 8’ Quick Change Gear New Model South Bend Rack Hing Lathe isthe popular and practical sian to uae for the Service Station Shop, Garage and Eleetrie Shop, as it will do work on the big jobs and little jobs with equal ease. It has the power for heavy cute, and the precision and accursey for fine tool work. The swing and distance Between enters permit it to be used for a wide variety of operations, This lathe will handle all of the work that ean be done on the 9-inch union and | 1-inch Lathe. and in addition itwill take care of all of the larver jobs that come into the average auto repair shop. The four-step spindle one and back gears permit eight spindle speeds. The Quick Change Gear Box for numerous fine and coarse automatic cross and longitudinal feeds anc ‘exceptional power oF this lathe, makes I) Meal tool Tor Al euasses OF Work Its thread cutting range includes standard serew threads from 2 to 112 per inch. 16-inch Lathes are furnished in Quick Change Gear and Standard Change Gear types, countershaft or motor drive, ‘The regular equipment included with 16-inch Lathes consists of :double friction countershalt, large face plate, small faee plate, tool post complete, two lathe eenters, spindle sleeve, adjust able thread cutting stop, center rest, follower rest, wrenches, lag screws and washers ‘This lathe also ean be € taper attachment, draw-in collet cutting stop for the finest precision toot work. ments, such as, graduated ; micrometer stop, thread7" AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOKSOUTH END LaTHE wonxs e Features of New Model South Bend Lathes ‘The 99 Sizes und Types of South Bend Lathes Have These Quality Features in Both the Ohaiet Chamue Clee cml Shed ‘The Mlustration on yoge 78 shoves the New Model Sth Hind Guth Change Back Aesrited below are enumerated and shown ‘8 the opposite pags, The illustration sows aeineh «Olathe Lut the same features New Node thes ‘The New Semi-Steel Lathe Bed is 1 henry er" ino noting. 1 per went ead hich insures wearing qiulities and strength, ‘The bed ts crom ete by. on braces Saat in at short interval its entire length, The sce rough planed, then seasoned for = Period of fut tom werky thon fink plated and hind seraped ‘The New Headstock isck gard. The fourstep cone permits tight spine speeds, four deeet one drive al fore tack Bard dive, All gear tre compbtely.eavered with ear guned te comply with all ae Hows." sti ll ar clamp er inte changing irom ireetcone drive to Haak gears drive from back geured te direet cone drive without the use a's wrench, “The Four-Step Spindle Cone is selon al Now Mok Eaten tgiach ened igre Tor als p Hop on tis cone if unl on work in the ie Ghat vast aad os tuner ao thar eter hres wpe aan, Ton 'vhith inv nccenary"Ir maser an Shite hop pretice “The New Headitork Soingle ic male on Pen, Heniston Seiad i ree ited. ‘Pe haea bole ts entire length for nx Skin reds an at rg ath sk SaPi ana dadgrounds eel mse Tag New Henctoak Sind Barings a ity pheepot bone, a feet ret ners ace e eree be for’ wear’ ite mtn ‘are han Borah sper cea re oll to the bronze hesrings, a “The New Taatocs io cary an rgd ie ig tear oh tebe TC uid wictocearet fr taper suraing Wee Sindg lever oes the spe seth di {arving tis aigment a eee ea cetier i hardefa ano cee. Mi The New Carriage is strong with wide brat and ing Pts or slamping mon fastens earviage tothe bed when vst cross feeds Felt wipers are attached to the ex Hae hep the 0 rare dean lee bred. “The eros feed screw has Acme thread ant mierometer gradustedeullat reading in ‘thousands of an mech ‘The New Apronis provided with sutoans= tet or ed atomatic tn vided with Aalents which are used ony hea he Youd operating the automate friction feds, The threads of the lead. sere are uss only ‘when cutting seen threads. “An improved ‘utomati nafety interlock prevent te huts and the automatie feeds from ‘gage st Che sata tine. ‘The New Compound Rest to 180 dogrees on tap tase and eae one ‘ted at aay ange. The compound rest haw fias’ Reine trends, and is fitted sith me fermen grated olla tha rade in ‘thoussnlihs of an ind. {Ie New Lesct Derew of speci tee as Acme tala hoes co 8 spesial mae chine having 8 Pratt and Whitiey master foal serew which insures the utmost pres: Honest ecuey the cuts or hee pe ‘ison thread gauges, master taps, te ‘The New Quick Change Gesr Box pro sand Tet 'Tand standard serew threads from 2 ty 112 per inch. Tt slso provides (or var- fous adjustments for th (ela apd afore Index plate shows the arrangement ot lever for cutting threads und feeds. nur Major Accuracy Tests am Ate Hing aed tate Istoperated under its oven power da reson Of ch test fied in cur office. The Life of the New Model Lathe ws» estanate Isa Teast tweety ive years given the proper care and attention.” We are atl Losing it ont arn shop oncot the Bret South Bead Lathes that we built twenty-two yeart sags. [tx stil in operation and 1s giving tue eatisfaetion on prodetion woreNew Model Silent Chain Motor Driven Lathe The New Model Silent Chain Motor Driven Back Geared Serew Cutting Lathe is « practical, powerful and efficient tool. ‘The motor drive unit, with Geel tere een dice eatsa el lect Actvater the serew eatting lathe. ‘The spindle is driven by belt from an overhead cone, which receives its purer livin thy mutor Unough the silent chain ‘The sboonee of vibration means the eutiing tool will always leave a smooth even suriaee, so necessary ‘on precision tool work ‘The Constant Speed Reversing Mutur io ucccomaty wis avevunt of he numerous start, stop and reverse operations in eusting serew threads. ‘The motor is mounted above the lathe, away from all dirt, and chips. A lever lis table forward for sacy, quick belt shifting, ‘Strotoh of tho bolt ja talon up by an independent adjustment ‘The Reversing Control Switch (drum type) has proved the most practi cal (ype forall woth. Eaumled iu fivul of the lathe in an any working position for the operator, it has a rotary motion of three positions—left, for Jorward speeds; center, for neutral, and right, for reverse. The Motor Driven Lathe is widely used in shops where space is lin because no overhead installation equipment is required—a hook-up with the electric current makes it ready for operation. A 9-inch lathe of this type can be safely operated from any ordinary light socket. General Fleetrie land Westinghouse use silent chain motor driven lathes extensively. ‘The features illustrated and deseribed on pages 78 and 7 of Silent Chain Motor Driven Lathes, ply to all sizesat SOUTH BEND LATHE WoRKS aeezg) jewees2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK ig, 175. Leveling the Lathe How to Level a Lathe Ics important that the lathe be parfestly level, otherwise true and at, curate, machine work ean, not be produced on the lathe. If at any time the Tanna Wet dole nocurate work, one OF Une Est tests should be ly ee iF it is level. jo alow necessary that the lathe ha nlaced on a firm foundation 60 as to eliminate vibration. Instructions for Leveling the Lathe Level the Lathe Lengthwise and Crosswise.—Place the level length- wise on top of the bed at the headstock end, on both front and back ways, See ISP Tawal on the wasre at: tailstork end of bed. ‘Then place level caekatise at headstoek end and at tailstock end of bed. ‘The levet snout fear Teast 12" long s0 that it will reach across the entire width of the bed. When ue lathe fs perfeuily level and the Aeon properly braced, fasten the lathe securely to the floor with lag screws and again test to see if itis lev« Kecause if the lathe is serewed to the foor and itis not perfectly levol it will aerate bed to twist and the rosult will he thst, accurate work cannot be done on the lathe. ‘The Location of the Lathe hes much to do with its satisfactory opera tion, “The lathe should be located so that: the light will shine over the gpera- TaNs wight shoulder of so that his back will be toward the window. Leave ‘Gough apace to permit a person to pass back of the operator without inter~ fering with his work. For information on erecting and setting up counter- shait see book “How to Run # Lathe.”SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 8 @ 2D, @ @ @ © Figs 17% Location of Oil Hotes Oiling the Lathe and Countershaft Regular Oiling of the Lathe, or any other imgchine in the shon, shold woven be avglected, nov €Ven Tora he lathe is operated without: Having the bearings and principal reveiving parts ced ese nat Ths, the lathe in a very short time. “Keep the lathe well oiled arcerding. to tho instruotions ao shown blue Never attempt tool the lathe or countershaft while machine iin motion, Instructions for Oiling Lathe Units 1 Ollevery hour first 100 hours, twice aday thereafter 2 Carriage “V" Ways Keen wal 3. Compound Rest, Oil all bearings every week. 4 Tailstocke Oil all bearings every week. 5. Lead Screw Bearing... Oil every day. Lead Serew and Half Nuts Oilevery hour when in use. Keep lead screw cl 7. Apron. bbearinge every day. 8. Gear Box all bearings every day. 9° Primary Gears Oil all bearings every day. 10. Reverse Oil all bearings every day. 11. Back Gears I bearings every day. 12, Cone Pulley Oil every day. 13, Countershaft Bearings. Oilall bearings every day 14. Friction Clutch Pulleys84 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK The Screw Cutting Lathe on Production Worle South Bond Lathes in operation in ‘The illustration above shows sixteen a manufacturing plant on produetion work, ‘The New Model South Bend Tathe is especially recommended for production because it has special fea Lives for this work. ‘Thes: lathes are producing remarkable results in some tPthe largest and best manufacturing plants in the coun The Tool Room Lathe on Precision Tuul Worl: ‘hove shows a 16" x 6’ New Model South Beni Tool «large plant. ‘This lathe is equipped with ‘draw-in collet chuck attachment, The illustration Room Lathe in ope countershaft drive and is fitted with taper attachment, thread dial, oil pan and is eapable of taking eare of the fest tool, jig and fixture work that eomes up in any manufacturing plant. Send for a List of industrios that are using this lathe in tool room work,SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS Erection Plan for Bench LathesLathe With Countershaft Drive Laps Init |SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS 27 | ae Floor Plan for the New Model South Bend Lathe the ahove drawing shows the floor plan of the 16” x 6” New Model South Berd Lathe with overhead countershaft drive. ‘The view shown at the upper right of drawing indicates the amount: of the floor space that this lath will ‘wvoujey whet installed In your shop, ‘The drawing isa reduction of a blue print that gives the entire length and width of the lathe. "It shows the distance from the flocr ty the canter line of Ase late and tne Height over all. Lt also shows the distance between bolt holes for the floor legs for fastening the lathe to the door, Floor plans ean be furnished for any size and tyne of New Model South Deu Lathe, If you are terested in purchasing a lathe, give the size of lathe wanted, that is, the swing, length of bed and type of delve, and we will be pleased to send you a floor plan of the lathe in which you are intoreeted, In addition to these floor plans, we also furnish erection plans of each size lathe, and when necessary foundation plans for the larger size lathes, espec. ially where « cement foundation ie desired The book entitled “How to Run s Lathe" illustrated and described on Page 94 of this book, contains additional information on the installation and care of the Back Geared Screw Cutting Lathe,88 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE Rules Relative to the Circle and Sphere To find the ciroumforence of « circle, multiply the diameter by 3.1416, “Yo find the Guimewr of a vaste, aeultiply the sineumfaranoe hy RISB. ‘To find the area of a circle, mu ‘ply the square of the dismeter by .7854. ‘To find the surface of a ball (sphere), multiply the syuare vf the diamotor by 8.1416. To find Uw «ide of an equal equare, multinly the diameter by 8862 ‘To find the eubiesl content (vol diamnoter hy 5236. me) in a ball, multiply the cube of the ‘The radius of a circle X 6.283185 = circumference. ‘The square of the diameter of a circle X -7854 = the aren ‘The square of the circumference of a circle X .07858 = the area. Circumference of a circle X one-fourth its diameter ~ the area, the radius. “The square root of the arva of a circle 56419 = the radius. ‘The cireumference of a citele X .159155 ‘The square root of the azea of a circle X 1.12838 = the diameter. 1 gallon of water (Vl. 8. Standard) weighs §24 pounds and contains 231 cubicinches, A cubic foot of water contains 7 gallons, 1728 eubie inches cabin pe bah ponds ava temperature of about 20 cogrens Fahrenheit The weight changes slightly above and below this temperature. To find the yrocoure in pounds par square inch of a column of water, multiply the height of the eolumn in feet by 433. Steam rising: from water at its boiling point (212 degrees F.) has a pres: ure equal to that of the atmosphere at £8 lever (14.1 pouncls yr eusore inch.) “Loubling the dinuolcs of « pipe ineroason its earncity four times. For other tables see book “How to Run a Lathe’” MISTAKES! We all make mistakes. When you make a mistake on a piece of work contet'and report it ae econ as possible. Do not let it get by. People who Sirink from keting mistakes be known for fear it will react on them only ‘make mnatlers worse by 80 doing.SOUTH END LATHE works 89 Gear Information swtwey wlio appliod Uy yearn, Is alwatys understood fo mean the piten jiameter, Diametral Pitch js the number of veeth to eaen inch of the piteh dismeter, Example: If « gear has 40 toeth and the piteh diameter is ¢ inches, there are 10 Jeeth to each inch of the pitch diameter and the dismetral piteh is 10, or in other Number of Teeth required, pitch diameter and diamotral piteh given. Multiply Ue pivel diameter by the diametral piten. aample: If the diameter of the pitch circle is 10 inches ani the diametza piteh i 4, muftiply 10 hy 4'end the produnt, 40, will be the number of teat tae pear Number of Teeth required, outside diameter and diametral piteh given, Multiply the outside diameter by the diametral pitch and subtract 2, Example: If the whole diameier is 1094 and the disetral pitch ia , multiply 10}4 by ent pot ae ra hat ‘ Pitch Diameter required, number of teeth and dismetral pitch given, Divide the number of teeth by the diametral pitch. Example: If the numberof teeth is 40 and the dismetral teh ix 4, divide 40 bs 4 sn thequoueat, Hye ine piel dened Outside Diameter or size of gear blank required, number of teeth and diometral yituh given, Add 2 to the mulaber or teeth and divide By the diametral pitch, If the auraber of teth ig 40 and the diametral nich is 4 add 2 to the tt va hy 9 nt Te a he Distance Retwaan Contere of two goons required, Ave the mumbo of teeth together and divide one-half the sum by the diametral pitch. Example: If the two gears have 50 and 30 tcoth respectively, ani are 5 pitch, Ql Avan an, paling 9B, cide ye Beck tee aise ae ee, pitah lametra pitch, "aud the reaule, 8 inches is the vender distaree7 eo BBBSRUSRESEES ti [AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE HOOK Sizes of Tap Drills for Mac! ean (Matton) 5 * Si ieee seceenses ms tz [sees |-asn| [ oe T ER % a a B| 3 2 Ka 7 ¥ Ne Me t } ie k % | ose | gat ot | abe g | 030 we |g, | came 4 13 | | S| | He | OY | eae of Tap Drills for Standard and Special Screw Threads 8, As Eterna marked with that are not marked are Special Threads | YOUENE Ee eneance ‘o.0a60 0.3080 fae 0.1590 bus 021390 03539 300% 4533 Setups = | Shin 1ouiees "= 1 pound Esa nyo ns so andy fnecisar wa 20 means = 1 drach lupole A quarters = 1 ewt. fines cine gf ETB es ‘am =| eta meee 2 pints = 1 fuaee 3 = is = 1 higshoad aco er Soee cee eae Seer eae es Sah sim fe inches = 1 foot 536 ania S furlongs = 1 statute mile Bieet = 1 vand tines th some” — 3 Saas mle Cloth Measure 244 inches = 1 nail 4 nats = I quarter 4 quarters = 1 yanl ‘Mariner's Measure Gleet = 1 fathom 8,080 fet 1 nautieal mile 100 fathoms = 1 eabte length 3 nautical miles = 1 league 10 cable Jest = Lie M4gaq, inches = 1 sq. foot 3034, garde rod 4 rood = 1 acre Difax Siehgt | aotan eT oat (68) acres = 1 oq: mile ‘The gram i the primary unit vactum of a cule centimeter of dite vatr'n fe tamper a Se ——————_ SOUTH BEND LATHE WORKS a Weights and Measures src oen seounces = 1 po Use for weighing gold, silver, and jewels Apothecaries’ Weight Long Measure be Sct oF Weteate ‘weights, i the metre system, ard is he weight in a 10 milligrams (mg.) fantigram (oe) = 0.1548 troy grain 19 Gendt ig) SGeeigram (ag) = 1.548. toy grams 10 deigrams am (e) 16.432 troy era i icagram = 0.382" avoiapols ounce Wdecagrams = Theetoeram, = 25274 avoinlupois ounces 10 heetagrams Kilogram (kg.) = 2204 avoindupots pounce W0 kilograms = J myringeemn = Bu04e aversturers poses Wryrisgrims = 1quintal @) = 220-6 avointupois pounds 10 quotas iteane(s” — Zapie avointubols pounds 1 kilogram pe Kilometer = 0.87105 pound yor thousand fect 1 pound per thoasand feet = 1.4882 klogram per omneter { Bloer pr scare slimeter = 1p peut Be lem 1 pont pe? sqeare inch 0.00074 kilogram per square millimeter2 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE BOOK Different Standards for Wire Gauges in use in the United States Sar | Aneta, win | too Gee | te2 How to Read a Micrometer ‘The piteh of the screw threads on the coneoaled part of the spindle is forty to an inch. One eomplete revolution of the spindle, therefore, moves it lengthwise one fortieth (or twenty-five thousandths) of an inch. The sleeve D is marked with forty lines to the inch, corresponding to the number of threads on the spindle fourth Tine ix made longor than the othiore, aut is aumbered U, 1, 2, 3, ete Each numbered line indicates distance of four times one-fortieth of an inch, or one tenth, ‘The beveled edge of the thimble is marked in twenty-five divisions, and every fifth line ix nnmbored, from 0 to 5. Tlotating the thimble thom one Of these marks to the next moves the spindle longitudinally one twenty. filth of twenty-five thousandths, or one thousandth of an inch, Rotating it two divisions vdiwales (wo thousandtns, ete. ‘Twenty-five divisions wil indicate @ complete revolution, .025 or one-fortioth of an inch To read the micrometer, therefore, multiply the number of vertical divi ions visible on the sleeve by twenty-five and add the number of divisions ‘ou the bevel of the thimble, from 0 to the line which coincides with the horizontal line on the sleeve. For example, in the engraving, there are seven divisions visiblo on the sleeve. Multiply this number by twenty- five, and add the number of divisions shown on the bevel of the thimble, 3 The micrometer is open one hundred and seventy-eight thousendehe, (7X2%5=175+8= 178) | Each vertical line indicates a distance of one-fortieth of an inch. Every4 AUTO MECHANICS SERVICE. BOOK Care of the Lathe Ciesning, Oiliog, Adjusting, Leveling, te. ten of Lathe Teale Grinding Lathe Tool eral Ale for Cont ron, Soi Bied Toa ste, Hm, te Setting Lathe Toole Heth nek eles for various metal Cee erat aera Coteion Tea and Countersisking, Center, Gester Dails, Counteranks, ee Care of Lathe Centers— Vinal aod Sat Centers, Alignment of Etnies “tring Center "Fring and Facing, Rough and Finish Turning, Uso Bollswor Rest and Centar Rest Drilling sn the Lane, "gay Universal Lathe Chuck, Drill husk in) Head Stock Spindle, in! Tail Stock Spindles Dell bed on ail Stock Center, Grinding of Drills Proper Angle, ete ‘Thread Cutting — T'S: Standard Threads, Acme Standard Suny Thad Exteel and nies tia, Multiple hresds, Right and Tat Hand Threads, ete uM “How to Run a Lathe” Authoritative Manual on Lathe Worle ‘How to Run 2 Tathe” is an authoritative ‘the modern bad geared serew cutting inthe. ‘This tee Aree cl Shy ee an ian Wine ec Se dni. ern sata al td pe ee SLUG et Reet ier ied ehaat econ lee rer fc bonk eortains more than 300 practical ih ae the a fans ds for machining tas dogs al thie apolatin, sso the er important sibjert tbat cory of faded with the equipment of each wath Bend Lathe Pri oth, 25 cents, Mie postpaid ny- eee ate he ebaape ot ae TR ete Partial List of Contents ‘Taper Turning and Taper Boring "Pang Hall Siok Sooner, Paper Aviach- mont; Componnd Rest Chyrekine— Meine application ot tnaependent Chucks Unfvers Chucks, Combination Gk and Deal chek rug wok jo Cheat Halding wats hua = PO Face Plate Work— ace Plats wel an a Driver, Centering FGhusk. "Nagle ron on Face Piste Draw-in Collet Chuck Attachment— "Un predution on small accurate work. “The Lathe as a Serew Machine Rtg ho taro the Tool Post Turret Saddle Turd, ‘Turnstile Turret, Hand Benet ane! Had sosing Lover or ‘Draven Chock Milling Operations in the Lathe— ‘Keysating, Facing, Squaring Sha, ee, Grinding in the Lathe ira and xiernal Grinder, Hietsc Grinder, Bel, Driven Grinder, Miscellaneous Lathe Operations— ifftstrate nd dose.hn | D LATHE WORKS 98 South Bend Catalog No. 89-A ‘Complete Information on South Bend Lathes Sasetls Borat HY seth nl eos the Sait lis of New Nie Book LATHES Bend Back Geared Sorew Cutting Lathes fiom ine SRIHE fo Beane sving, Countersatt and Moye Drive A fall ine of Attachments, Chusts, Toul and Acres, ones for use on South Bead Lathes gre alsy shuns Thi satel bas 72 pages with more than ltrs ‘one who is intersted in mechanseal equpmeet Mailed Answherein the World, Poripeidy No Charge PARTIA. LST oF cowreNts a a hr tre Lae a tae Mase Bes ae ‘AValuable Reference Book 9-inch Junior Lathe Catalog No. 23 A Popular Lathe for Small Worke New Meas! South Mend. Te ich Junior Lathe Coal is 4 20-age books, | | gyrntam seme rating and describing the ich Junior New Mosel | ee Inthe. Each typeof Qeieh Junior Lathota sown sede plained in dota. “An interesting booklet for the shop squner who needa » small Lack geared screw cuttig lathe ‘The ilustrations tell the story a hunteet tae tase ‘The Attachments, Chucks, Toole and Accemories prac tical for use on the't-inch Junior Lathe are alto shown with Aawripten ‘The use of the small verow cutting lathe is explained lutte spel faupnent for anon work is shown; also a variety of operations that. come sn. in ‘reg slip. Iaany oiler interesting tems ne piven ‘Mailed Anyshere in the Worl, Postpaid, Ne Chores Brake Drum Bulletin No. 29 1 pisinedore tess] | novotusonisn Of¢ Machoieat i ees Drums RrakeDeomLathe || revi wou mat ever sinh oat ‘owes | | bp interested in. Tt shows the New Model South Berd ‘Brake Drum Laide in throo sizes and two types of deine, With features, specifications and prices of each Sef-Contering Mandrals and Universal Beari 4m for mounting wheels, are slustatel and destoheat ia deta“ Aulompbiles,trieks and buses are listed with ‘correct ze of mandrels and adapters to ues Mailed Anywhere in the World, Poi Ne Charee aura trv or tone meen a SEE cae RS ome ieee” Ee ‘Chock end Toe Assortment ‘General Brake OruPlant ofthe South Bend Lathe Works, at South Bend, Indians Facts About the South Bend Lathe Works the Works was The Factory of the South Bend cokhe South Bend Loin Vediones wt athe Works represents an investment Salat a two yeare the entire of more that one milion dollar. | {he 10m: Feet devoted cctsively to te plant faites include the best modern Hat be serath find Bark Geared Machine and tool equipment. to insure id ineerchangeabiity ef part. “The South Bend Li Eorow Cutting lathes, “There are now ace ‘i TEN Bann We bald a6 sie types and. drives of foyer 4000 Seu B ‘fog an around througout Now Mol South tt Tatas The ab ons and eas nd TS other countries. 0uul production capacity # 4,800 lathes Lathes on Production Workin OurFactory Lathrsin Anmbly Line RendyforTewtng snenpoveusuanin shumogroup ot ‘hin Imtration shown, the ase sneer tend Lathes eperating room where the lies ate us Sate ot ener And other special from the units in, lets of twen They are alterwand tested for sccaraey fnunufacturing machines builsinoursbep lene 4 manufacturing machines Mi Stee a meena thege tate are kept i or Model South Bend Lathes. “ice For tature elenenee, [A Group of Employes ofthe South Hen Latte WorksFor The Apprentice Learn touse precision gauges. Use your micrometers frequently. Use machine methods, not hand methods, when on accurate work. ‘Take an interest in your job—don’t feel that you are Fareed to work. Be sure your machine is set up right before starting the worl Keep the belts tight, smoothly laced, and free from Hold yourself responsible for the job you are working on. a place for everything and keep everything in its place. If vou have spoiled a job, report to your foreman, and ‘excuses. Keep your tools sharp, your machines clean and neat, and your shop tidy. Don’t borrow tools—have your own kit and take pride Learn the “why’’ of the internal combustivn o Tine engine—it will be of practical help in servicing its parts. Read the best technical magazines relating to auto- ive construction and repair service. . If you learn to man you have a future, Henry Ford, Westinghouse, the Wright Brothers, and thousands of others all started out as mechanics— they forged ahead because they excelled in their chosen work.