Table of Contents

Chapter

CONTENTS

Page No.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

ii

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1

Energy Absorbing capacity

2.2

Metal tubes as energy absorbing devices

2.3

Tubes under axial compression

SCOPE OF WORK

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS

10

4.1

Determination of material properties

11

4.2

Experimental procedure

15

4.3

Photographic views

17

4.5

Discussions

26

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

5.1

Hyper mesh

27

5.2

L S Dyna

28

5.3

Photographic views of FE analysis

35

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

36

6.1

Discussions

42

CONCLUSIONS

43

REFERENCES

44

List of Figures
Figures

CONTENTS

Page No.

Figure 4.1

Alexanders model for the collapse of a tube subjected to

axial loading
Vickers hardness testing machine

7
12

Figure 4.2

Electronic universal testing machine

14

Figure 2.1

Figure 4.3

Load displacement curve of CA-A1-1

The photographs of progressive deformation of axially
Figure 4.4
compressed aluminium tubes in Experiment.
Load-Displacement curves of aluminium tubes of
Figure 4.5 (a-g)
different lengths by experiment.
Comparative Load-Displacement curves of quasi-static
Figure 4.5 (f)
experimental results.
Figure 5.1 (a) CATIA Model

16
17
18-24
25

Figure 5.1 (b) Meshed Model

29
29

Figure 5.1 (c)

30

Mid surface of meshed model

Figure 5.1 (d) Tube under boundary condition.

30

Figure 5.1 (e)

Tube with imparter.

31

Figure 5.1 (f)

Tube with imparter and base.

31

Figure 5.1 (g) Applying load collector to the imparter.

32

Figure 5.1 (h) Applying the type of contact.

32

Figure 5.1 (i)

Applying the constraints in all directions.

33

Figure 5.1 (j)

Applying the control cards.

33

Figure 5.1 (k) Exported file to Ls-Dyna.

Figure 5.1 (a-k) Steps in Modeling and Analysis of Aluminium tube.
The photographs of progressive deformation of axially
Figure 5.2
compressed aluminium tubes in FEA.
Figure 5.3 (a-c) Load-Displacement curves of aluminium tube by FEA.
Comparative Load-Displacement curves of quasi-static
Figure 5.3 (d)
FEA results.
Figure 6.1
Aluminium Tube (Progressive Plastic Buckling)
Figure 6.2

Aluminum Tube in Analysis

34
34
35
36-37
37
39
40

Figure 6.3

Comparative Load-Displacement curves of the quasistatic experimental and analysis results.

41

List of Tables
Tables
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 6.1

CONTENTS
Vickers Hardness test results
Comparison of the quasi-static experimental results
crushed up to length of 90 mm
Comparison of Experimental and FEA results up to
mm.

Page No.
13
25
90

41