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Distillation
March 4, 2015
Submitted to: Kevin
Submitted by: Taylor Sanderson
Lab Partner: Chloe Van Der Cruysen
Lab#5 -
Purpose
The main objective in this lab is to first distill a pure liquid and observe its constant
boiling point. Then you will distill a two component mixture twice once using a
simple distillation apparatus and then using a fractioning column. This will make it
able to compare the efficiency of these two types of apparatus by evaluating the
separation of the mixtures.
Procedure
For full procedure refer to Organic Chemistry 1 manual, experiment 5, Separation
and Purification of Organic Liquids by Distillation , Page 29-34.
Reagents
Hexane (C6H14)
Molecular weight:86.13 amu
Colour: colourless
Physical appearance: liquid
Melting point:-95C
Boiling point:69C
Toluene (C7H8)
Molecular weight:92.14 amu
Colour: colourless
Physical appearance: liquid
Melting point: -95C
Boiling point:111C
*Reference MSDS*
Equipment
Simple distillation apparatus
Distilling flask
Thermometer
Condenser
Adaptor
Graduated receiver
Boiling stone
250ml flask
Fractioning column
500ml round bottomed flask
Observations
Number of Drops
1 drop/ml
3 drop/ml
5 drop/ml
7 drop/ml
9 drop/ml
11 drop/ml
Discussion
The simple distillation is used to separate and purify liquids, if the temperature of
the liquid is raised, more molecules escape to the vapour until the equilibrium is
established. The vapour pressure of a liquid therefore increases with temperature.
Therefore this distillation has a constant boiling point. As shown in the graph on the
last page it shows the boiling point eventually being constant. It may have taken a
while to be constant due to some experimental errors during the lab. The constant
temperature for Hexane turned out to be around 61C. During the separation of
binary mixtures using simple distillation it seemed that the temperature was to high
on the apparatus to make the trend on the graph incorrect with the temperatures. It
seemed to be in the middle of the distillation that the temperature had dropped and
was suppose to be slowly increasing at all times. The average boiling point for
hexane and toluene using simple distillation turned out to be around 90C during
the distillation. During the separation of an binary mixture using fractional
distillation the separation did not seem to occur during the distillation and the
temperature was raising too quickly. The proper separation did not occur due to the
heat being too high at the beginning and it was causing the temperature to be off
by the binary mixture distillation happening to quickly resulting in inaccurate
results. According to the graph on the last page the temperature was raising too
quickly. The average boiling point for toluene and hexane during the fractional
distillation seemed to be around 86C. Referring to the results in the lab the simple
distillation seemed to be more efficient at separating the hexane and toluene
mixture.
Hexane Structure
Toluene Structure
10
12
# of Drops
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
Volume (ml)
40
50
60
20
40
60
Amount (ml)