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1 State the formula for calculating the effective resistance of resistols connected in
(a) se es and
Resistors in series: R=Rr+Rz +.......... + Rn
(b) parallel.
. oarallel:
...1 - 1 1 1
Resrstors rn ' RRr R2 |
R,
(c) State the equation for calculating the effective resistance of t\to resistors that are
connected in parallel.
(d) State the equation for calculating the current flowing through one of a set of parallel
resistors using the concept of current divider.
I-=R"tr"'uu"*,
Kirchoff's First Law states that at any junction point, the sum of all currents ente ng the junction
must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction.
3 State the equation for calculating the potential across one of a series of resistors using the
potential divider principal.
,'v R"rrc.u,"
_:- n,
Rr - ",,ott "
vtotat
'LrLrIette.ri'e
Syllabus Objective:
a, recall and use appropriate symbols as sef ouf in Sl Units, Sigr,s, Symbors and
Abbreviations (ASE, 1981) and Signs, Symbols and Systematics (ASE, 1995).
4 Draw the symbols for the following components.
Symbol Description Symbol Description
Fixed resistor
? Electric bell
Voltmeter Thermistor
Galvanometer Loudspeaker
Cell Lamp
-lt
l'- - -1, Battery {F Capacitor *
--1r-
.{ll Transformer with
Power supply
-__-)tL core
Diode l\,4icrophone *
Light emitting
Aerial *
Y diode
(LED)
m) Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR)
I Earth connection
b. draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, swifches, resistors, ammeters,
voltneters, and/or any other type of component referred to in the syllabus.
A student has available some resistors, each of resistance 100 O. Draw circuit diagrams, one in
each case to show how a number of these resistors may be connected to produce a combined
resistance of
(a) (b)
_-G }-
R=100+'100 L1
p=1'r00 l1', p=1!* L* )00
'r00 r00 L1,
r00
Three resistors are connected as shown in Figure 6. The points X and Y are connected to a source of
direct current.
Fis.6
6() 2A
Fig.7
Y
Fig.8
Ctrrrent l,
v
= R6
=
't2
=24
By Kirchoff's First Law,
l1= lr+ 13
As X and Y have the same potential difference, since they are connected in parallel,
The qiven circuit in Fiqure I is made up of six resistors each of resistance R.
x
Fig.9
parallel parallel
0 x
same resistance R is RY2.
00
Fig. 10
Note: The potential at X and Y are the same, therefore we can ignore the middle resistor.
n = t1*1t'=
'20 20 to o
11 Consider the combination of resisiors in the Figure 11.
(b) lf the current in the 5 O resistor is '1 A, calculate the potential difference between points a &
b. t53 vl
(c) lf the points c, d & e were connected together with a conducting wire of negligible
resistance, calculate is the equivalent resistance beh^/een points a & b. [2 O]
(a) 1T' , J,
1, , "6c) 1_ L \11 l-r
v\
ln 't N
lLr
l2
d-- -) -a
5
Lt
Fis. 11
+1
ll s;
|-o
u 2l
(b) %d = 1 x (6+5+1)= 12 V
t6d - tzi J-44
/"d=4+ 1 = 5 A (Kirchoff s First Law)
Vcd=5x4=20V
Vbc= 12 + 20 = 32V
=24
show an understanding of the use of a potential divider circuit as a source ofvariable p'd.
12 A constant 60 V d.c. supply is connected across two resistors of resistance 400 kO and 200 kO as
shown in Figure 12. What is the reading of the voltmeter given that the voltmeter is not ideal and
has a resistance of 200 kO? [12 Vl
t- -* looro--* 2oo ko
.:._..._ |
Let R2 be the effective resistance of ihe voltmeter and resistor in parallel connection
Let V2 be the voltmeter reading
p"=1-L111'=196p9
' 200 200 '
- x60='12V
100+ 400
Fig. 12
13 Apotentialdividerisusedtogiveoutputsof2Vand3Vfroma5Vsource,asshowninFigurel3.
+3V
+2V
OV
Fig. '13
Which combination of resistances, R7, R, and R3 gives the correct voltages? Show workings.
82 1 2
c3 2 2
D3 2 3
+3V
+2V
So,
&+&+&
Only choice B fits the relation.
14 Figure'14 shows a circuit containing a 30V battery and 6 resistors. The potential differences
across A, C and D are 22V,8 V and 12 V respectively. Calculate the potential difference across
each of the components B, E and F and also the potential at the points U, W, X, Y and Z.
[8 V, 10 V, 10 V, 0 V, 12 V, 20 V, -2 V, -10 \',]
Sketch a qraph to show how the potential varies along the line XZ. Label the graph with
appropdate values.
30v
Fig- 14
-2 Distance
,10
Distance
explain the use of thetmistors and light-dependent resistors in potential dividers to provide
a potential difference which is dependent on temperature and illumination respectively.
15 The light dependent resistor (LDR) and a 500 o resistor form a potential divider between voltage
lines held at + 30 V and - 30 V as shown in Figure 15. The resistance of the LDR is 1000 O in the
dark but then drops to 100 o in bright light. What is the corresponding change in potential at x?
I30 vl
+30v
V=+30-(-30)
= 60 V Fig. 15
-30v
=5005oo
1000+
,oo
=20v
=5005!o
+100 "66
=50v
1.11r
*-a Jo'c1'L
c
Figure 16a
0.lv l'58L
The voltmeter has infinite resistance. The calibration curve for the thermistor is shown in the Figure
'16b
b 3-:17J
Figure 16b
A fixed resistor is included in the circuit to form a potential divider circuit such that the potential
difference across the thermistor is a fraclion of the battery e.m.f.. Any changes in the thermistor
resistance associated with changes in temperature will be indicated by changes in the potential
difference across the thermistor and hence changes in the voltmeter reading.
Without the fixed resistor, the potential difference across the thermistor will always be the same,
equal to the p.d. across the cell, I V, i.e. ihe reading on the voltmeter will be constant.
(b) The probe is to be used to measure temperature in the range 0 "C and 30 "c. Use the graph in
Figure 16b to find the resistance of the thermistor when the probe is at 30 "C. Hence calculate the
reading on the voltmeter for the temperature of 30 'C. [1.25 kO, 7.2 V]
(c) When the iemperature of the thermistor is 2.5 "C, the voltmeter reads 5.3 V. The voltmeter has a
range 0 to 10 V. Suggest one disadvantage of using this voltmeter in the circuit of Figure 16a for
temperature measurement.
For a temperature range of 2.5oC to 30'C, potential difference across the sko resistor will range
approximately from around 5.30 V lo 7.2V. Thus only a small part of the voltmeter range will be
used and it is difficult to achieve high precision.
h. recall and solve problems using the principle of the potentiometer as a means of comparing
pote nt ia I d ifferen ces.
E,r
cell Fig.17
Express the e.m.f. of the cell in terms of E r, R and L (whichever is necessary).
E,r
2R
Ri3 ER
So
R+2R+r 3(3R +r)
'18 ln a particular potentiometer circuit shown in Figure 18, the balance length, /was found to be too
small. / can be increased by
Fig. 18
The answer is C.
The balance length is such that the p.d. across the length of wire / is equal to the e.m.f. of the cell
Hence,
E" =V,
Hence, to increase the value of /, while Ev and /po is fixed, the only way is to reduce ypo. This can
be done by adding a resistor in series with the driver cell as the e.m.f. of the driver cell will now be
divided bet\Meen the resistor and the wire, instead ofjust the wire only.
Option A will be decreasing I Option B and D will have no effect on the balance length.
One of the reasons for doing so is to increase the sensitivity of the device, so as to determine a
more precise value for the e.m.f. of Y.
19 ln Fiqure 19, AB is a 10 Q slide wire, 50 cm long. Er is a 2 V accumulator of negligible resistance Rl
and R2 ?re resistances of 15 O and 5 O respectively. When the keys K1 and K2 are both open, the
galvanometer shows no deflection when AJ is 3'1.25 cm. When keys K1 and K2 are both closed, the
balance length AJ is 5 cm. Calculate
50
to"
(a) When K, is ooened. Y."
' - = 10+15 (21 = 0.8 V
S;nce K, is opened, no current flows in the lower circuit i.e. e.m.f. E2 is measured.
tt )5
:-:--
F, = Y^ i = t0 8t = 0.5 V
50
e /(5)=0.2 = I=0.215=O.O4A
Since/R.0.2V
Er-h=0.2 - 0.5-0.04r=0.2 -.t r=7.54
(c) When lG opened, VnL= Ez= O.5Y
(a) The resistance will have no effect on the position of the balance point. At balance, there is
no current flowing through the galvanometer. Hence, the resistance will not cause a
chanqe in the potential difference across any hto points and therefore, will not affect the
balance length. Adr,.@'4
(b) The precision at which the balance length may be found willSflRase. Before balance, a
current will flow through the galvanometer. With the existence gf a protective resistance,
the current flowing through the galvanometer will be reduced.lisa.ffidt
'(l^'s i
yz.o^nn ,y'La*',++e-,
W *{-q
n*g ",r-'*^ 4'^- ,* ?*'"%
Practical Application:
21 A tow ol 25 tlecorative lights, connected in sedes, is connected to a mains tlansformer. When the
supply is switched on, the lights do not work. The owner uses a voltmeter to test the circuit. When
the voltmeter is connected across the third bulb in the row, a reading of zero is obtained. Which of
the following cannot be the only fault in the circuit?
The answer cannot be A, C and D because all these options will give you a zero reading for tbe
" third bulb. The answer has to be B. lf B is the only fault, then, the voltmeter will give you a non-
' zero reading instead.
Electrical devices are often rated with a voltage and a current - for example, 120 volts, 5 amperes.
Batteries, however, are only rated with a voltage - for example, 1.5 volts. Why?
An electrical appliance has a given resistance. Thus, when attached to a power source with a
known potential difference, a definite current will be drawn- The device can be labelled with both
the voltage and the current- Batteries, however, can be applied to a number of devices. Each
device will have a different resistance, so the current from the battery will vary with the device. As
a result, only the voltage of the battery will be specified.
Why is it possible for a bird to sit on a high-voltage wire without being electrocuted?
The bird is resting on a wire of a fixed potential. ln order to be electrocuted, a potential difference is
required. There is no potential difference between the bird's feet.
Data Analysis
24 Current for a car's electrical system is supplied by the battery when the engine is not running, and
by the generator. All the current is supplied at the voltage of the battery usually 12 V or the
generator (approximately 15.5 V), except the current at the spark-plugs, which is boosted by the
ignition system to as much as 3x104 V as required. A car's electrical system is divided into
circuits, all with different basic functions and different controls. They are: the ignition circuit, the
starter circuii, the charging circuit, the lighting circuit and accessories circuits.
Below is a diagram showing a simplified lighting circuits, a table showing the various lamps their
voltages and power ratings when working normally, and the other the V-l characteristics of one of
the lamps.
Revelsilg lights
Side lights
15
p.d.A/
/
'10
(a) State and explain the type of car light the above graph represents.
t3l
(c) Plot a graph of resistance against current for the lamp. t3l
(Assume linear relationship)
R/O
9
.9
8
(:
'7
6
I
5
1
&'
3
n */
2
6/
I
(i) normally,
0.4 e) t1l
When cold, no current flows through the lamp. t1l
At I = 0 A, obtain the intercept on the R axis. l1l
(d) Why are all the car lights arranged in parallel?
(e) Calculate the toial current drawn from the battery when the car is stationary and the headlights, the
reversing lights and the stop lights are on.
2..60
-,;-
Current drawn by headlights = -10A
current drawn by reversrng lrghts = 3-Z - 3.5 A
12
(f) Why is ihe initial current through each type of light greater than when it is operating nomally?
(g) The function of the spark plug is to provide a spark so that the air-petrol mixture can be ignited.
Suggest how the spark could be created in the ignition system.
High potential ofthe spark plug ionizes the air in the cylinder. I1l
Electrons and air ions flow resulting in sparks created. nl
(h) Suggest one other circuit, other than the lighting circuit, that may draw current from the battery.