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rn cng
trng hp cng c th n 50cm. Nu
yu cu v tnh i din v tnh ng
nht i hi kch thc mu vt ra
ngoi gii hn ny, ng nhin phi
mt phn cch
chuyn sang lm th nghim ti hin
trng.
Hnh 3-1 . c im mu
Mu c gia cng vi chnh xc nht nh, theo yu cu c th
trong cc quy chun, v d trong th nghim nn, li lm b mt khng
c qu 0,03mm v sai lch v song song gia hai mt y khng c
qu 0,05mm. Mu c ly ra t khi , dng cc tng , tch ra bng
phng php khoan l lin l, hoc cc cc o ra, nhng khng gy ra
cc vt nt n do o. Trn hnh 3-2 l cc s th nghim ph bin.
Tri qua qu trnh pht trin, ngy nay trn th gii c nhiu thit b
th nghim c ci tin, hon thin. Ni chung, cc my hin i cho
php th nghim theo chng trnh nh sn, chng hn vi ch iu
khin ti trng hay ch iu khin bin dng; ng thi cc kt qu o
c ghi nhn t ng v hin th trn my tnh, x l theo chng trnh.
Trn hnh 3-3 cho thy mt s thit b th nghim hin i, bao gm
my th nghim nn ba trc, ko, nn mt trc; my lin hp th nghim ct
cho php thc hin th nghim ct v nn mt trc.
CHD/2005/C3
63
nn
mt trc
ko
mt trc
nn/ko
tch
ct
bin gc
ct
F
nn
hai trc
nn
ba trc
nn ba trc
thc s 1
2
3
2
1 2 =3
3
1 2 3
CHD/2005/C3
64
3.1.1.1. Th nghim nn
Th nghim nn l phng php ph bin nht, cc biu hin bin
dng (quan h gia ng sut v bin dng) ca ch yu c nghin cu
thng qua th nghim nn. iu trc tin l do nguyn nhn k thut
bi v th nghim nn d thc hin hn th nghim ko. Mt khc, do
bn ko ca thng c th nh ti 1/10 n 1/30 bn nn, nn biu
hin bin dng khi chu ko t c quan tm v thc t cng kh xc nh.
Thng thng phn bit hai ch th nghim l:
iu khin ti trng v
iu khin bin dng.
Trong ch iu khin ti trng, lc tc dng thng c tng hay
gim dn vi tc khng i (nn vi tc tng ti c nh) hoc c
gi c nh (nn vi ti trng c nh hay th nghim t bin). Ch iu
khin bin dng c trng bi qu trnh th nghim gi cho tc bin
dng ca mu khng i.
Trong qu trnh cht ti (tng v gim ti) ln mt mu , khng ch
c mu m c h thng cht ti cng b bin dng. Ty theo cng ca
h thng cht ti ca my th nghim, so vi cng ca mu th nghim,
cc my th nghim c phn ra hai nhm:
my c cng ln hay h thng cng v
my c cng nh hay h thng mm.
bin thin ca ng c tnh khi gim ti ca h thng cht ti
phn nh cng ca my. Vi F l lc tc dng, l l bin dng tuyt i,
km l cng, trn hnh 3-4, cho v d h thng a1 c cng ln hn h
thng a2. Ni chung cc h thng th nghim ch cho php iu khin ti
trng thng l h thng mm.
F
kch nn
khi lng
a1
a2
l xo
mu
mu
km
l
CHD/2005/C3
65
dn k dc
CHD/2005/C3
66
tm nn
ng
dn du
bung
nn
p lc
Hnh 3-7. Chun b mu nn ba trc:
mu trong bung nn thy lc
3.1.1.2. Th nghim nn tch/ko tch
bn ca khi chu ko c th c
xc nh bng cc phng php sau:
ko n trc hay mt trc,
ko tch hay nn tch,
ko qua un,
ko qua th nghim ba trc.
Tuy nhin, do nhng kh khn v chi
ph nn phng php c p dng ph
bin hin nay l ko tch hay nn tch
(hnh 3-8), tc l nn mu hnh tr dc theo
ng sinh. Phng php ny cng c
gi l phng php Bradin.
CHD/2005/C3
67
Phng php hnh thnh xut pht t li gii bi ton nn tm trn bng
ti trng tp trung trong l thuyt n hi. Khi chu nn, theo hng vung
gc vi mt ct dc theo ng sinh xut hin ng sut ko v gy ph hy
mu do ko (hnh 3-9) khi ng sut ko t kh nng chu ko ca mu.
Fmax
Hnh 3-9. Mt ph hy
khi ko tch
bn ko qua th nghim ko tch c xc nh theo biu thc:
2F
*
= max
K
.D.L
(3-1)
3.1.1.3. Th nghim ct
Th nghim ct hay trt c s
dng xc nh kh nng chu ti ca
mu khi chu ct thun ty hoc ct
kt hp nn. Hnh 3-10 l mt my th
nghim ct hin i, cho php phi hp
gy lc nn v cc lc ct. Bng th
nghim ny xc nh c trng thi
ph hy do ct, qua cc thnh phn ng
sut php v ng sut tip ti thi im
mu b ph hy, c th trong mi quan
h:
(3-2)
F(*, *) =0
Ngha l ng vi mt gi tr * lun c
mt gi tr * tng ng gy ra ph hy
ct hay trt, ty theo loi .
CHD/2005/C3
68
CHD/2005/C3
69
dc trc
a)
ngang trc
th tch
* = ph hy
N cc vt nt
dc trc
pht trin
khng n
nh
cc vt nt pht
trin n nh
bin dng
n hi tuyn tnh
khe nt khp li
dc
ngang
b)
Trc ph hy
Sau ph hy
ng sut nn dc trc
*
N
CHD/2005/C3
70
CHD/2005/C3
71
CHD/2005/C3
72
1
2
1: v= 11MPa/s ;
2: v= 2,5MPa/s ;
3: v= 0,4MPa/s ;
4: v= 0,002MPa/s ;
5: v= 0,00072MPa/s .
D
L
[%]
Hnh 3-15. nh
hng ca nhit
n bin dng
ca mui m
80 C
[%]
CHD/2005/C3
73
ph
hy
dn
PH
do
gim
bn
bn d
CHD/2005/C3
74
H
D
hnh
dng
CHD/2005/C3
75
ng sut nn [MPa]
Biu hin n hi
khng ch nhn thy trc
gii hn ph hy ca vt
th, kt qu th nghim
nhiu loi cng cho
thy ngay c trng thi
sau ph hy vn c th
cn c biu hin n hi.
Trn hnh 3-21 l s
phn nh biu hin n
hi ca mu sau gii
hn ph hy, khi mu
c biu hin do gim bn.
CHD/2005/C3
76
PH
0,75.PH
0,5.PH
0,25.PH
ngang trc
EC
dc trc
ET
TP
CHD/2005/C3
77
8. *
*
N TN
=
N TC
D
7 + 2.
H
100
(3-4)
trong *
... bn nn n trc
N TC
tnh chuyn hay quy i [MPa],
... bn nn n trc xc nh bng
*
N TN
th nghim [MPa],
D... ng knh mu th nghim [mm],
H... chiu cao mu th nghim [mm].
Khng c xc nh bn nn trn mu
c t l H :D<1 ; mi quan h gia ng sutbin dng ch nn th nghim cc mu ti
thiu c t l H :D>1,5.
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
N TC
8. *
N TN
D
7 + 2.
H
0,90
0,88
1,0
1,8
2,0
CHD/2005/C3
78
a) song song vi
mt phn lp,
mt phn phin
=00
b) nghing so vi
mt phn lp,
mt phn phin
0<<900
c) vung gc vi
mt phn lp,
mt phn phin
=900
Gc nghing so vi
mt phn phin
T phn ca bn nn %
T phn ca bn nn %
Gc nghing so vi
mt phn phin
CHD/2005/C3
79
100
80
60
40
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
0,9
W (%)
ng sut nn n trc
trc ph hy
PH
TT
gim ti
sau ph hy
E=/
TT: gii hn
tuyn tnh hay
n hi;
PH= N*
ti cht ti
W = d
tp
max
E0 =
CHD/2005/C3
dh
tp
v D 0 =
d
tp
(3-5)
80
CHD/2005/C3
81
CHD/2005/C3
82
Trn mu
bn nn [MPa]
bn nn [MPa]
Ti hin trng
ny li Re
Hnh 3-29 . Biu tnh chuyn ny v bn nn n trc
theoWOSZIDLO 1989 cho ba loi N
ny li Re
Th nghim nn im
Th nghim nn im c th thc hin c trn mu , di dng li khoan v c
cc mu khng quy cch, ly bt k ngay ti ch hay ti hin trng, vi kch thc v
hnh dng tng i. Trong cc phng php th nghim, phng php nn im l mt
phng php xc nh gin tip bn nn n trc ca , ng nhin cng c th xc
nh bn ko n trc, trn c s cc hm tng quan thc nghim. Ban u phng
php ny c pht trin kim tra nhanh li khoan ti hin trng v cc cc , cung
cp gi tr tng i v bn c th a ra c cc c quyt nh kp thi. Nh
c nhng tin b trong pht trin dng c th nghim v x l s liu bng phng php
thng k, phng php ny cng c s dng trong phng th nghim, cnh tranh vi
phng php xc nh bn nn mu hnh tr. Phng php c s dng rng ri nh
kh nng thc hin nhanh v chun b mu n gin.
Phng php nn im c bit hay c s dng khi kh gia cng c mu hnh
tr, c th l :
vi cc li khoan b gy, ph hy,
ti cc i ph hy hay vng b phong ha,
cc lp mng,
khi phn phin mnh v mt phn phin li nm nghing so vi li khoan,
khng th xc nh c bn nn ln nht bng mu hnh tr.
Trong cc trng hp trn, phng php nn im c coi l kh nng cui cng
c th xc nh bn nn ca .
Mu c t vo gia hai u t hnh cn ca dng c th nghim v nhn ti
cho n khi b ph hy (hnh 3-30 )
Ch s bn nn hay ch s nn im IS ban u c nh ngha theo biu thc:
F
I = max
(3-6)
s
2
D
vi D l ng knh hay kch thc mu o bng khong cch gia hai u t [mm];
CHD/2005/C3
83
mu
kch
thy
lc
ng h
o p lc
van
qu
p
my
bm
du
20
Ch s nn im IS [MN/m2]
x
15
10
5
ct kt
xx x
xx
x
x xx x x
x
x
0
xxx
0
50
100
x
qucxt x x
x
x
x x
xx x x
x
x x x xx x
x
x
x
xx
N = 24. IS
200
250
300
350
bn nn n trc [MN/m2]
Hnh 3-31. Quan h gia bn nn n trc v ch s nn im IS
CHD/2005/C3
150
84
L/D >0,7
nn dc mu
bn nn n trc [MPa]
nn ngang mu
N =22.IS,50
Ch s nn im IS [MPa]
CHD/2005/C3
85
L
D
De
0,3W<D <W
mu hnh tr
L
W
D
Deng
De knh
tng
ng
L>0,5D; 0,3W<D<W
mu hnh hp
L>0,5D
0,3W<D<W; W=(W1+W2)/2
Hnh 3-33. nh
ngha ng knh
tng ng khi th
nghim nn im
Cc dng ph
hy khng hp
l
Cc dng ph hy
c chp nhn
CHD/2005/C3
86
N
N
trc vi th nguyn l MPa, v d c bn nn bng 150 MPa, c h s kin c
CHD/2005/C3
87
Hnh 3-35.
Biu t
bin ca
phin mica
0 = 30MPa
0 = 20MPa
CHD/2005/C3
88
.104
1
1: 0 =27MPa;
2: 0 =25,5MPa;
3: 0 =24MPa;
4: 0 =18MPa;
5: 0 =15MPa.
120
80
4
5
40
t [gi]
150
300
450
2
1
0
3
t[gi]
= 0 + 1 +2 +3
( 3-8)
CHD/2005/C3
89
Cch phn chia nh trn thun tu do suy din t hnh dng ca biu
tng qut. T kt qu phn tch l thuyt v c im bin dng ca ,
c ch n tnh gim bn, cho thy c th chia biu theo bin dng t bin
ra lm hai giai on l bin dng n nh v bin dng khng n nh
(Nguyn Quang Phch, 1987).
Cc kt qu th nghim t bin cng cho thy kh nng chu ti ca
nhiu loi ph thuc vo thi gian, ngha l khi cng ca ng sut
vt qu mt gii hn nht nh, cc mu s b ph hy vo nhng thi
im nht nh, ty thuc vo cng ca ng sut. Gi tr gii hn
c gi l bn lu di *,, l tr s ng sut nn ln nht mu cn
c th chu c m khng b ph hu trong qu trnh th nghim t bin.
S ph thuc ca bn theo thi gian c xc nh theo quy nh
nh trn hnh 3-38. Chng hn, nu quy c coi thi im biu t bin
chuyn t giai on 2 sang giai on 3 l thi im ph hu t* v ng sut
tc dng vo mu l ng sut gy ph hu, khi t cc cp tr s (t*4, 40);
(t*3, 30); (t*2, 20); (t*1, 10) s xc nh c quy lut ph thuc gia
cng ca ng sut tc dng v thi gian ph hy trn biu thc
nghim * = *(t*). Gi tr tim cn ca * trn th thc nghim khi
t l bn lu di *.
40
30
20
10
t*4 t*3
t*2
t*1
*
t*
CHD/2005/C3
90
*N/*
1,36
1,55
2,00
1,35
1,43
Tn
vi
Ct kt
phin st
St kt
Mui m
Hnh 3-39 l v d in
hnh v kt qu th nghim nn ba
trc. Kt qu cho thy r nh
hng ca p lc hay ng sut
xung quanh trong th nghim nn
ba trc n biu ng sut
bin dng, cng nh kh nng
chu ti ca . Vi cc ng sut
xung quanh nh, c biu
hin dn. Vi ng sut xung
quanh cng ln cho thy kh
nng chu ti cng cao v mc
gim bn nn trong giai on
sau ph hy cng nh hay cng
chm. n trng thi xc nh,
th sau phy hy c th c dng
CHD/2005/C3
ng sut dc trc
1
Bin dng dc trc
91
ng thng. y l ranh gii chuyn tip t biu hin dn-do sang biu
hin do (bin dng tng khi ng sut khng i).
Tuy nhin, s nh hng cng cn ty thuc vo loi th
nghim. V d trn hnh 3-40 (a) v (b) l kt qa th nghim ca Karnman
cho cc mu hoa (a) v ct kt (b). Kt qu th nghim cho thy rng
khi thnh phn ng sut xung quanh cng ln, kh nng bin dng do ca
mu cng tng, ng thi cng ca cc thnh phn ng sut gii hn,
gy ph hu v gi tr bin dng ca mu ti thi im ph hy cng
cng ln. Biu bin dng c dng thay i t khi p lc xung quanh thay
i.
[MPa]
3=300MPa
400
3=160MPa
[MPa]
3=250MPa
400
3=150MPa
3=80MPa
200
200
3=50MPa
3=50MPa
3=25MPa
3=0MPa
3=0MPa
0
a)
[%]
0
b)
[%]
Hnh 3-40. Biu bin dng khi chu nn ba trc ca hoa (a) v
ct kt (b) theo Karman
Hnh 3-41 l kt qu th nghim mui xinvin. y cho thy
dng biu bin dng hu nh khng i khi thay i p lc xung quanh.
[MPa]
3=80MPa
100
3=30MPa
3=20MPa
75
3=0MPa
25
[%]
0
10
15
20
CHD/2005/C3
92
Bin dng
ngang [%]
CHD/2005/C3
93
ng sut ko [MPa]
CHD/2005/C3
94
T l phn trm ca bn ko %
Gc nghing so
vi cc mt
phn phin nh
CHD/2005/C3
95
ng sut ct [MPa]
= 44,60
d = 38,60
CHD/2005/C3
96
=300
=450
2 =600
3 [ MPa]
CHD/2005/C3
97
dn
dn-do
do
Cc biu hin ph hy trn mu hoa khi nn ba trc
Hnh 3-49. Cc dng ph hy nhn c bng thc nghim
Biu hin ph hu dn c c trng bi du hiu l ti thi im b
ph hu bin dng t i cn kh nh, cha xut hin bin dng do. Biu
ng sut-bin dng hu nh khng c giai on sau ph hy.
Ph hu c coi l dn do, nu trong mu th nghim xut hin
thnh phn bin dng do cng vi bin dng n hi trc khi b ph hy.
CHD/2005/C3
98
>20
20-10
rt dn
dn
10-5
dai (do)
<5
CHD/2005/C3
99
* = c + *.tg (3-9)
Trng thi ng sut gii hn cng c th m phng qua mi quan h
gia cc ng sut chnh. Theo Mohr mi quan h gia cc ng sut chnh
ln nht n nh nht trng thi gii hn ( 1* ; 3* ) c th coi gn ng l
khng ph thuc vo thnh phn ng sut th hai 2* . Trong trng thi ng
sut vi 2* = 3* (v d nn trong bung Karman).
1* =
1 + sin *
2cos
3 + c
1 sin
1 sin
CHD/2005/C3
(3-10)
100
1*
N* *
3 = N*
*
K
(3-11)
N* K*
= arcsin *
N + K*
(3-12)
1 * *
c = N . K
2
Tiu chun ph hy Mohr-Coulomb cho rng ph hy xy ra dng
ph hy ct hay ph hy trt, trn mt mt to vi phng ng sut chnh
nh nht mt gc = 450 + / 2 . Nhng trong thc t gc ph hy khi ko
n trc li vung gc vi hng ng sut chnh ln nht.
Ni chung, ng bao dng ng thng trn biu - ni chung
khng chnh xc so vi kt qu th nghim nn ba trc trong nhiu trng
hp. Nguyn nhn l do cc loi c biu hin ph hy khc nhau (ph
hy dn, ph hy trt, ph hy do) trong cc iu kin khc nhau.
ng bao Mohr thc nghim c dng khc vi ng thng l c s
ca nhiu tiu chun bn, c pht trin trong c hc . Chng hn,
Hoek v Brown (1980) xut ng bao dng parabol nh trn
hnh 3-51 v 3-52.
nn
mt
trc
nn
ba
trc
ko mt trc
CHD/2005/C3
101
1*
nn
ba
trc
nn
mt
trc
ko mt trc
Ko
3*
Nn
1 = 3 + m. 3 + s
*
*
*
N
N
N
(3-13)
CHD/2005/C3
102
CHD/2005/C3
103
CHD/2005/C3
104
wt 0
1 exp
E
wt
0
(3-14)
Khi thnh phn ng sut tnh t tr s gii hn do trn, bin dng ton
phn nhn gi tr = * = ch*/E, cn ng sut gii hn ton phn bng
*, xc nh theo biu thc:
(3-15)
+
E N E
N E
E N
N *
* ch* E N vt0
exp
EN
vt0
(3-16)
N ** *
* ch* E N vt0
exp
EN
E
vt0
N E
E N vt0 E N
=0
N E
N E
**
(3-17)
Tip theo l biu hin bin dng nht thun tu, tun theo quy lut:
ch*
N
(
+
CHD/2005/C3
**2 )
2 v
(3-18)
105
**
*
= v = const
*
**
d*
E
2 2 d* *2 2 d* *
2v
2v
(3-19)
CHD/2005/C3
106
= d = ** =
ch*
(3-23)
N
Khi thnh phn ng sut tnh cng nh gii hn do ng ch**
*
N
*
ch
N =0
0 <N <E
**
CHD/2005/C3
107
(3-24)
0 > ch*
Trong trng hp th nht, m hnh c biu hin bin dng n hinht nh m hnh Kelvin. Gia bin dng t bin, thi gian v ng sut c
mi quan h
=
t0 =
1 exp ( t / t0 )
(3-25)
CHD/2005/C3
108
Trong trng hp th hai 0 > ch* , khi u m hnh c biu hin bin
dng n hi-nht cho n thi im t*, khi ng sut tnh t gi tr gii hn
do ln nht ch* , c th l:
= * = ch* / E
(3-27)
t = ch* 1 exp ( t */ t0 )
ch*
E
N t t*
EN
( 0 ch* ) exp
1
EN t
EN
(3-29)
t ** = t * + t0 =
0
EN
E
ln
= t*
*
N
0 ch N
(3-30)
Ti thi im ny, bin dng ton phn nhn gi tr = **. Sau thi im
ny bin dng mang tnh nht thun tu v tng theo thi gian, c din t
bi phng trnh sau:
ch* 0 t t **
(3-31)
+
N E t0
T cc biu thc (3-25), (3-29) v (3-31) c th biu din cc biu t
bin nh trn hnh 3-56.
**
*
0 > ch*
0 = ch*
0 < ch*
t
Hnh 3-56. Biu t bin l thuyt
CHD/2005/C3
109
'
**
2 > d*
' = '(t)
1 d*
t**
t
t*
Hnh 3-57. S xc nh cc tham s c hc
xc nh cc tham s E v ch cn th t bin vi ng sut tc dng
nh hn gii hn do ln nht. Trc tin, xc nh gn ng (bin dng
khi t). V = 1 /E nn c E=1/ . Khi h s nht c tnh t
biu thc:
=
Et
ln (1 E / 1 )
(3-32)
CHD/2005/C3
110
(3-33)
CHD/2005/C3
111