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Common assumptions:
Dilute and immiscible gas-liquid phases L and V streams are
constant from stage to stage
Concentrated or miscible L and V streams can increase or
decrease from stage to stage
How will this affect the number of theoretical stages?
Are the analytical equations still valid?
1. Tray designs
Valve cap
Bubble cap
Perforated
V1, y1
VN+1, yN+1
LN, xN
L0, x0
V1, y1
VN+1, yN+1
LN, xN
L2
y2
x2
z
dz
x
V1
L1
y1
x1