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SHR Chapter 6

Absorption & Stripping

Introduction

Graphical Methods

Packed Towers

SHR 6.1

Introduction
Trayed
tower

Goals:

minimize mass transfer resistance to
achieve equilibrium on each tray

minimize bubble carry-over to tray below

minimize liquid entrainment to tray above

minimize weeping of liquid through
holes in tray

Types of Trays
perforated

valve cap

bubble cap

SHR 6.1.1

Regimes in a Trayed Tower


Froth

Spray

gas phase is continuous
(low liquid depths, high gas
flow rates)

gas passes through liquid as


jets or a series of bubbles

Bubble

low gas flow rates swarms of bubbles

Emulsion

Cellular Foam

(think blowing bubbles
in chocolate milk)

Structured Packing

Unstructured Packing

SHR 6.1.2

Packed Towers

SHR 6.1.3

Other Configurations
Spray tower

very low pressure drop

use for absorption only when
solute is highly soluble in the
liquid (e.g. SO2 in flue gas)

Bubble column

absorption

high pressure drop

use when solute is poorly
soluble in liquid

use when slow chemical
reactions occur that require
long residence time

Centrifugal contactor

short residence time

compact

Heuristics & Design Considerations


Trayed towers

reliable design

low liquid velocities

liquid phase (the continuous phase) is typically mass-transfer limiting

Unstructured Packed towers



corrosive environments

small towers (<2 ft diameter, <20 ft tall)

when foaming problems tend to occur

gas phase (continuous phase) is typically mass-transfer limiting

Structured packed towers



(expensive!)

retrofit when trying to get more efficiency

low pressure drop

gas phase (continuous phase) is typically mass-transfer limiting

Analysis Approach
Trayed towers:

analyze each tray as an equilibrium problem

what assumption here???

write coupled equations for mass & energy balances between trays

Other towers (packed, etc.):



Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP)

effective height acts as one tray

vendors of packing report this value

SHR 6.3

Graphical Methods

Some Terminology
Assume that only solute is transferred from
one phase to another (no vaporization of
liquid or condensation of gas carriers).
L

V

x

y

X

Y

Molar flow rate of solute-free liquid



Molar flow rate of solute-free gas

mole fraction of solute in liquid

mole fraction of solute in gas

mole ratio of solute to solute-free liquid

mole ratio of solute to solute-free gas
y
x
Y =
X=
1 y
1 x

Absorber

Solute enters in gas.

Liquid absorbent enters
from top of column.

What does XL and


YV represent?

Note different
tray ordering
convention...

For the absorber:


Xi-1

Yi

Streams leaving the tray are


assumed to be in equilibrium
Stage "i"

Xi

Yi+1

yi
Ki =
=
xi

Yi/(1+Yi )
Xi/(1+Xi )

Stripper

Solute enters in liquid.

Stripping agent enters
bottom of column.

SHR 6.3.2

Mole Balances & Operating Lines


Solute balance around arbitrary # of trays
in the top section of the absorber:
0

X0 L + Yn+1 V = Xn L + Y1 V
solute flow rate in

Yn+1 = (Xn

Absorber

Solute enters in gas.



Liquid absorbent enters
from top of column.

solute flow rate out

L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1 (absorber)
V

For an absorber, we typically know


YN+1, X0 and V. Therefore, we get
to choose L to achieve desired Y1.
L0
= slope of operating line
0
V
0
What happens as L /V 0 ! 1 ?

We know
these.

What happens as L0/V 0 gets small?

Yn = (Xn+1

L0
X1 ) 0 + Y0 (stripper)
V

design
variable

SHR 6.3.3

Absorber: Minimum Flow Rate


L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V

Yn+1 = (Xn
This is the best we can achieve
given the inlet constraints.

Over the whole tower (n=N):

0
V
(YN +1 Y1 )
0
L =
XN X0

Lmin corresponds to equilibrium


with XN and YN+1.

KN

L0min

V 0 (YN +1
YN +1/[YN +1 (KN

yN +1
=
=
xN

Y1 )
1)+KN ]

X0

0
Corresponding
L
0
(fraction stripped)
equation for a Vmin =
KN
stripper:

YN +1/(1+YN +1 )

Absorber

Solute enters in gas.

Liquid absorbent enters
from top of column.

Why are these in equilibrium?

XN/(1+XN )

For dilute solutes


(Y y and X x):

L0min

=V

yN +1 y1
yN +1/KN
x0

If X0 0 then:

L0min = V 0 KN (fraction absorbed)

As V , Lmin.

Examples
Yn+1 = (Xn

L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V

Given: feed stream composition, gas flow


rate, solvent loading (XN), and recovery (Y1),

Find: solvent flow rate.
YN+1

Given: feed stream


composition & flow
rates, recovery (Y1)

Find: XN.

YN+1

V'
L'

KX

YN+1

Given: feed stream


composition & flow rates,
solvent loading (XN)

Find: Y1.

Y1
V'

X0

XN

L'

L'

V'

Y1

X0

KX

Y1

XN

X0

KX

XN

SHR 6.3.4

Number of Equilibrium Stages


Operating line:

For the absorber:


X
i-1

Yn+1 = (Xn

Streams leaving the tray are

Y
i

assumed to be in equilibrium

Stage "i"
Xi

Streams passing one another


Yi+1

equilibrium
relates Yi
and Xi.

are on the operating line.

L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V

1. Locate the point for the solvent feed


(X0) and desired Y1 on the graph.

2. Determine operating line from V and L.

3. March off to determine the stages
(assuming each stage is in equilibrium)

What happens to the


number of stages as L/V
approaches or its
minimum?

SHR 6.4 presents an alternative to this formulation.

Algebraic Approach
Operating line:

L0
X0 ) 0 + Y1
V

Yn+1 = (Xn

Given: X0, Y1, L/V,



1. K1 = Y1/X1 solve for X1.

2. Find Y2 from the operating line.

3. K2 = Y2/X2 solve for X2.

4. Find Y3 from the operating line.

Must have a model for Ki.


If Ki is not a function of composition:

1. Calculate Ki at given T and P.

2. Follow steps outlined above.

If Ki is a function of composition:

1. Guess Xi. (note that Yi is known from
operating line).

2. Calculate Ki.

3. Update guess for Xi and return to step 2 if
not converged.

Number of Stages for Strippers


Yn = (Xn+1

L0
X1 ) 0 + Y0
V

Stage Efficiency
Complex function of:

tray design/geometry

fluid dynamics on trays

Typically less than 50%
efficient (10%-50%)

trays are not at equilibrium!

more viscous liquids typically lead
to lower efficiencies (inhibit mass
transfer)

Nt
Eo
Na

# theoretical
(equilibrium) stages
# actual stages

Data over a wide range of column diameters,


pressures, temperatures and liquid viscosities.

Empirical correlation for stage efficiency

KML L
log Eo = 1.597 0.199 log
L

2
KML L
0.0896 log
L

Other (less empirical) methods


exist - see SHR 6.5.4.

SHR 6.7

Packed Columns
SHR 6.7

Analysis Options
Option 1: graphical techniques

HETP is known

HETP = (height) / (number of theoretical equilibrium stages)

lT
Use methods previously discussed to get number of trays/stages

solve for height given number of stages

= HETP Nt

HETP is typically found empirically & supplied by packing vendors.



!

Option 2: rate-based techniques



Use mass transfer coefficients (and a few hefty assumptions)

See SHR 6.7 for more details.

Operating Lines
Here, x and y are

bulk compositions.

Solute mole balance:

Solute mole balance:

xin Lin + yV` = xL` + yout Vout


For dilute solutions, V and L
are approximately constant:

y=x

L
V

+ yout

xin

L
V

Packed absorber operating line

xL` + yin Vin = xout Lout + yV`


For dilute solutions, V and L
are approximately constant:

y=x

L
V

+ yin

xout

L
V

Packed stripper operating line

Finite-Rate Mass Transfer


(Back to Two-Film Theory)

J = ky (y

Gas

yI )

Often we dont know the surface area for


mass transfer from all of the packing.

r = Ja = ky a(y

bulk gas
composition
y or p

yI )

= kx a(xI

gas
com film
pos
ition

xI or cI

x)

r = mass transfer rate per


3
mol
unit volume,
/(m s)

Interface

y*

Liquid

x*
yI or pI
liq
co uid
mp fil
os m
itio
n

a = surface area per unit


volume of packing

y = yI

kx a
(x
ky a

relative resistance of
mass transfer between
the two phases

xI )

Overall mass transfer coefficient approach:

r = Ky a (y y ) = Kx a (x

1
1
K
=
+
Ky a
ky a kx a
1
1
1
=
+
Kx a
kx a Kky a

bulk liquid
composition
x or c

x)

Mole fraction solute in gas, y

Making Connections...
ng

(y, x)
A

ti
a
er

p
O L
x

e
il n
+

x in
yo

ut

Applicable
for small x, y.

bulk gas
composition
y or p

(yI , xI )

AB line: y = yI

(y , x)
Operating line: y = x

Mole fraction solute in liquid, x

From Mass-transfer notes on two-film theory:


Liquid mole fraction NA = Kx (x
x Ab )
A
Gas mole fraction

= Ky (yAb

yI or pI

y*

What do AE and
AF represent?

yA )

kx a
(x
ky a

L
V

y Ab
=
KA

yA
= x Ab K A
xA

Liquid

x*

xI or cI

(y, x )
B

gas
com film
pos
ition

um x
i
r
ilib y=K
u
q e,
E
C
rv
cu

= F

Interface

Gas

li
co quid
mp fil
os m
itio
n

xI )

bulk liquid
composition
x or c

comes from
equating r in
bulk and interface.

+ yout

xin

L
V

1
1
1
=
+
Kx
KA k y
kx
1
1
KA
=
+
Ky
ky
kx

HOG - NOG (Getting the height)


Material balance over dl:
Change in gas phase: V (y + dy) - Vy
Transfer to liquid phase: Kya (y - y*) S dl

Ky aS
V

lT
0

Ky aSlT
dl =
=
V

What leaves the gas, goes to the liquid:

V dy = Ky a(y
Z

yin
yout

y )S dl

dy
y y

yin
dy
V
lT =
Ky aS yout y y HOG:
Height of a (gas) transfer unit (HTU)

| {z } |
{z
} NOG:
Number of (gas) transfer units (NTU)
HOG

NOG

A
For y* = Kx (constant K), and linear
NOG =
ln
operating line (dilute solute),
A 1

A = L/(KV )

(A 1) (yin Kxin ) 1
+ /A
A (yout Kxin )
A - Absorption factor

see SHR 5.4.1 for derivation of A.

Given Ky (overall gas-phase MTC), flow rates (L/V), and K, we can get lT.

HOG, NOG, Nt & HETP

Mole fraction solute in gas, y

HOG:

NOG:

Nt:

HETP:

in
at

(y, x)
A

r
e
p
O L
x
= F
y

e
il n
+

Height of a (gas) transfer unit (HTU)



Number of (gas) transfer units (NTU)

Number of theoretical stages

Height-equivalent of a theoretical plate

x in
y ou

m
u
i
ibr =Kx
l
i
qu e, y
E
C
rv
u
c

(y, x )
E

A = L/(KV )

(yI , xI )

(y , x)

Mole fraction solute in liquid, x

HETP = HOG
Nt = NOG

A
1

A
1

ln (1/A)

ln (1/A)

Note: if operating & equilibrium


curves are parallel then L/V = K.
Then what is the relationship
between HETP and HOG?

Example
!

3,500 lbmol/hr

water

L, xin

V, yout

Two 12 sections of 1.5 metal Pall ring packing



4 diameter column

K = 0.85 for ethylene-oxide

kya = 200 lbmol/(h-ft3)

kxa = 165 lbmol/(h-ft3)

Find HETP for this packing.

T=30 C

P=20 atm

HETP = HOG
HOG
V, yin
2,500 lbmol/hr

2% ethylene oxide in
inert gas

L, xout

A
1

V
=
Ky aS

ln (1/A)

A = L/(KV )

1
1
K
=
+
Ky a
ky a kx a

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