02-LineConstants Siemens

Line Constants
Sector Energy
D SE PTI NC
Steffen Schmidt
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Introduction
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Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights

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Overhead Lines and Cables
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Overhead Lines
Tower Outlines
L1, L2, L3 System 1

M1, M2, M3 System 2
G
Ground wire
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Overhead Lines
Conductor Types
Aluminium conductor steel reinforced
(ACSR, Al/St, AL1/ST1A)
Aluminium alloy conductor

(AAAC, Ald, AL2 AL5)
Galvanized steel conductor (only for earth wires)
(St, ST1A)
Aluminium clad steel conductor (only for earth wires)
(ACS, St-Al-um, A20SA)
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Single Core Cable

Principle Construction
Conductor
Aluminium
Copper
Insulation
XLPE
PVC
Paper, mass-impregnated
Oil
Cable screen, armour
Copper screen
Aluminium sheath
Lead sheath
Steel tape armour
Outer protection
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Copyright
Copyright Siemens AG 2008.
2007. All rights
reserved.
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Importance of Line Characteristics
Line Characteristics are necessary for
Network planning (load flow, short circuit)
Design of equipment
Fault clearing
Protection setting (especially distance protection)
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Overhead Lines and Cables

Equivalent Circuits
positive sequence system ( = negative sequence system)
A
U(1)A
R(1)
I(1)A
X(1)
I(1)E
G (1)
C(1)
C(1)
G (1)
E
U(1)E
01
zero sequence system

A
U(0)A
R(0)
I(0)A
X(0)
I(0)E
G ( 0)
C( 0 )
C( 0 )
G ( 0)
E
U(0)E
00
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Calculation by Hand / Pocket Calculator

Formulas and Examples
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Conductor with ground return
Conductor
Current
Infinite ground plane
Current
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Self Impedance of Line-Earth Loop
Z S Rint R ext j Xint X ext

Rint
q
R ext
1
0
8
Xint L i
1
n
X ext 0 f ln
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DE
r

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Data
Internal Inductance
1
Li 0 r
8
DE 660
0 = 1,26 10-3 H/km
r= 1
Li = 0,05 mH/km
Equivalent depth of return path of

earth current
E
f
E = 100 m
f = 50 Hz
DE = 930 m
r n rt n
2 sin 180
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n 1
Equivalent radius of bundle

conductor
r t = 16 mm
s = 400 mm n = 2
r = 81 mm
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Input Data
dab
2rt
DE
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Two conductors with ground return
Conductor
Current
Infinite ground plane
Current
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Mutual Impedance between Line-Earth Loops
Z M R M j XM
1
RM 0
8
XM 0 f ln
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DE
dab

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Positive Sequence Impedance

UR IR Z S IS ZM IT ZM
UR IR Z S IS IT ZM
IR IS IT 0
for positive
sequence:
UR IR Z S ZM
1
ZS ZS R ZS S ZS T
3
UR
Z S ZM
IR
1
ZM ZM RS ZM ST ZM TR
3
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Z1 Z S Z M

reserved.
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Z1 Z S Z M
Z1 R1 j X1
R1 Rint R ext RM
R1
X1 Xint X ext XM
1
1
0 0
q 8
8
1
De
De
0 f ln
0 f ln
n
r
dm
X1 L i
dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R

1 1
d
X1 2 f 0 r 0 f ln m
8
n
r
R1
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d
r
ln m
r
4 n
X1 f 0
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Example Overhead line Given Data
Conductor:
70 mm Al
Cross-Section:q = 70 mm
Diameter:
d = 10.5 mm
Resistivity Al: Al = 29 mm/km

r = 1
Permeability Al:
Frequency:
f = 50 Hz
Soil resistivity: E = 100 m

0 = 4
Magnetic constant:
10-4 H/km
s/km
=0.00126
Positive Sequence
Impedance ??
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Example Overhead line Result
R1
29 mm 2
R1
70mm 2 km
km
R1 0.41
d
r
ln m
r
4 n
X1 f 0
dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R

dm 3 1.4m 1.4m 2.8m 1.76m
50 0.00126 s 1
1.76m
ln
s km
0.00525m
4 1
X1 0.38
km
X1
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Zero Sequence Impedance

UR IR Z S IS ZM IT ZM
UR IR Z S IS IT ZM
for zero sequence: IR IS IT
UR IR Z S 2 ZM
1
ZS ZS R ZS S ZS T
3
UR
Z S 2 ZM
IR
1
ZM ZM RS ZM ST ZM TR
3
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Z 0 Z S 2 ZM

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Z 0 Z S 2 ZM
Z0 R 0 j X 0
R 0 Rint R ext 2 RM
R0
1
2
0 0
q 8
8
X0 Xint X ext 2 XM
X0 Li
1
De
De
0 f ln
2 0 f ln
n
r
dm
dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R
r
De3
X0 f 0
0 f ln
4 n
r dm2
R0
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3
0
q 8
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r
De3
X 0 f 0
ln
4
n
r d2m
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Conductor:
70 mm Al
Cross-Section:q = 70 mm
Diameter:
d = 10.5 mm
Resistivity Al: Al = 29 mm/km

Permeability Al:
Frequency:
r = 1
f = 50 Hz
Soil resistivity: E = 100 m

Magnetic constant:
10-4 H/km
s/km
0 = 4
=0.00126
Zero Sequence
Impedance ??
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R0
3
0
q 8
29 mm 2 3 0.00126 s 50 2
R0

70mm 2 km 8
km
s
R 0 0.56
km
r
De3
X0 f 0
ln
2
r dm
4 n
De 660
E
930m
f
50 0.00126 s 1
930 3
X0
ln
2
s km
0.00525 1.76
4
X 0 1.57
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km
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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitances

of an Overhead Line
Positive Sequence
Capacitance:
2 r 0
C1
d
ln
r
S
dRS
dST
T
dTR
Zero Sequence
Capacitance:
hS
hT
hR
C0
Page 24
relative dielectric constant (in air: r = 1)
dielectric constant (8.854 nF/km)
conductor distance
conductor height
line sag
radius of conductor
28.06.2008
2 r 0
2h
3 ln
3
r d2
d 3 dRS dST dTR
h 3 hR hS hT 0.7 s
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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitance

Conductor:
70 mm Al
Diameter:
d = 10.5 mm
Frequency:
f = 50 Hz
Max. line sag:
s=4m
Dielectric constant: 0 = 8.854

nF/km
Positive Sequence
Capacitance ??
Zero Sequence
Capacitance ??
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Positive Sequence Capacitance

C1
2 r 0
d
ln
r
d 3 dRS dST dTR
d 3 1.4m 1.4m 2.8m 1.76m
C1
2 1 8.854nF / km
1.76m
ln
0.00525m
C1 9.57
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nF
km
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Zero Sequence Capacitance

C0
2 r 0
2h
3 ln
3
r d2
d 3 dRS dST dTR
d 3 1.4m 1.4m 2.8m 1.76m
h 3 hR hS hT 0.7 s
h 12m 0.7 4m 9.2m
C0
2 1 8.854nF / km
2 9.2m
3 ln
2
3
0.00525m 1.76m
C0 4.33
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nF
km
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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitances

of Cables
belted cable
a:
C1 CE 3C
b, c:
C1 C0 CE
three-core cable
single-core cable
C0 0.6 C1
CE
C
capacitance conductor cable screen (ground)

capacitance conductor - conductor
C1
C0
positive sequence system capacitance

zero sequence system capacitance
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Typical Line Parameters
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Calculation by Software Programs

Further Influences
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Further influences
Earthed conductors (overhead line earth wire; cable shield)

Length of conductor twist
Skin effect
Height above ground; Exact calculation of earth return path
Conductor temperature

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Further influences
Influence of an Earth Wire
Conductors:
earth wire:
70
max line sag:
ACS
4m
Influence on
Positive Sequence
Impedance ??
Zero Sequence
Impedance ??
Positive Sequence
Capacitance ??
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Zero
Sequence
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
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Further influences
Influence of an Earth Wire - Results
without earth wire
with earth wire
_______________________________________________________________________
positive sequence resistance
R1
0.414 /km
0.414 /km
positive sequence reactance
X1
0.381 /km
0.381 /km
zero sequence resistance
R0
0.559 /km
0.631 /km
zero sequence reactance
X0
1.566 /km
1.419 /km
positive sequence capacitance C1
9.640 nF/km
9.641 nF/km
zero sequence capacitance
4.332 nF/km
4.999 nF/km
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C0
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Further influences
Influence of Metallic Cable Sheath
Conductor:
Cross-Section:
630 mm
Material:
Copper
Outer Diameter:
31 mm
Insulation:
Material:
XLPE
Metallic sheath:
Arrangement:
trefoil
spec. Soil Resistivity:
50 m
Frequency:
50 Hz
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Cross-Section:
50 mm
Material:
Copper
Inner Diameter:
69 mm
Outer Diameter:
73 mm
Cable Diameter:
84 mm

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Further influences
Influence of Metallic Cable Sheath Results
Arrangement
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Sheath
Bonding
R1
X1
R0
X0
[/km]
[/km]
[/km]
[/km]
0.039
0.120
0.368
0.134
0.196
0.070
0.175
0.365
0.138
0.212
0.031
0.190
0.179
1.673
1.000
0.035
0.183
0.192
0.349
0.189
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Further influences
Influence of Metallic Cable Sheath Cross Bonding
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Further influences
Conductor Twist
Conductor twist results in
higher length of outer wires (red wire) of
the conductor
increase of resistance
Increase of DC-resistance
acc. to EN 50182:
7wires
19 wires
37 wires
61 wires
127 wires
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1 layer
2 layers
3 layers
4 layers
6 layers
1.11 %
1.68 %
2.03 %
2.36 %
2.75 %

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Further influences
Influence of Conductor Temperature
RDC,T RDC,20 1 * TC 20C
T 20 1 * TC 20C
Page 38
RDC,T
resistance at conductor temperature T
RDC,20
DC resistance at 20C
temperature coefficient of conductor material
TC
conductor temperature
resistivity at conductor temperature T
20
resistivity at 20C
Conductor material
Temperature coefficient
Aluminium
0.0040 1/C
Aluminium alloy
0.0036 1/C
Copper
0.0039 1/C
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Further influences
Skin Effect
without Skin effect
Current density:
with Skin effect

Current density:
Calculation:
Calculation:
with Bessel functions (depending on R_)
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1
f 0 r
4
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R~ R
X~ X

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Further influences
External self impedance of Line-Earth-Loop
Page 40
Basic approach:
Exact calculation:
Concentrated earth return path in

depth De
Series expression by Carson to

consider earth current distribution and
conductor height above ground
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Other Characteristic Values
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Surge Impedance and Natural Load
Snat
UN2
ZW
ZW
R1 j X1
j C1
ZW
R1
X1
Surge impedance (complex)

Resistance in the positive phase-sequence system
Reactance in the positive phase-sequence system
C1
Snat
Angular frequency (2f)

Capacitance in the positive phase-sequence system
Natural load
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Charging Power
100,00 %
0,00
-0,00 kW
51,70 kVAr
Q C UN2 C1
QC
UN
Charging power
Rated voltage
C1
Angular frequency (2f)

Capacitance in the positive phase-sequence system
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Reduction Factor Calculation
Reduction factor of earthed conductors
e.g. overhead line earth wires, metallic cable sheaths
Definition and Calculation acc. to IEC 60909-3

rE
Z
IE
C,L E
3 I0
Z S,E
rE
Reduction factor
IE
Earth current (current flowing through earth)
3I0
Zero sequence current during a single phase fault
ZC,L-E
Coupling impedance between phase conductors and

earthed conductors
ZS,E
Self impedance of earthed conductors
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Reduction Factor Importance
A low reduction factor results in

low earth, touch and step voltages
low inductive interference in case of earth faults
low magnetic fields in case of earth faults
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Measurement of line impedances
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Measurement of Positive Sequence Impedance

Power Cable
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Measurement of Zero Sequence Impedance

Power Cable
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Overhead Line
earth wire
overhead line
current source
A
V
local earth grid
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remote earth grid
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Measurement of Line Impedances

Test Equipment
Diesel-generator
Diesel-generatorset
set
200kVA
200kVA
Volt-Meter
Volt-Meter
Clamp-AmpereClamp-AmpereMeter
Meter
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Active-PowerActive-PowerMeter
Meter
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Connection of test leads
Short
Shortcircuiting
circuitingof
oftest
testline
line
Connection
Connectionto
tocurrent
current
source
source
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Safety rules
1. Switch off
2. Lock against reclosure
3. Verify that system is de-energized
4. Earthing and short circuiting
5. Cover of nearby live parts
1. Be aware of trapped charges

2. Be aware of induced or influenced voltages
3. Have a clear predefined switching procedure
4. Have a back up switch off strategy
5. Stop work in case of confusion
6. Stop work in case of thunder storm (which may be at the remote end!)
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Impedance of 220 kV Overhead Line

Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values
Conductors:
phase wire:
Al/St 591/82
double
bundle
earth wire:
OPGW
57 mm
steel
41 mm ACS
length:
26 km
measuredcalculated
measuredcalculated
_______________________________
_______________________________
RR1
1.57
1.571.46
1.46
1
XX1
7.66
7.667.80
7.80
1
RR0
3.63
3.633.42
3.42
0
XX0
23.4
23.422.0
22.0
0
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Double circuit Zero sequence mutual impedance
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Z0M
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Zero sequence
mutual
impedance

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Example
Conductors:
phase wire:
230/30
Al/St
2er bundle
earth wire:
95/55
Al/St
max. sag:15 m
spec. soil resistivity: 50 m
frequency :
50 Hz
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Result Impedances in symmetrical components
Z 00 (I,I)
Z (I,I)
10
Z 20 (I,I)
Z 00 (II,I)
Z10 (II,I)
Z 20 (II,I)
Z 01(I,I)
Z 02 (I,I)
Z 00 (I,II)
Z 01(I,II)
Z11 (I,I)
Z 21(I,I)
Z 01(II,I)
Z12 (I,I)
Z 22 (I,I)
Z 02 (II,I)
Z10 (I,II) Z11 (I,II)

Z 20 (I,II) Z 21(I,II)
Z 00 (II,II) Z 01(II,II)
Z11 (II,I)
Z 21(II,I)
Z12 (II,I)
Z 22 (II,I)
Z 02 (I,II)
Z12 (I,II)
Z 22 (I,II)
Z 02 (II,II)
Z10 (II,II) Z11 (II,II) Z12 (II,II)
Z 20 (II,II) Z 21(II,II) Z 22 (II,II)
positive sequence impedance

/km + j 0.266 /km
Z11(I,I)
= Z11(II,II) =
0.063
negative sequence impedance

/km + j 0.266 /km
Z22(I,I)
= Z22(II,II) =
0.063
zero sequence impedance

/km + j 0.970 /km
Z00(I,I)
= Z00(II,II) =
0.223
zero sequence coupling imp.

/km + j 0.537 /km
Z00(I,II)
= Z00(II,I) =
0.165
all other impedances

/km
<
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ZXX
Steffen Schmidt
0.020 /km + j 0.020

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Influence of zero sequence coupling on s.c. results (I)
SINCAL calculation of single phase short circuit currents
Without consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
0.00 kA
4.18 kA
0.00 kA
4.18 kA
21.68 kA
8.36 kA
wrong
With consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
0.00 kA
3.42 kA
0.00 kA
3.42 kA
21.68 kA
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6.83 kA

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Influence of zero sequence coupling on s.c. results (II)
SINCAL calculation of single phase short circuit currents
Without consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
2.94 kA
0.00 kA
21.68 kA
wrong
0.00 kA
5.18 kA
5.18 kA
With consideration of zero sequence coupling impedance
4.28 kA
0.00 kA
21.68 kA
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0.00 kA
5.18 kA
5.18 kA

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Zero Sequence Impedance of a Double Line
U0 I0,1 Z 0,1 I0,2 Z 0,M

Z 0,res
U0
I0,1
Z 0,res Z 0,1
I0,2
Z 0,M
I0,1
Z0,1
Zero sequence impedance line 1
Z0,2
Zero Sequence impedance line 2
Z0,M
Mutual zero sequence impedance
Z0,res
line 1
resultant (effective) zero sequence impedance of
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Zero Sequence Impedance of a Double Line

Operation Modes
Z 0,res Z 0,1 Z 0,M
Z0,res Z 0,1
Z 0,res
Z
Z 0,1 0,M
Z 0,1
Z 0,res Z 0,1 Z 0,M
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Coupling of zero sequence systems
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Double Line
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Double Line
Measurement of Zero Sequence Coupling Impedance
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Double Line
Measurement of Double Line Zero Sequence Imped.
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Double Line
Measurement of Shortened Zero Sequence Imped.
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Zero Sequence Impedance of 220 kV Double Line

Comparison of Measured and Calculated Values
2T 1T
2T
1T
Al/St 591/82
OPGW
57 mm
steel
41 mm ACS
1S
2R 1R
2R
1R
E1
5.400 m
5.800 m
7.100 m
1T
1R
measured
calculated
measured
calculated
_______________________________
_______________________________
RR0
0.23
0.20
0.23/km
/km
0.20/km
/km
0
XX0
1.01
1.02
1.01/km
/km
1.02/km
/km
0
RR0M 0.16
0.15
0.16/km
/km
0.15/km
/km
0M
XX0M 0.48
0.49
0.48/km
/km
0.49/km
/km
0M
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
40.007
30.650
23.850
17.050
0.000
-5.400
2T
2R -5.800
-7.100
2S
Page 67
2S 1S
2S
: 1:300
1
-OPGW.lei
Conductors:
phase wire:
earth wire:
E1
E1
1S
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Fig. 1
Steffen Schmidt

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Break time!
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Copyright
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Contact
Steffen Schmidt
Senior Consultant
Siemens AG, Energy Sector
E D SE PTI NC
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91058 Erlangen
Phone: +49 9131 - 7 32764
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+49 9131 - 7 32525
E-mail: steffen.schmidt@siemens.com
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02-LineConstants Siemens

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02-LineConstants Siemens

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Line Constants

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Overhead Lines and Cables

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L1, L2, L3 System 1

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Aluminium alloy conductor

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Single Core Cable

Importance of Line Characteristics

Line Characteristics are necessary for

Network planning (load flow, short circuit)

Protection setting (especially distance protection)

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Overhead Lines and Cables

zero sequence system

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Calculation by Hand / Pocket Calculator

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Conductor with ground return

Infinite ground plane

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Self Impedance of Line-Earth Loop

Z S Rint R ext j Xint X ext

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0 = 1,26 10-3 H/km

Equivalent depth of return path of

Equivalent radius of bundle

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Two conductors with ground return

Infinite ground plane

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Mutual Impedance between Line-Earth Loops

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Positive Sequence Impedance

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Positive Sequence Impedance

dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R

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Positive Sequence Impedance

Resistivity Al: Al = 29 mm/km

Soil resistivity: E = 100 m

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Positive Sequence Impedance

dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R

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Zero Sequence Impedance

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Zero Sequence Impedance

dm 3 dR,S dS,T dT,R

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Zero Sequence Impedance

Resistivity Al: Al = 29 mm/km

Soil resistivity: E = 100 m

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Zero Sequence Impedance

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Positive and Zero Sequence Capacitances

relative dielectric constant (in air: r = 1)

dielectric constant (8.854 nF/km)

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