PDF sid.com \ ] | | aa RN INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER (CT's, PTs) SELECTION & APPLICATIONINSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER (C1's, PT’s) SELECTION & APPLICATION + Introduction | ‘includes equipment used for detecting, locating and initiating the removal of fault from Power System. © Current Transformer + Potential Transformer } Sensing / Detecting equipment * Protective Relays - Lacating and initiating removal of fault. + Circuit Breakers ~ Actual removal of faull from power system + RID.C &AC wiring related to protective relays CURRENT TRANSFORMERS (G.T.} + Difference between Conventional Transformer & C.T. Conventional Transformer Current Transformers + Driving function — Voltage. Driving function ~ Current + Secondary load impedance © CT, Primary Current = Dri determines secondary current force. + Corresponding primary current «Secondary current follows the flows: Primary Current‘+ Equivalent Circuit and Phasot Diagram of C.T Es = Secondary induced EMF [EQUIVALENT CIRCUTT OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER Soh i Vs = Secondary output voltage Ip = Primary current tg = Secondary current te = Exciting current Phasor Diagram of Current Transformer _——— — Primary connected to current source For bar primary, Np =1 ® 2 Flux te IsRg Secondary resistance voltage drop | A fsXs + Secondary reactance vottage drap NY IpNe Total primary ampere tums. wed Top ‘Component of primary ampere turns Fig 18 — required to supply Core losses (usually very small) lyNp = Component of primary ampere turns required to produpe the flux. IgNs, Secondary Ampere Tums. Ie'Np + Component of Primary Ampere Tums required te neutralize secondary Ampere Tums; opposite to IsNs 7 + Primary Current Ip made up of two components «Exciting Current fe magnatizes the core & supplies the core losses. = Reflected Secondary Current - le+ Why G.T. can’t be open circuited wh Primary is energized Primary Amps x Primary Turns = Secondary Amps « Secondary Turns (Neglecting Exciting Current) + if secondary is open, only exciting current flows through C.T. primary + High flux pisduced in G.T. cote due to absence of ‘Back Ampere Tus’ In C.-T. Secondary. - C.T. Saturation «Induced voltage in the C.T. secondary winding is very high + Thus secondary open circuit resuits into, + Strain on insulation + Excitation characteristic of C.T. greatly affected - C.T. saturates © CT. Saturation Characteristic FIGAC — C.T. SATURATION CURVE VOLTAGE P.U 95 1215182 25 3 35 EX_CURRENT P.U, - + Is — Current output from CT secondary minimum Relay may not sense as Is is minimum a* C.T. Errors: + Reasons for errors + Refer Fig. 18. Ip No Ip! No + leNp Es =Is(Rs + iXs) + Vs + Gecause of exciting current, proportionality between primary current and ‘Secondary current not maintained and results in magnitude (ratio) & phase angle errors. For Class PS C.T, this proportionality is retained to a high degree (exciting current low), For other C.T.s, this proportionality is poor (exciting eurrent high). > Ratip Error + Difference in the magnitude between primary current and secondary current ‘feflected on the primary. + Ratioeror= {(Kyls-le)/Ip}x 100 Where, Ky = Rated transformer turns ratio le = Actual primary current Is = Actual secondary current when Ip is flowing under the conditions of measurement. * Phase Angle Error * Angle between phasor Ip'N and phasor Ip Np + Since: the exciting current is very small, phase angle error is also very simall ‘The angle ecror is measured in minutes. (66 Minutes =1°) | ae on a ETa Composite Error Difference between ideal RMS secondary current and actual RMS secondary current, (tincludes Prase Angle Error and Ratio Error Errors - Influencing Factors Burden Increased burden requires increased secondary voltage to drive the secondary current, This results in increased exciting current leading to more error. Primary current << Rated value + Exciting current will not change markedly from its value at the rated primary current to minimum primary curren The efror is more when primary current 8 too low. At valves other than rated current, errors are more, As per 1S - 2705, the guaranteed accuracy of Class 0.5 and Class 1.0 CT are as follows: | Trmmaer | — Eror%e | C.T. Ratio Ratio of rated primary current to the rated secondary current Rated Primary Gurrent + Upto 33kV indoor €.T-s, anly single rating for primary cument usually specified «Cost for mutiple primary current rating C.T, substantially higher * For higher voltage classes, maximum three primary current ratings usually specified, eg. ; 1000-750~-500/1 xFactors while determining rated primary current Desired primary current rating > Ik: Max. Load Current (Mandatory) + 20% overiaad capacity > Ig: Rated Short Time Current For 1 See/ 150 (Preferred) + Remark ‘Short circuit current through the C.T. can be maximum 160 time the rated CT. curtent for # sec. In case fault current (Ir ) is larger than 150 times the rated primary current, then short circuit witistand time will be less than ‘t’ seconds, t= 150" Ip? J 1p" ‘The fault shail be cleared within ‘ t' seconds te avoid C.T. damage. + CT. Ratio = 200/1 Fault Current tp = 40KA Short Circuit withstand time t= 150° x 200° (40,000)'= 0.57 Sec ‘The fault sha be cleared within 0.6 Sec to avoid C.T. damage. «The higher current of the above two vatues (J, Ip) will decide primary current rating. This. will ensure robust construction of the C.T. + Standard values of rated primary current = 10, 12.8, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 80 and their decimal multipliers. Preferred values are those underlined. « Rated Secondary Current + Sefection based on the lead burden used for connecting the C.T. to Instruments / Relays. + Standard rated secondary currents : 1A & 5A, + Special G.T, secondary rated currents + Diffetential circuits. => (1/ VBA) & (5/134) + GT. with very long lead resistance > 0.5A fh+ IF C-T. and protective devices are located within same switchgear, § Amp secondary current can be used. + IF C.T. lead goes out of the switchgear, 1Amp. C7. is preferred. For example, if C.T, is locates in switen yard, C.T. leads have to be taken to Telay panels lotated in control room which can be away. In this case, to reduce the lead resistance, 1A C.T. is preferred. * C.T's used in large Generator circuit primary Rated current : of the order of few kilo-amperes, For 1A secondary current, turns ratio very high. Only 5A C.T. used. + Accuracy Limit Factor (A.L-F.) . © What is ALF = Ratio of largest value of current to C.T. rated current, up to which C.T must. retain the specified accuracy. Example C.T. 5P20, 5 VA, ALF. = 20 — Error < 5% upto 20 times rated current for burden of SVA AF for C.T.s used for protection purpose Required to retain specified accuracy at current values above normal rating to faithfully reflect the fault currents, ALF Is not relevant for C.7.s connected to the ground fault relays, in medium and high cesistance grounded systems. A.LF. is relevant only for protection class C.T.s and is not relevant for metering class C.T.s“» Voltage developed across CT secondary Shall be sufficient to drive required current through circuit burden, = Incase of CT. saturation, major portion of primary Ampere-Turns is consumed in exciting the core. Very litle secondary current flows in the Ourden (relay) + For General Protection class C.1.s = Design value of 6.7. secondary voltage Vorson =, Burden x@oouracy Limit Factor (ALF) I eat CT 4: Ratio - 100.1 ; 5P20, 5 VA = Vpgsign = 20 x5/1= 1004 CT 2: Ratio - 100 1; SP1G, #0. VA = Vpesion = 10 10/ 1 = 100 ¥ Both CT 1 &CT2 = same performance * Actual voltage developed an C.T. secondary Vnerux, = Fault current through C.T.« Relay impedance. * CT. sated parameters : ALF. & Burden are selected such that design Voltage across C.T. > Actual Volts * For Differential Protection Class C.T.s Actual voltage developed @ C.T. secondary Vacruai is found Vrcru = Current through €.T. x Relay impedance * Knee point voltage (Vioee) at, which C.T. starts saturating, is specified above Vict: Viewer > Vecrun -—" - Veoce = 10 % inctease in V = 50 % increase in exeiting currentsw ew wt % Relay Burden On C.T. In modetn relays ( Numerical / j. Processor based relays }, the burden is less than 1 VA; relay impedance is nearly zefo and can be ignored in system design calculations * Electromechanical Relays Burden = 1103 VA Relay impedance @ PSM =1 = VA/(PS)* Example: 3VA,5 Amp: CDG11 Relay Tap Setting - Relay Impedance Rr @ PSM in’) 5075 «(100-125 180175200 IW) 25 375 60 625 75 875 100 Rai) 0.480 0.214 0.120 0.077 0.054 0.040 9.030 At lower Tap Setting relay impertanes is higher, During Fault PSM High => Impedance low Typical Example - CDG 11, 3VA—5 Amo. Multipies OF Impedance © Piug Setting (PSM) Tap(50%) —Tap(100%) —Tap(200%) 2 0.30 0.08 0.03 5 0.21 0.06 0.03 10 015. 0.05 0.03 20 013 0.04 0.03prevent insulation failure for internal faults | « If Vs > 2 KV, metrosil provided across (Relay + Stabilising Resistor) == | | | + OT. Winding Arrangements | © Wound Primary Type | © C\T.s for current catings less than 60 Amps are normally of wound primary type. + Equipment with low current rating connected at HV level. i «if primary current is low, more number of primary turns are necessary, to obtain the required MMF. + If Faylt Current > 150 Inar => wound primary preferred + Bar Primary Type . - + Current ratings of 50 Amps and above permit sufficient Ampere turns for ‘pod design with only one effective tum in the primary. In mast designs, the primary consists of @ straight bay extending through the core and secondary winding. Thig type of construction is particularly suited to withstand the stresses due to flow of short circuit current,+ Bar Primary CT Vs Wound Primary CT + Ip: Fault Current : 20 kA * (lead length) = 100 Metres 2.5 mm? Cable resistance = 9 / kM + Lead Resistance (2R,)=2. 8: O1= 162 + Case 1: ( Typical — incomer Feeder ) * CT Ratio: 2000/1, Rer=5Q + Is:CT secondary current : 20,000/2,000 = 10 + Vs: Voltage developed across CT secondary Vs Is (Ret +2 Ri) = 10(5 + 1.6) = 66 Volts . + Volts / Turn = 66 12,000 = 0.033 ( Acceptable) + Bar Primary C.T : Satistactory * Case 2: (Typical - Outgoing Feeder)~ + CT Ratio: 200/1, Rer=2a * Is. CT secondary current + 20,000/200= 100 Amps * Vs: Valtage developed acrass CT secondary Vs ts (Ror #2 RL) = 100.(2 + 1,6)= 360 Volts + Volts / Turn = 360 / 200 = 1.8 High) ~> Unacceptable + Volts / Turn < 4.0 for economical design * Bar Primary GT not preferred, only wound ¢.7. preferred. Bar Primary ‘Wound Primary Tums Ratio = 1 : 200 Tums Ratio = 10: 2000 .T. Ratio = 2001 CAT Ratio = 2001 ©.T. Sec. Current = 20,000 200 C.7. Sec.current = 20,000 / 200 = 1004 = 100A, Voltage across CT Secondary Voltage across CT Secondary Vs =Is (Ror + 2R.) Vg = Is (Rex * 2%) = 100 (2+ 1.6) = 100 (2 + 1.6) ~ = 360V . =tt i} amg Volt! Turns = 360 V/ 200 Volt / Turns = 360 V/ 2000 Not Acceptable Acceptable Conclusion : If fault current is high and CT ratio is low, use wound primary a + G.T. Classification a i es Metering Class * C.T.s intended to supply indicating Instruments, integrating Meters (Energy Meters). + Standard rated burden = 2.5, 5.0, 7.8, 10, 18, 30 VA. + Instrument Security Factor (1.S.F) #31 + LS.F.= Minimum value of primary current at which composite error of BS C.T. is greater than 10% / Rated Current + Metering - CT to saturate after certain current {10ly ) * Protection - CT not to saturate up to current ( 20K, } * To protect the apparatus supplied by C.T. in the event of the system fault by going inte saturation. + Generally LS.F. is specified less than §, This does not have much practical Significance. + ISF = 10 Acceptable + All the Ammeters and current coils of meters are designed to withstand 10 times the rated current for 5 seconds. eu encima teww + Why ISF should not be specifier ©” Ip=2000A ; Ig= 1A Ie 098A To get i $0.01 A, core size much hsher Hf core size is high, it will saturate oy at (Sy) 10 Ie The same core will not saturate at ¢ssv) 4le Higher accuracy class and lower 18F* not practical Moral: Specify ISF 210 * Instrument security factor * Faults are normally cleared with in 1 second + Ssec + 10 Ip ( 10 times CT rated primary current) * Tsec + 1? (How much current) + x4 = (10a? x5 = 500 In? + [= V500 Ip =224Ia « Meters can be connected to protection cov. if + Ipaucr < 22.4 Ip (22.4 times CT rated primary current) # 2.9. CT ratio : 3008F1 5 Iraur= 40 kA + Meter can withstand, 22.4 x 3000 = 67.2 5 Actual Fault Current = 40kA ~ Hence meter can be connected on protection core + Meters can be connected to protection care of feeders with instantaneous protection + Typical fault clearing time < 100 millisec Lied ena, + Examples + HT side of transformer * Outgoing motor feeders ty he ene4 Accuracy Class = a «= Standard classes of CT. 2 0.1, 02, 05, 1, 3, 5 a 1% Accuracy Class = Max. Ratio Error < 1% at rated current and at raled burden = Class 0.1, 0.2 & 0.5 C.7s used for precision industrial Metering / tariff Metering + General Protection Class * C.T-s for protective relays, + Both Accuracy Class & ALF. need to be specified | 4 4 i » Standard accuracy classes = 5P, 10P + Generally, 5P Class C.T-s employed. = Example : C.T, 5P20, 5 VA * Composite error < 5% for current < 20x Rated current : and burgen = VA. «Ifthe actual burden <5 VA , composite errors less than 5% , . even for currents > 20.x Rated current. . © StendardALF.: 5, 10, 15, 20.430 ALF > 20 not useful as relay operating time characteristic flattens out at 20 times rated current, «© Standard burden are 2.8, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 18, 30. VA + Actual voltage required on C.T. secondary Vactua = Ir (Ror* 2° Ri+ Re) a 20 Aus 8, zs = 3 3 5 3 = 3s 5 an Ss Design voltage across 0.7. > Actual volts required 5 Voesign > Vagrant = Ss + Design value of C.T. secondary voltage: 3 Burden x Accuracy Litt Factor (ALF ) a . Mogsici = Rated Current 3 + Burden & ALF, are closely related a + As the rated ©.T. secondary cument is known, any standard = value of ALF and burden may be selected to satisfy the =~ gs above equation. = + Design value of C7. secondary voltage s - Voesian.= Burden x Accuracy Limit Factor (A.L.F)/ Treat a « Actual voltage developed at C.T. secondary 3 VacTuan le (Ror #2 Rit Re) 5 + IF = Reflected fault current on CT secondary + C.7. rated parameters : ALF. & Burden are selected such that Voesien > VactuaL+ Special Protection Class (Class PS) C.TS used for Differential protection (Bias schemes) or any balanced current protection. Biag schemes Rera * Sensing Current — Difference of two or more currents measured by the Cts + Sensing current is the difference of two ar more currents measured the o.F.s + Tobe specified + Tums ratio + Secondary resistance Rer ‘+ Minimum knee point voltage (Vx) + Permissible magnetizing current ( lex) * Permissible magnetizing current specified @ 25% or 50% of the Knee Point Voltage (KPV). * General specification > lex = 30 mA | 2 a emo me 18 9 8 we m iam my cen rms aa ta ATO© Why JEX < 30mA? Error in transfermation is due fo nly exciting current Class PS CT Texto be specified at V4 ory / 2? * Igy = Not of significance during faults * lex = Significant during nomnal operation to ensure stability and prevent false tripping = Under fault conditions, KPV = 2ir(Rer* 2 RL) «Under normal conditions, Irat Vor =Inat( Ret * 2 Ru) = Key) —— 2ip leat 3 KA ~ eg.- = 0,05 =» 5% 2p 2x30 KA © Specifying lex AT Ve /4 § 25%) = Adequate = Specifying Iex AT Vk 2 { 50%) => Conservative design* Only check at Vi/4or Vil2, lex is less than specified value {Say 30 milliamps) for tie CTs: VqAMIN) = In(2*Ror + 4° RL+ Re) = 2x lp (Rot +2R.) + lr Re BIAS SCHEME Fig _Bias_ Scheme = * Srability test for external fault + Shart stabilising resistor and relay + Pas rated current on primary + Measure spill current Igpiut + For stability, spill current Ise $ Ipickup * Point by point matching of saturation characteristics for tne CTs not mandatory and nat required Go. SATURATION CURVES _ 1 4 i | 24 | a+ Fortiass PS © Turns ratio, minimum Knee point voltage (Vy) & maxim permissible magnetizing current (lex) are to be specified. © Permissible magnetizing current specified @ 25% or 50% of the knee paint voltage, Generally lex is specified < 30 mA © Vg (Min) Where, le(2eRort4a Ry + Rp) Vk (Min)= Minimum Knee Point Voltage le = Maximum fault current to whieh C.T.s are subjected to Rer G.T Secondary Resistance, typically varies from 2 to 8 Ohms. RL = _Lead resistance, typically 8 ohms / km for 2.5. mm Cu control cable. Ra = _ Bilas cirsuit resistance for through ee ow oo Gurrer legligible & can be ignored, + Fault Current |r for Biased differential protection tor transformer * Value of ie for H.T. Side Ci ae) + To be takef either H.T system fault current or 20 « rated current of H.T. C.T, whichever is lower, + Value Of Ir for L.T. Side * Tobe taken either L.T. system fault current or 20 x rated current Of L.T. ar ad C.T, whichever is lower. iy a a a> Number Of Cores + CTs <36 kV Voltage Class + 2 Cotes specified generally; ane for metering & other for protection applications + Third core for differential protection may be specified depending on the application * Cs > 66 kV Voltage Class + Maximum § Cores Core 1: Metering, Core 2: Over Current & Earth Fault Protection Core 3: Bus Differential Protection. e.g. Main Bus Core 4 : Bus Differential Protection. ¢.¢. Check Bus Core 5: Distance Pratection + List Of Parameters. For C.T. Specification: Following data required for the complete specification — + CT. Ratio + No. of cores Rated Burden Metering + Accuracy Class + ISE . General Protection Class + Accuracy Class + ALF Special (PS) Protection Class + C.T. secundary winding resistance + Knee Point Voltage ( KPV ) « Exciting Current P| "s+ Other Applications + Interposing €.T. (LC.7) + LCT. Burden is generally less than 0.5VA, + IFLCT. is used to amplify the current, say 1: 2, the reflected burden an the: main CT, increases 4 times. 1A a ia 13 Lise é 5a — Burdenon 176 , Surdenon 275 MainCT = SVA Main CT 20.VA + Connected between the main C.T, and the burden so that the secondary current of main C.T. is adjusted as required by the burden. * Example wet MauNc:7. i " " aeinoen on a ounce a) Fig.28 Fig.28 + Transformer differential protection to correct the phase shift due to star~ delta connection )‘© For suppressing reflected through circuit zero sequence currents in star. star cennectian flowing through the burden. mr er Fig.2D + For matching the secondary currents for the given primary current + LOT. Ratio # 1! 1/N3 (Typical) Amps Ratio. Not Turns Ratio, ANA, am we me ooo mm oe non om« Advantage : More flexibility in choosing C.T. compared to Fig. 4A & 48. Bias setting can be ‘ kept minimum, « Disadvantage : Two |.C.T-S used “ Summation C.T + To obtain sum of currents flowing in different circuits Major applications in tariff metering senate. ht) wamencrars Mame ror oct + Specified [(1) + (1): (11 + Case -1: Main C.T. Ratios idtentical * Case -2: Main C.T. Ratios hot same. Summation .T. | Pri, Wag-1 | Pri. Wag: | Sec. Wag . Tums 2 Tums: — I Tums 7 Case-t” | 15001 | 1500/1 NO OW 2N Case-2 | 18009 | 7s0/1 2N N 3N + No. of tuns.en each primary winding of summation C.T. is proportional to the respective feeder ratio, : + Current on the secondary side of summation G.T. is proportional fo the summated load current, as 38 Ler ¥ & ~ - ® + Summation ©.T. vendor needs to know main GT. Ratios. if this data not provided, summation C., Vendor will assume equal a turns ratio for ali main C.T.s. 3 © Can be disastrous if improperly used in tariff metering and without a proper checks. a + Case Studies a * Case 1: Main Transformer Turns Ratio identical 5 Ty = Tz $750; hy =N2 = N; Ng=2N a Py=P2 5750 ih =h = 4 2 Ig =(N+N)/2N =1 = 1500 a . r az ly =N/2N 305 = 750A 3 + Case 2: Main Transformer Turns Ratio Not Identical EI + T= 1500, Tz = 750 a + For incorrect summation a . a . =4 a sy Ips (NEN)F2N = 1 = 22508 + Py = 1500. Pp =O; > hy > ly =NS2N =0.5 > 11258 This is wrong es Py = 1500 A i +P) =O, P= 750; > #0. =4 : = lb =N/2N #05 = 125A i This is wrong as P2 = 750 4 a 4 P| =* For correct summation 2 NM; =2N,Nz = NN: Ng=3N = Py =1900,P2 =750 = y= = 1 = 22504 => ty =(2NeN)/3N = | « Py =1500, P2=0; >h=1. 2 =O = Ih =2N/9N = 0.867 => 15004 +P) 20, P2 = 750: = =O bk = = la =N/3N =0.333 = 750A «Summation CT spare core open or close? rai rer 001 + CT specification (14+ 144):4 Summation CT output 44 : 2250.8 + Thied core is spare and shorted CN iN) = (bN+l aN) heb= ly 3lg =2.0 ly. le indeterminate and can be any value Thicd core is spare and kept open =O (iN #N)= 4 3N l= 0887 = 1500A = comect value + Canelusion : Keep the spare core open “ | 1HUTTE HH HMO HRD heioeee OG aw wi o © vines» ’ ‘nmap + oan % Core Balance €.T, (C.B.C.T.) | | “ Pravided for ground fault protection specially in high resistance grounded system a Ground fault current very much less than the nominal load current, ( Fault current of the order of 10 to 15 Amps }. Hf earth faults, even of low magnitudes, persist for longer period, will develop into phase to phase or two phase to earth faults, C.B.C.T. with core and secondary winding, Core encircles RYB phases. ‘Output proportional to summated flux produced by three phase currents, Ij, , iy. ta During healthy conditions elath + la =0 + Net magnetic flux = 0 No resultant current In the C.B.C.T. ela th * la=3lo « Net Magnetic Flux #0 « Non-zero resultant current in C.B.C.T * Detection by ground fault relays possible. Advantage Over Residual Connection «Sensitivity for ground fault detection very high «Not affected by C.'’. saturation as in case of residual connection €.T. Ratio + Not dependent on cable rated current as no current in secondary for normal balanced conditions. + Dependent only on the effective primary pick up current.+ Following information shall be provided to C.B.C.7 Manufacturer + Outer diameter of cable / cable size «Minimum primary ground fault current to be detected + Relay burden and Relay pick up + Caution During installation, before the cable enters C.B.C.T, the cable armour has to be earthed. Othehwise the ground fault current finding path through armour will result in non- operation of the CB.GT. APPLICATION OF CBC (CORRECT POSITION OF ARMOUR EARTHINGaaa + aw = a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 2 a a 2 2 2 2 2 a “s POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER (P.T.) + Difference between Conventional Transformer & P.T. c "+ Seesndary current of much larger /~. Secondary current of same onder yentional Transformer Potential Transformer magnitude compared with 7 ‘as ef magnetizing current magnetizing current + Designed at higher flux densities | = Designed atlow flux densities < (1.0 to 1.8 Tesla ) 1.0 Tesla, + Oil for insulation and cooling + Oil only for insulation Ratio Error: Ratio Etror = (Ky Vg- Vp) ! Vp Where, Kyis Rated Transformation Ratio, Vp is the actual Primary Voltage and Vg is the actual Secondary Voltage. Example | (8600 /v3) # (110 M3) Ky =60; Vp= 3800; Vg =61 Ratio Enror= (60x81 - 3600) /3600 = 1.7% ++ Phase Angle Error * Phase difference between the reversed secondary voltage and applied primary voltage. + Positive when the reversed secondary voltage vector leads the primary voltage vector in anti-clock wise direction of rotatian. Voltage Factor + Maximum system voltage P.T. can withstand + Expressed as P.U. of Rated Voltage. 120% Continuous 150% for 30 sec for Solidly Grounded Systems 190% for 30 sec for Resistance Grounded Systems ‘+ 190% for 8 Hours for ungrounded systéin S00 cometh+ PT. connections © Star- Star Connection ‘ (Tee + . [repens » © rarer —s « + Three single phase P.T.s connected in star * Phase to ground voltages and phase to phase voltages available + Phase to phase voltage normally preferred for synchronizing potentials; Zero sequence voltage appears between phase to ground; but not between phase to phase, : + Application ; Protection, Metering, © Star- Open Deita PT. “ “Se + Detection of Ground fault in ungrounded system * Suppression of zera sequence current appears @s zero sequence voltage + Three single-phase transformers, primary winding neutral earthed and ‘secondary winding connected in open delta * For balanced system, three voltages summate to zero = Va + Wy # Vp=0 + For garth Fault = Residual Voltage = Zero Sequence Voltage. => Vg + Wy + Vg=3Vg = 3Vy => Neutral shift + Appifeation ; Only protection P| “ | oe ee)3 53 I =a = = =3 HUKK RH doe d (ee Ob RS » Open Delta Voltage se00N3 7103 + Ungrounded system , (Vat Vy + Vp) = 3¥p = V3VLy = V3 * 6800 = 11,430 Volts Si 82 * Voltage across relay = — =~ (Yat We + Ve) T 12 (110/43) (1710/3) (6600/3) 110 11430 = 63.5 Volts + Ifauxitiary transformer ratio is 110 / (110/43), Va = 110 Volts Relay rated for 63.5V and wired for alarm can not be used here; the relay vet be damaged, a 6+ “Veonnected P.T RoE : 1 Consider three single phase transformers connected in delta i EE CLEA RMR COREE LT “CORMRCTED OBTAINED WITHER TERE SP OES t f : ae bo : =, = cm ro : F ae pr 1% E Fig. 7A, Fig. 7B i + V Connection is obtained when switch is kept open. t V = Line To Line Primary Voltage t N= Turns Ratio & Vap = VIN 20° . © Vec = VIN Z-120° t Vea = = (as + Voc) = VIN 2 240° € Thus, with only two P.T.S, balanced three phase voltages obtained, “t «© This connection is possible because load current supplied by P.T. is very ft small f + Popularly used in LT. circuits, “fy + Only Line-to-Line voltage derivable. i + Inherently suitable far synchronising schemes I - : - 4 ~ PT. Ratio + Ratio of Primary voltage to the Secondary voltage. + Example: + 132 kV System + For Star - Star Connection PT. Ratio =(192kV £93) -( 110V4V3) + For Star - Open Delta Connection = PT, Ratio = ( 132KV 1V3) = ( 110V73) a eee eet TT emmereccntimn tits y ara ee Etae a ee Yo i a wow we at i) YON Bw do dd “ Classification Based On Application = Metering Class + Standafd Accuracy Classes. 0.1,0.2, 0 1083.0 * 1% Accuracy Class signifies the Ratio Etor< 1% for Voltage 80 % to 120% & Burden 269% to 100% + Protection Class: + Standard Accuracy Class: 3P, 6P + SP Accutacy Class > Ratio Ertor < 38 Rated burden of each secondary winding « Cost of C.T. increases significantly with increase | ‘in VA = CostoFP.T. not significantly influenced by burden. Ust of parameters for P.T. specification + Ratio + Number of secondary windings «Rated burden of each secondary winding © Class of accuracy = Moltage factor ‘+ Insulation tevel Number Of Secondary Windings Depends on voltage level & protection requirements. + Synchronising + Metering + Protection Under voltage (27 | & Gver Voltage (59) Directional Over-Current Protection ( 67 ) Frequency Relays : U/F(81-U), OFF (8 1-0}, DUO (81 DHDE) Neutral Displacement (27ND ) : 4H Heo o2" ®)Distance Protection ( 21) + Reverse Powert 32 ) / Low Forward Pawar ( 37 ) «Over Fluxing (24 ) ~ + Loss Of Field (40) + Pole Slip (78) ++ Protection Of BT + Fuses provided on H.T. side of P.T ( Up to. 33 KV) + -MCBs or fuses employed in secondary side of P.T. H.7 fuse can net provide short circuit protection for fault om LT. Side Of P.T. + Fuse failure should not result in failure of main protection + Mositoring relays (Fuse Failure Relays) requited if fuses are used + Fust Failure Relay: For preventing protection scheine mal-operation due to P.T. secondary side fuse failure. FUSE FAILURE RELAY : TYPE=VAP (ALSTOM WARK) cb ae Loss oF minontuay * + WORKS FOR LT FUSE FAILURE SO oraer *FRELAY BURDEN Gaz? 232116 Less, 77 “UNRWOLIREEMeLay 28 MAT NOE PP | * |rroveerion weTenNe dodogs Flise FAILURE IN PROTECTION CIRCUIT weTenNa avn eebees FUSE FANLURE IN METERING cimceer 50 r* " ae ie cn aid i YE AE Ae tte keFUSE FAILURE RU METERING & RVR CIRCUS rae ie a et | “| t+ =] a st | SERRE Suk denies«Fig. 12 & r i § r r t & gz a See Sse : 22 KV Incomer From Grid ¥ + SqFault= 13,122,4 [Fault MVA = 500 MVA} °K CTR gz «Maximum demand = 3 MW Y = Rated current of fede : + CTR= 15041 . ' + C.T, Resistance = 2.2 1 + Protection : _ 4 + Gomprehensive Feeder Management Relay used «Type = SR 750 (GE Multilin Make) a4 © Burden On C.7. Circuits = 0.2 VA ' “On P-T, Circuits = 0.40 ~ 1 ‘Too small and hence neglected in calculations. ! Contro! Cable : 2.5 Mm? Cu. Cable + Resistance = 8 01 Km, + To & fro Length = 200 Metres + Lead resistance => 2. R= 160 + Lead burden = Lead resistance X (Rated Current )? =1.622(17 A= 1.6 VA [| s2 as ae en em er A RTE ATETTECE TNR HMA tak CuekbMACtE T+a a Ry «Metering Core: R + Meters Connected Burden in VA , Ammeter 10 : ‘Current Coil Of Trivector Meter 30 : ‘Current Coll Of PF. Indicator 25 = Leads Between C.T. & Meters 2.0 s — Tatal 85 = €.T. Specification: 180/1 , Cl: 0.5 10 VA a = + Protection C.T.s = * C.T. secondary current during fault =13122 / 150 = 87.5 « Choose C.1. with specification = 150/1, 5P20, 10 VA. «Check for adequacy Designed volts across G.T, > Actual volts across C:T. ALLE, x Burden > Ie( Ror 2RARA) Rated Current CTR 20x40 > 13122 (2+ 1.6+0) 1 7150/1 200 <= 314.9 Not actemabie. * Chosen C.T, specification is inadequate . ‘Choose C.T. = 10/1, 5P20, 15VA sets yes = Potential Transformer * Metering wierding Yew ww We ee wo Go « Meters Connected Burden In VA. Voltmeter 1.0 Pressure Coil Of Trivector Meter 5.0" 4 Pressure Goil OF P.F. Indicator 25 Total: 85 ‘2 53 Le aiaa + Protection winding + SR 750 Burden =04 VA = PT. specification {22.4 49KV)/ (110.1 3V), 50 VA, CLO. # (AO F9¥) 50VA, CI:3P + Voltage Glass = 24F 50/95 (Wominal kV / Power frequency / impulses + Prolettion winding : Voltage Factor + 120%: Continuous + 180% : For 20 sec: «+ Interposing Transformer + For Neutral Displacement Relay « (11QN3v) (110 ax) © 3 Singie phase, sécondary connected in agen delta. + Specification: 110N3V 1140/3 V ,5 YA, C13 © 22kV SWGR - OIG To 3 MVA Transformer + Full Load Current of Transformer = 3.0 x 10° 1(43 X 22000) = 78.7A Select 425778 = C.T. Resistance =2.Q © Protection » Numerical Relays > Burden too small and neglected + Comal Cable = 2.5 Mm? Cu. Cable + To &fraLengin = 200 Mirs + Lead resistances: 2 R= 1.6.0 + Lead Burden = Lead Resistance « (Rated Current )? S16 Or AS 1.6 VA3 2 2 a a a a a a 2 5 CC aie © Metering Core + Meters Connected Burden In VA Ammeter 190 ‘Current coil of Watt Meter 18 ‘Current coil of Var Meter _ 18 Current cail of Energy Meter 20 ‘Current coil of P.F. Indicator 28 Leads between C.T. & Meters 20 Total 106 # Protection Core + C.7. secondary current during fault = 43122 425 = 105A, + Choose €.T. with specification |, §P20, 20 VA + Check for adequacy Designed volts across C.T. > Actual volts across C.T. ALF.xBurden > p(Ror+ 2R+Rp) Rated Current CTR 2052057 > 13122.(2+1.6 +0) 1 126" ye 800 > 378. Acceptable. 3 ct, ©. Differential (877) core a Ss * Current |, to be taken for calculation Ip ¢ (202H.T.G.T) or Ip ¢ (HT fault current) Ie = (201126)! or Ip < 191228 p= 2500 V0 8 + Knee Point Voltage = Ip (2x Rep + 4xR_ + Ra) / CTR nant 2 +324 g > av 22600 (443.2 091196 = wey (tGT. Specification Apesasaat wo ft! ot Metering core ; 18 VA, Cl:i.0 : * Protection core: 5P20, 20 VA* a ic alia a ss = Differential core > V_ 2 150¥, Rers 20, tex ¢ 30 mA @ VK /2 Potaniia! Transtormer + Metering winding tdorers Connected Burden Inv Woltrretot 1.0 Presse Coil of Walt Meter 18 Pressuty Coil af Var Meter 1s Pressure Coil of Energy Meter 25 Pressur coil of PF Indicator 25 Total : 9.0 © Protects winding a sit 748 Burden = 0.4 VA © PT. Spevification (22vaVy 1 (TIONS 80 VA, Gh: 0.5 (Metering) # (103%), 20 VA, Gl: 3P (Protection) + Voltage Class = 24/ 50! 95 + Protactiow winding: Valtage Factor = 120 %; Continuous. + 150% : For 30sec. 6.6 Ky incomer from grid © Full Lead Curent OF Te-1 = (3.0.0 10° )/(v3x6600}= 282.44 Nar, => CT. Resistance = 3.0 + Pr + Nowrsal Relays > Burden too small and neglecied + Gontw! Cable © 2.9 Mm? Cu. Gable 2 To Sty Length = 200 Metres «Lost Sesistance => 2.R, = 16.0wow wo wow + Lead Burden = Lead Resistance * (Rated Current )* = 164(1)=16VA + Transformer Stand By E/F(518) 4 Fault Current = 259A ( TR-t Contribution) SR 745 - DMT E/F Element Pick Up = (0.05— 5.0) X C.T. Sec. With C.T.R = 250/1 & Relay set @ 0.054 9 a a P.O.C Of Relay = 0.05 X 250 = 12.54 Sensitivity To Fault = 12,6/250 X 100 = 5% GTR. =250/1 is acceptable. CLT. Resistance = 3 Ohm. « CT. Burden = Lead Burden + Relay Burden = Lead Burden = 1.6 VA = Current through C.7. secondary during fault = Fault Current /C.T-Ratio '50K(250/1) * ForchosenC.7, ALF.=5 (Minimum available} Burden =25VA (Minimum available) «Specification : 260/1 , 5PS, 2.5 VA. + Check for adequacy - Designed volts across ©.T. > Actual volts across C.T. ALF. X Burden & de ( Rer + 2n+Ra) Rated Current CTR 5X25 > 250. *(3+1.6+0) 1 2501 125 > 4.8 Acceptable + GT. Specification: 250/1, 5P5, 2.5 VAProtection core « CT, Burden = Lead Burden + Relay Burden Lead Burden = 1.6VA + Choose C.T, Specification = 300/1 , 5P20, 5.0 VA + Ghesk For Adequacy gned Volts Across C.T, > Actual Volts Across CT. ke ( Roy + PR AR) Rated Current CTR ALE. X Burden 20X50 1 300/1 100 = 162.7 = Not Acceptable. + C.T, Specification: 300/1, 5P20, 10, VA i t ‘sential core v 40613. (34+1.6+0) + Curent |p To Be Taken For Calculation = Ip < (2OxLT-CT,) of Ips (LT Fault Curren) => eS (20300) oF Ips 10613A (contribution from TG Set) => [p< 6O00A. of Ip = 3947 (sys. Fault current) «+ Knee Point Voltage 2 Ip (2#Rer + da Ry + Ra) /CTR = 6000(6+3.2+0)/300 184 oe © GT. for Meiering - + Meters Connected Burden In VA Ammeter 1.0 Current coil of Watt Meter 15 . current coil of Var Meter 1s Current coil of Energy Meter 2.0 Current coil of P.F, Indicator 28 Leads Between C.T. & Meters 20 Total 10.5 — % aeea + REF - Restricted Earth Fault Protection (642) + C.T. specification : 30074 + Metering Core: 15 VA, cr ‘+ Protection Core ; $20, 10 VA * Differential Core V2 200V, Rets3Q, lexs 30 mA @ VK /2 + SR 745~ Transformer Management Relay Employed, + Knee Point Voltage = Ip (2s Ret +4e RU +Ra)/CTR 26000 (6+ 3240)/300 2184 * Specification 3800/1, Vk >200V, Rer 32, Inc < 30 mA@ Vl 2 + Potential Transformer * Metering Core Voltmeter Pres: Meters Connected Burden In VA, 1.0 Pressure coil of Watt Meter 15 Pressure coil of Var Meter 15 Pressure-coil of Energy Meter 25 sure coil of P.F, Indicater 25 Total 9.0 + Protection winding P-T, Burder a ss ih # = Relay Burden + Synehronising circuits burden = 10VA+ PLT, Specification (6.6N3 Kw) 1(1404/3¥) 50-VA, CI:1.0, (Metering 1 (M10NN3V) 50 VA, GIP (Protection) + Voltage Class = 7.2/20/40 (Nominal kJ Power Frequency f Impulse) * Protection Core : Voltage Factor * 120 % ; Continuous + 190% : For 30 sec. * G8KV T.G. incomer © Full Load Current Of T.G. = (20.625 x 10° 1013 x 6600 ) = 1804 A. Select 2000/1A => C.T. Resistance = 60 145304 (7.G, Contribution 106134 + Grid Contribution 3917.4) * 16 FaultCurent = 2508 (T.G.NGR.+TRINGR) + Control Cable | 2.5 Mm* Cu Cable « Lead Resistance =2:R, = 1.60 {Lead length © 30 Fault Current 100 Met } + Lead Burder Lead Resistance (Rated Current? = 169s (1PA=4 6A + Protection © Stator Earth Fault (51Gn) C7. * 19 Fault Gurrent = 100A (TG. Contribution) + SR 489 - [DMT E/F element Pick Up = (0.05 — 20.0) «CT © With C.T.R= 100/1 & Relay set @ 0.054 > P.O.C Of Relay = 0.05% 100 = 5A © Sensitivity to fault= (57100) x 100 = 5% = 95% OF Stator winding is protected. & CTR =100/ 1 is Acceptable. > CT Resistance = 2 Ohm, mry Ld 1 + C.T. Burden = Lead Burden + Relay Burden = Lead Burden = 186A C.T. secondary current during fault = Fault current /C.T.R = 1004 100=1 For Chosen C.T, ALF. = 5 (Minimum available) Burden = 2.5 °VA (Minimum available) ‘Specification : 5P§, 2.5 VA «Check for adequacy Designed Volts Across €.T. > Actual Volts Acrass C.T, ALE. X Burden > [p{ Ror *204Ra Rated Current CTR 5X25 > 100.°(2+1.6*0) 1 oor 12.5 > 3.6 = Acceptable. * C.T. Specification: 100/41, 5P5,2.5VA + Even Metering C.7. Of 10/1, Ci, $.0, 2.5'VA is acceptable, « Generator Protectian « CT. Burden = Lead Burden + Relay Burden = Lead Burden = 1.6VA * C7. secondary current during fault = Fault current /C.T.R = 10613 / (2000/1) = 5.3 + Choose C.T. with specification = 2000/1, 5P10, 7.5 VA.* Check for adequacy Designed volts across C.T, > Actual volts across €.7. ALE. X Burden > eG Rep 4 BRAR, Rated Current CTR 1X75 > 10613 (6+ 1.640) 1 2000/1 15 > 40.3 Acceptable. + Chosen 6.T, specification is adequate * Differential (876) protection fo. + Knee Point Voltage > Ir (2xReyt 4A, + Rr) / CTR [ = 10813 (1243.2+0)) 2000 2 806 «Specification 2000/1, Vie BODY, RerS6O, lex 30 MA@ V2 «Metering CT Meters Connected Burden In VA Ammeter 4.0 Current Coil OF Watt Meter 45 - Current Coil Of Var Meter 18 Current Coil Of Energy Meter 2.0 Current Coil Of PF. indicator 25 Leads Between €.7. 8 Meters 20 Total 105 * CLT, Specification: 2000/1, CL: 1.0, 15 VA PT ® ee Ee ne a PPWw ww Wud a oo wo ww WWW Wl i a a ie Ww + PT. Emplayed * Metering Core + Meters Connected Burden in VA Voltmeter 10 Pressure Coil Of Watt Meter. 18 Pressure Coil Of Var Meter 16 Pressure Coil Of Energy Meter 25 Pressure Coil Of P.F. Indicator 25 Total 80 * Protection core + PT. Burden = Relay burden + Synchronising circuit burden = 0+10=40VA + P-T. Specification + (6.6 V3 KV) 1 (440NN3V) , 50 VA, Cl. : 1.0 ( Matenng } /(110N3V),, 50 VA, Cl. : 3P ( Protection ) + Voltage Class = 7.2 20/ 40 ~{Nominal kV / Power Frequency / Impulse) + Protection Gore : Voltage Factor © 120 % : Continuous «= 190% = For 30 sec.INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS - STANDARDS IS: 2705 ‘Specification for current transformers 1S: 3156 Specification far voltage transformers IEEMA Specification for instrument transformers XXX a mom me