)oo

o:n<ifr-+s{ftG

ffi

ffin

)q I {I"lfi.-fiK Tfrzrrq
crycu-n
t'qfrq{cq-< fqE<.t qT (Give an account of
the different methods of irrigation in the agriculture of Bangladesh.
)
)b, t <tsTrcq-rt.tB q-Frnan $sneSnt
qpfrTn
I qm"r.K s{ft&-rs
wtrqfmt $3
(What are the sources of power resources of Bangladesh? Discuss the importance
of power'
resources in the economy of this country.)
tul. 6{I.

fr

{b

ffi

\oobl

cfrs-SET str c
5

-{-<-sT5mI

a.

:TNG*$

T{rs

ft 6{Fr'l{ ? (\A/hat is meant by infrastructure

lF. C<t. l.o::; RI. C{t.

s ffr{fr$
?)

q<-sbnt T{cu

economic infrastructure

aqqfarnR

fi

\oob, tooS; El. c{I. Q.oo1; {. 6{I. \oo9l

6{Rtls ? (what is meant by sociat and
ttrt. C$. \oog.; K. 6{1. \ooe; {. 6{t. \oo\el

E{f{b$ 6*vo Fffi qfr"fi ff t lwtat

economic development of Bangladesh

?)

?)

8l

is the role of education in the

F. f,{l. \oo); fi. 6{t. looyl

<l$lcq-rF E{ffi$ -{Tn stteB {rcsR pfr-fi fi ? (whar is the role of health
sector in the economic development of Bangladesh ?
)
a I <tqtfifiK cmtR-s qa<Ffh1rK fttqt{ ftqT< qfi-s.t s rfr{scfi fi <-+r pfro trm. ornr
(What role do training and research perform as the factors of social infrastructure
of

Bangiadesh

v
q

?)

E{?T&'s

lut. ffi. Q.o)),'ob;KT.6{1. q.o::,fr. c<t. \oj5;fr.6{t. Q.o5o;{. C{1. \o)ol

Rt(El-mrFr \rft4&-$ \\-{Tltt(Tt T{rs'fi c{l<llii ? (what is meant by economic

E-{-+-lbR$t

infrastructure of Bangladesh ?)
ts I qTil&-s E{-s|bfcTf TqN
b

t qmGr

fi

Tfls

c<RtlT

(what is meant by economic infrastructure

lT.

fi

c{RIl{

? (What is meant

CEI.

l.oou; D.

?)

C{1. Q.oorrl

by social infrastructure

?)

lF. 6{1. Q,oots; T. C<t. Q,ooQ.; fi. 6{1. Q.oob, Q.oo9, \eeel
q{R-{G-$ q-<-sbHK {c{I t{l-sl fi e pvt
at are the differences between

socio and economic infrastructure ?)

)o I Rt(tr]-(T("t Rfrn q-$'lK {R<'{{ <rpen

transport system of Bangladesh ?)

fi frl

F. r{l. to:ol
(what are the differenr kinds of

c4ft&'ce'tRq{ flttttc{trl<l<y?ff{ qNr&-s tfr Gre{ +.n r (Menrion

the social importance of transport and communication system in the economy of
55 I <tRql-rqrK

Bangladesh.)

5\ I <t(qlrqrrk'E{ftFF qV$ {R-<-{6-n t{g crrfiuqt T-{ r (Discuss the importance of

road transport in the economy of Bangladesh.)
)g I Kt(4|cfi-t wwgftq ffi-"rR{-{{ cQatK
Yfr-sT A ? (what is the role of Inland water
Transport Authority ?)
)8 I <l(Elrq?fi G{tttlcqlctBr {l{n Rr{c< vrs f{srcrl{ <6flq wa*n <fqr <N r (Describe the
present condition of ihe postal department as a means of communication in Bangladesh.

----------

trs.ffi^$s
/\$ *o
qdftGR ffiRo

a"sr

@
:{rtrcrr

"nfarGr
BASIC CONCEPTS OF ITIATHEIT'ATICAL
ECONOMICS

FE*E*:==g#*#m--:=
a->-5

'rfrcT

=fte

What is Mathematical Economics ?

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fdi, {ri.[, uq e qqrfi E,ran"rq s

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'ifiE* esB ${,o q E"na
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fi{Kqsrr< noffi fiRks EFir Trs
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e frrEscq ,fiNK <,-.qrffi pm frqm
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r

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Variable and Constant

rfif?tGs sfr-Tm m qfr +r*t
<nq-+vTm <jr{s q{ gr qq DErc ts
{as
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DEFF Trfl
sqi Fcflr s'r< frsr <t rrFr< m
frn q<om fr{ F{ caffi 6qs 1 q{ftBRq e. fi. fiTrq
<rE{, "(sR ftg TK {l{ "fR,ffiE E6o qlrf, El.l Dq-q
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I

fu

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<rrrq ; G:F[ n ("IR), q

ffi

ffi

r+.Rtq(ffi),ptffit ffil
{. ESS (Constant) s rtFlv"t].[E n R{"{ <T KiFtR {l{ ffir<ffie- q{ ;1T slrs {sF {FT I ffi5Fi
$ryeo c$I"t 5 qK lr{ c<ra:Gi q<(rr+CT'6q qntt$m, .stT {ffiq En rl r ctrrnqem $tTeT
c$Rt fir-{ 1, 2, 3 ffi
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(EIETI), F (c<Et;, y

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clcel<lT{ows.'cscff65-{m-{{qtt (Co-efficient)Tcql q?tlr{sR s, 4 8qq sal|on x, y

s p q< {qtt
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*.til.
q<TallrsTq fri frT q{
s{ffis E-ffF {r{ I RIt Crl-{ Er<In q]T 4N -Ri, y
f+En e<(fis e ftq'rrq' frX frT qs r stQ qrq esB 6qs 1 q{ft&r FmK S'rc$q Grt',q{ ),
FtfuT 1p), Rtrirr (s), q{ ry) , {rq-{ qK (i), 6sl5t (c), Rftmlot (I), f{c{Ft (N), TK trl Ml
l-{T ; Elg* .{afr- lv RtK <m (AFC), qv qffift{ <ll{ (AVC) cllt ffi

zs^

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(Ac)'

kt1*
m Hitr*H++$'ffi ffiWffi
ffis

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fr.

CE

q{-as {ffiTfrq
'nf\frT bran"Rm s f<m ftK ftq

GTl.,.'t-*|fr&K {K"ff frce

ffm

q{ ETi qq "mfrG

{ffiftq

erB "rflfr& Rrqr< ffi

E{ {frs RfrI Ficft ftr< q<u Rftff qp trcs
8->-\e Eq=F \s q<ftf<F=t {G:R: eltd<s-J

ftr<

"r<u

orslfrGR

Differences between a variable and a constant

Eqr$-n RqRie qlK"tt Eq {{-+ r 4 e-{i q {I{ct.f qE< xc<r' wq$ t{roi qrF T-{t <R r ffi
cetm q {l<.fi EfrK ft<l fl{rsrTrql qq FT{'l c
5 r q(EI

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SEFF

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<fi

.sF RRT fu3}rl_sRq Cq'K ilFK

Rfrl qt".Rrr )nH fE"t.a6 go{cflr+ qF slR<ffig ellrs \olrs {{s <EI
SFFF{FI I'
r?ll{, q$t \tr{refi ffiftCS
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Rfrn qr
{TrsK a6 ft6 e6a

crn ftRT

a{sqqq-q|5q mq<

\trl{

B*q

"...

it is

a constant that is variable."

-A.

q+fr {E+ <f

t'*
<K{9 qr I csl{ +rrft oku Rr<}TK iT:R sK

TcEq, '... .qfr qE qq-q

iqrn& <4q'rqm qrarr< a, b, c

trqn

Rrflc<

C. Chiang.

tue-

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lffifi-qrfi<rE

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i

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I

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Function

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u,

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S=/(p) cu=,,cT S = @fr*p4s
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p cn qGD sr*-{ :ino-{
s-di s qR qs .'Tft q.-{r.
r q cqfr-N qs* mnR qr'ss
s=-5 + 10P frr<D-flciltR I qrsrq <i<RF4**
n
rum__t S
s a;l
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{t{ r
qqtfq, p=1q5q
S=_ 5+10(i) = 5
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=
p=3qm S=_5+i0(3)
= iS.,
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Il=f(P)

D = D(p)
S = S(p)
C = C(p)

S =g(P)
C =tp(Y)
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, 6qrq_qT.mf$ <t
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wefs:o (Linear funcrion) s c{.,, qc{srs Hfrq
l*{sa
crftE
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{5-r+R
{l Frfu-{ q-c{T-s qrq r q \T.c"IsGF-{
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= a + bx[ ffi.clffi a {fl q$G{<-s, b,_{+FcqE qR\ b #

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(ii) qvF q-*'Effifr ErRA qs"fwzsr

fiRqt qrc,frlq6p
wqRq qtftT, q.Rtr{' dsFt'
f}=a--bP l(Se.lftn a> 0, .b>0]

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&mr* q"_:i-fr

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q=20--4P

effi FK ETftFtK .ft{t"t

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fi{tfrci *snq* q'iQr4rJ ffst{
q({.Tl1g+Gqtqfr.t
q__-, r,,r
J=-c+cu,1(l,i*[t{
c>0, d>0]
S=_ 6+2p[C$lr_C{ p > 3J
{ q'e{s-st{r-fl qKI {-sn ltq, E-r<i? qrGK s'K EIK ftirfl--n

ffi:nq R-4\rifia q<. q.,-{

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(ii) frsis' q[{$-s (Quadratic
Function} s cclq EcaNr$K c<ER fq-{ Eqr ]prsR
I-raIT'u":" qlg gQ EIq \ilfs
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LC qf{lFa4R SKlR"t -fl
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IR{1'Fa*0]
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Bqtqnq 6qTI TRl I
C (i) sF &'qTu' r.lfkqf q-cafsqr$ )il{k.f
(ii) ssfbfuulfut vfc't5rs1
dr+T xt-{ffi ,gq1rp
;T$m{p,s
I

D=a-

sqR.f

bF2

Q-100-2P2

r: $qlfr.+ q4ftfu

5oe

(i)

(ii)

qsB frEr-s crfrtfT q[rt-sTrg lTlffi"f

erft:TR Er{nrr eT.ir
S=--c+dP2

<rs

.Es,6

fus

ffirtl{'\rc'fs"rgil

q$ftqETEq.tq-?.f

9=-20

+ 4Pz

E r[-$i qcars-s (Explicit and

Implicit function) 3 c{ src{s'6F:t 5a1-Effi< r'c{I

crlqBn rl{ uFTI <l q'{rnt FsstffiR Ttrl-< 't( frgsftq st T$rcR s-+lfis qr \fi'r$ <rs qcqs-r
TFI I fl:FT, y = 3 + 2xWCelS:F I (tmfi Cq{T {1T1, y K:Il{ x,4R TK{< el{ {*FIRfi-ffi
f

q-{tfrcs r:{ qc{Ttrn;I E-{stnl{ )rc{i cst-{trn {F wr csrl D-qr <t cst{ 6qE:{6qm rrff{
eq<RffiqE.l:qS ?llr$qt<t ffiq{ ql \elmq-<l$'\tc'fT-s rrq't ctr{ x+zy=20 t {"1{-{ x

EEI?F

5P< +cv crl1fr <fiR sT{ fiG{frF{

fllv{

s-dl

{l* t cTsFt qq-g

qc,Isr-{c,l

{r{ I q{trq y
DEFF qR( y qq
"ffiftt <t \rfu r-dfs
q?FFl

ffi

T{ I Er< q-{ig: Ecars-srr <rf qcqs6s

q'RKccl{ E-{rs s[etT-s x + 2y= 20 6S y = 10
-]x en qtwF Rlgi

s-{t

DErr<K

sr

EF x }at-trEl463 $46 fr$1ftq; sis{ x es xflft{

fr"l*s qc{sFe (Inverse function) g Tft 6oR qco1lpT cfrs cagr qr6 q{TF-s a{* T-sT
{lTI Er< ftfts wolsr R{6e, eglr< {tdo ggo|q-$Ers qaF q-c'ts-sfr( R't?tE q('fT?F TCE I fi:t{
y = f(x) {@ x qR E[als$ I qfi q EffiF+ Ceir$ {ft x = g(y) qR qs qCq-S-S c{n Tnt Tf{ sr{ st
fr)

q6{ qq{ qse6-afr1R{AE Ec'Is$ r qzr f-1 qft+ qrfl Gfrs <r{t eF t qer< y f(x) .cR frqfts
=
qca{Fs {6{ 8 x = f-1 (y) I qdft-Gls csF flRql qz'fs-io
qR
e = 20 - 4pErdr frqAE nfut qctqn
{F{

P=

5-;a

I q{rq P =EI{ E (J = EtRnK qR$q

fus Et'fsFs (consiant functi,on) I qrfi csl;r qc'rrm q|ft{ r-"Tr {ltrK qffi{
ECq\e Eft{ EGrC+:t qtr{K ffilq qffi'l qrq1 vrrs f:}qg ra60pFs ?rrs't Gq4
}, = f(x) = 5 4$ft
qgoltn-{;
fug
stfi e?tlga x 4f Tt{ Tfi qes 4; fsq y K Et{ rr<t'$Lq R< cdic S a15FGt
G)

A'a.'a.
DdFF

EEfc<Ftr et_<FT3IlX5Fi
Classification of Variables
q'{f,rq'i saiT-sTft{

D"FF

cft{

Es-s

qsfu R DEFp stfur{ fi-rq

fr{q< rT{ olq.t q-gcs fltK q<{q"r'lssRF w{t Dqc- Trc-{f, "fRs6{ sfiT g.,rr+ stft{ D-q{i <rq
cirT{ y =2+2x Tft-$<qfrzs x{aI wrt{ Dqs I qffi ffi frrTK {rq s{cf s<ns ottK I x e.{ {!T{31
6qn y q;{ l.H fl-r6i ec< r s{ft'furs urRn wrr+ ed = f(p) q p qq cn6 efi-{ DEFF (cl*f6

fq

oTffrT E6FF (Independent

variable) s fsl{ qc'fgrsK

Qd = fiRcK 1RTH

{n

P= ql{)i GT{fifuq"fr$K.t ed=20-4pq p qRRFnqfmsE

fr6K TGr I qq-{i p eq stqiq DTs

f<

ga ca

qTFtB=

q{qftR ffifr'E

5o9

E1"s"1y

(9 qftq q1ffigftq E{s (Dependent variable} t rsF{ Ecigt3FR s{gfu 6c rEs q{i D6fs
<I s.rFrIA'R XIffi{ e"r< frfrfrq c{ts m Det?F q-{I <t E-{f{]'EF|6F-{ Slf,Cq {fr<ffiE ES qrS
.sftq <T R-6Rnq Dq?F {FI t 6sT{ y = 2 + 2x qft-.fmro y eR {t{ x {K {t[-ffr Bfi
fr,ffiq t qcry6{,
x= 1{6{ I=4{{ ;x=2 {C{ y=6eRt qs<R y=Z+2xCfrffi-Cct x Wfi-{ bq-S q<s.y E*{
6e1-E 1 q{ft&rs utfu1 q6nq-E
ed = f(p) L{ ed qE Efta <t figrfts bcFF; tr{.l ureqT q{isR*
q
p
.{K
fift{ {lnR Bo|-{ Qd LcK qtq R-6K s-Gr I qqi$ Qd 4r erB qft{ 5-{s
Qd = 20 - 4p
r

a-e.-\9 q1ft-q s qftr

E?r6<FBr

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Differences between independent and dependent variables

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s .{t{ E.uI-< qrT qsd'TqE{ qmR
ftcF firq crrrq cilrF{
qr{
lq
I erFcq c{Ftl{ c<{t pfr ssrs eq r-c3 <Tq fr-s ccg-$ vrqfr.s b{rffft qs
tTJ
r efr{
'c'-qa {f{ 11 qcq fiFrr{fs{rtrRrfir-r\rl{frrss(unftqrr

-t"ry*T **rt*R&
5=-5+10P

TQTP=0 slFl
T<FlP=1 E-rlq

S =-5+10(0) =-5
S =_5+10(1) = 5
{ll{P=2 EIT S --S+10(2) =15
c{HF {B

*TT W

PCNT)

S (RI{r{)

-5

15

o5
Fq

s.'d. s sq-s

10 l5
fitrni c.fi-ffifi Gfu

E'Gos mFttqcr"ili

qT.r, 6rFffr-{i qftilq ER _ 5

Tt s{frbre_ T{j Rccr{ E_c] $ t {t{ r cY{ <rfu
o,frsFilaq E-.{iK ctr@ e{-{D q{ r dTtr{ qfi-s-dr"rd fr+u
o cstrf{ 6{k FA frr61
TGI I d clqFqs ffiq{ qa r sfiq cTlrfl{
G{t{ u1-q ctflRqg {-{tqs q{ qKE{qEq]\{w
RHI{'<tlv q<(q'N ${-rq RHfT S-n.l

'ilfifr

Bry

))8
(?D

:n(l'fro s{ftF

f{ffi6 cfit6 >rft+aq s RffiS RIIH

cfrsKct RFir< furK n-cn-{fr q'ft-s<q f<muTr T-$

{lgc
(i) qF qfs rt q*qa,firs

RFfl"T ffi<rrcq-s E'c"rqfr't

x=-40*4P;
x

= 20*4P:

x=5P;

P = 0'8x

P= 10*50x

P=2+tx

x=2P2-4P

P=.8-i

P=3x

=3x-4;

P=2x*3

(ii) frdrs 6{HFq qft$Tcelr ctq{'t

x = -50 + 0'15P2

P=2f

x2;

P=

P = 0'10x2

x2

+4x +6

+6x-

a.c-> ufRq-f qcqqF<F cefrF URn-t {fB- ZsR \g sf=r ffic.

uRnr Gr<m:q{<Fq
end
To construct a Deuiarid schedule from a Demand Function
Curve on its basis
. to draw a Demand

EifuT qc'r{Fe cq$ qrcrq

\il

cerrs

qrfr flRn

$ ffi

q3q ElK frR-cs

qrfr fiful rllt

q".TdT{t TEI I

$t{ tilAfur 6"nzl ef+n't qf

qg vrFT Eirs \KtFs q6E r q qc{ E-[<].K qln ) E wt ilRqlf, qfuq (D) qK qc$' R63ftssrd
ffi {?lq rmfn&-$ B"ffn efEnt,T-dt qn s?F{ slrs ilRq't.qc{Fs {rq I qfr qfslRqe frrmqvfz<
E|Rqt qc"lrFF s {t Tt

qsF.f

t q{

su\g.tfR-s EEIr$3t w<r'

F6sqs\513 qwf6

qK .c4fr qc'fs-s
=/(p), 6qltgq/ qq q6'fqs <f fi"6nftqsf< fi< r e"fl-54 D Eq P
tRrt frR q-fqtflr cst{ Ec<i3t q'F eR FtRnK 'lRrfiq R{fr\o qerf ql-< l I q frr{F-{l{
nRn q["tq-+'r+ rfiAeT B"nrg ctqlKq fi({rggltR,q?E't q<t q{ s
D=a-bPIR{tlC-{a>0' b>01
qql ilRql
dRTt qcatlF-trFfr qsttqF-s Eq'R'd.r s fiRq1 qcT-$ cE[T sIRn CR?fi c(T-fid
qcqsrl fir$e qsfr q$BqFs Bnr<q 6{TI {.lT t
D = 20 -4p t Gltfn D =dRql< ffi'flq s P =qIrJ I
I

ffi t ctfs urfu-r w"rrr+-< frfuc qr'B DTRn

$ M $-{l {lT r qq-s ErfuT Er"lrFtrF P qq qtfr{

efq qcaIcFcrr efrcs f+fr EIRn dC

qrF utfu't
r<'qt qce.rffi sqr gatc{ qR frfrzs

s Dfr6f,ft{

DcFF

I P-qK

ffi

{.<l{ p = lisrFi D = 20
:{!|F[ P
=

-4

2VrF D = 20 -

ltrq< frRre Fnm-Wn< D

(r) =

qR

16 ry-<tt utfoifG<<

4 (2) = 12

{rF(P=3vfiD=20-4(3)=8

RE{
P

{F attexl {lr

filT)

6Fffir)
"t

D OIRNFI "TR{"II

(qrrs)

16
12

08

'fi,iqF-s

q{ftfu{ dR.+

5)C

qmql

(D) 'tc<( OY^srF qT G) OR*O

c"fffrE Ela-q " sq.s tr6q Ox-qrs EIRfi< "tRTt"l
q
qN 1:F 1ffi E-lF vrn fiRqlK 'rftxtq 16 qFF I Eer frrq
EIR1q | {s4^6 fi11 {lT; CEIT EC{L<

oycrv< irt{t oxqrv< 161F-{ft-t 1

cam E6 q's drq sl-cq-{ ffi t{.1 C rlKl
3
cqE|d{'lqcTcql .qFc(frq{InRn mqr< esF

fct<c<, ,qrigrm qtl c<w zbr+t e gffi

qrq HRqK {R$q Tn {cn@q{ 12 qT?F 8

I .C Ea[ qKIK OY q'rffit 2 3{F-+

fr{ e<q ox srm 12 e 08 {l.a R-ttlcqt c*l6q
ns
@ or< q-q 6rq vlcq-d cqq f<1leron
qF*
A sKr cq{lr{T qKR r nrcqQ & frT.
q.fu<i flRq't m{K o{'rd qF 61qr< t ern

,-cT-s <T

0481216

dffid
Drr<'

"tfr{t't

^
Fs e'u c {qsutRnw{Frfrfusqk,sutRnmqlt

c^falo1mt

qr'{ 51mK qRqn 1n+ e, e e

r .cfre Frcft
Rtet s{FT oo m{rB
w<
?oR qm qK frfuF EIRn cK?lt ElT-{ TKI

** *

dRc'l cd{t

urRqr mqr I

qsm qRfi

w"lrr

cans 5'lf{qI

{c

rs sf<r ffics
rsrCerEFS G3FC<F crrotFr {c'b5R
6{rTstFt Gt<Ft qq+E.
Funetlon and to
To construct a Supply Schedule from a Supply
at.- " SuPPIY Curve on its basis
GFtr{ m?tt
tqR a'6 std
'qsG
Ri4l{ qc'ts-s cq.$ qrs'F1q cafr{ .cTF munq

8--a. crt'fr{

S(T4 E;il W<t

ry

TPr6 ttAF+ S"tnr A-+t'Orn

6{tfi{ qc'fF<F s 1{ <1\sMftrs E{r {c{t fiffissIK
q< qcqi Fffid
ffi
Erffi qll (P) sld Glttlr{-< "rRqt't (S)
srr+ qrqr?F <rq r q ffi
ctqKqs frrrtwtc< eFst't T:ll
rn{\F-+ Et|cs er$.lfis qg s?|{ \$r+ ffit|r{ c(ets-s <FI I 'CR
{"1-{

E{

R"lln f gq{'{c1E-s31frffi<frar
q*w'r<
wr6
ffi 6q;4 gr<r{ qN s s*t Rt1ll-dK qsHw$ aqfr8
T-$ {l{
G{rcn qlqlKqg ficxwn<
qcqw+.rs

s = f(P)<l s = g )

*;fti
frrr<lTlT

fiHF

S=-c+dP

ffnfu-s

tCT<IIC{

c>0'd>0]

q'cors-s c{rs c{tttlit

fl{ qc'fsm;t {E{tr{ET sql-{dq s RI{F
8
ccatvrs< fimfe qTfr csll.t {l-+ EqR<q cfit {lT
qRqHe p=4:l I
s= 5 +5P IR{in s= Rlttftr.-<
c.,t

fffi* ?FK I q

c?tt

csrfit

q-{'I c{ltfl{

))s

Sw

ltslfrs c{ftfu

4qE qcalsrsr frec-s qrb cq'frff{

s ems cilrlro q6el*rs-n frfr." qrB
{F
ffiutTr
Rqr r{(Trffi q-{t qa,Fq .{Tfr CSrrrn
s-{r {rs r qq-s Rrrff{ qcflTrs pqE qlfr{ e
5fig{frq
EST r p-,cn Rfr{ qlcrn ftfucs
frr$rfet< s c< frfrx {.t{ ,il$ {r{ s

ffi

$ ffi

{rl{ P= 1E{T
T?FI P =

{tF
Rr{-CE

P=

$ru

2E-{{

3E-{i

s (Rt?ff[-{< "tR'{Ht

= 5 + 5 (2) = 15

(qs-GF',)

10

2
S = 5 + 5 (3)

= Z0

--)

**

g,/"
----ti-'- -7
ot - -----

l.--I
. L___
' f--,f___

20

a'r s qqE c{rErr

I F,/' i
-\;--/,
i
y
i i

c<trffrl-<

R'r-i

IF 6;R
a'\r'5 ETq

-srn gtK

cq tiW 15 qFF 20

RT q<( ox Er+;r 15 20 ?-s RTSqT

cErs qE 961 qq' 6rq q-cq-{ qh fr1

i i
i i
1s--ll6.-^

ffi'k

tRfl"r

q$-$rqEqrq-il<oyqrF.{23p-s

{ells-F F s G W{I

ctr{r

r e cfr116q1 mE Ftrcq ss e?ttfr {ITt {t{

efc$ Rl'it.t

ry\e-lrmcqnfaqsErfri c'-,qrnT Rcrqr

efr q(fr-s-<i m{H cR{Er eofr R-1 lr<
qr-tsrrR qnt c<rg zDrq e
etrTT qrE

"/,
_t
E'

(qT{)

tbrElqt

,D "G.r;+"
cry {R qN lrFi 1 il-$t E-{n r{trffffi< {RTrq 10 qT?F,t q
Eqr F.g oyqr+_< 1
{D_s
fr{ o ox sr+< 10 W-s frT ere qF n.{E

u-e

pfircil'tl{qFEr{

S= 5 +S (1) = 1s

q5gR I 4 q-q1 q

Hl* -]ffi-;ffiHf#

r qfrQ {E

frfug fit ft{ 6{t E(irq

Cnq-6ryT

ftft

s-{t Tts

ffirftq 6{r r qo_tn cqlrft{.qcrss

Slope
Tqtf s wqn o'r< mqr* wr1G

fr6 em r rs-tQ qsB 6g?ff {rgT Tt Eq qRierb(rnft qr

fiTtfift ut w;a6 qqi vtf, EH qtqt sR.tq-{
EtEr qErs ft
wttu s rsF qc{srs-{ ntr qqms DErs-f rcEr Etfr{ DTrs-<
"tffiq. F.o
sfr{ D-{rsK 1ffinR wt'irqrs EIq rrE r qftc, utq qE *o*u*
,1R<664R
qtft6
nF um+r
nqFm E('fsrs< tro-qt o-on flT R{rrl E-{Ffr-s qrm
wtfu e<1 fuq qrp qfr{ ucr+ offiql1
T-{I qn i p<tr, $m+vrr-< Drq Eq c+rq cq{F.A.{ q{-yfr-s qffi{
eFqEFt

s<rfiTs 6q.

qs. TrrrttT q<i tq.

"fR'-{\r'F B-sx {R<\tH-{

\o1s

ft.

eflR

q{flE

qqH-.{R:i-cs, ..{Fff&er*, rrq

Rq c+rq n<Grq-n q-Nfi-S

,n*

,.u.,*',|'ii]''cally,slopeistheratiooftheverticaIchangetothehorizontal.nu^,uffi

'frfE&-s

a'\r-a. Cf?fl-{ D-fq

E{AftF ffifr_E qKqT

))1

Slope of a Curve

qs* 6?irR CSIT fifrs R?$s r,u

<EUs e Rr
fiftRs DEr$-{ m tR$"t,{R<6i * * wt lgrs

carcs

srQ-{ Eqrqn

q*w

c<t-{R I sftq,

'ffi,o.

+rE

d/

- ry-t*lffiq
arftqDErsKffi-

c<q'RtrrE
e" "'\ v'-'| =

cTQ*{ sT*lr qfr qm crqq

fr-6*ftq
rq
TrErn{t T{tf,.{ qR ErFfte-s Ds-rs-{
'q.Trs
srfrfts
Efr
vtQ eF Q mqr< E'u I qfi "R_="T
sR qsftftT'rR"6r*;v

cr{r-f,6r"

H*

m<

.* *ff,

"re

ff

lfu am flffi g*

qRK c-fi{ cfiff

s-dq

{R?II

t6{nTd

<-$

qr* qRrrt F-$ qs r qwor <nE

"r.* lffif qm vn sncFr {t
<urpn EsBft-s {R-.6-m o*

qc- 'rrn r uR mqr< Drq

.c Em q.{-rar{

cqft*t

qluErD-{,'

f+) xrq ou?fff rtq fr{-q s c$f{ q.efT= qrflq* qcq

q".f;s m{T T{-{TGR qs
q K*T qffi *oFs-s
r {-{r TlS,
-y = /(x) r .Ts frm <r<r^qrs y = f (x)*o-* carr$
qr"s
cd.{.n AB qc-{
T{r qmq r 6rq fl*fr.s R-t qq
c r c frgm
q$
EqcK
u,-{
"r,
$nT qIT, AB c{,<tln s,r<

nt# #ffi,*

c RTrg x E

y Y

Wff.Hffi:'#H,i...........:"A

Tail6Fm xr

yr I q q-{l{R AB 6qln bqRfus

{arrcG;.,, ,;; ,,1

T*-"T
""f
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"f*-{-6q A

:J ?"-*T
K(
(x1. y,), I fi

+<rTFFr*
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L/

c{rn c fr.1cv x qR {R-{6d ..f,r

Cr=xr-&=Ax
c'urR & GqR D

l;'
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/-;

rrs L/

Rr." y qR 1fur <KT

I
TISDT=Y]-Yo=AY
I
{o*( cfrTmurq= * = Y,- yo ":
Ll
X[
-

xo

Bq s'b'(s) s q{lR q+bRTzsrrEfrfu

= 4I

Ax

{w{I( e$m {tr{.u{rn c+rq ft-{r"- us fi'{ s-{c. q.,

e
EsBe-{ Eqr$< {ffi{ro yfr E$fUd=F
Dsrs-{

tffi{

ffi<6T fi4cK q-it

Dqr<Fd

"rffit

rq ccRF ,u--G?tt uu,.n qR

frrq vtrt o-*cs q{

R-tn :nq ffi-s

TKs R_g1 rR frcxnq

..o qt

.!!!!!

s{ftft

So:n<lfrs

))t

qTtr {damrt|* rrq frfrT f<'ECs fu< c esB c<q (-<IIK frfr{ Ra-F urq ftr< ellm t erfr
:1<61 6<?itd Re{ Ra-r {Rfi"rys um-n Tl{ celrs qTeII qfl6l T-fl {l{
Aqs frCq KL qq ,q$E qRq 61ll {lK A , B C k{r\5 Wq 'tfu"t T3TI {ls I rsn frKs trls
{RTrc'K q-{], A f<1c.n-o s.tfrq uqn x efr{ 6e;E y-qR {RK6{ fi'n T-{l $cilqq t e B[q-c"B
Fft$g"Ir< ESffi qETI TR
Y
e fcfre Es (A Rq celrs B frA'fis
I

Ear[-tr

"ffr<\r'q)

=fT

1o

--5 -"
s

fi-qm

E"rs (B

R-t

x yD-r.sir "rffiqr =

cEc+

c ftT t{s

# =#=4
1o
5

-"

c RWro Ers (c RT elrs D RT

xyuerf,io3rtffill =

t{s

* =ffi

- !=z

0510152025

5
qrF:r*q m=nnRGf R-tW qun
qq-s a;tE 6e{K A, B c R'Ws qfuor1v EIF< :rF q-<ffiuqn z qdtq qsQ r rkst <EI {l{,
erfr {ds 6"{K RfrI Rars un ert <t fiq{ qlrs
; Tl3["t, q Cn?ff<
({)
6dr1fd rFr s eTfr Ts c<{In El{ fi4cr6
wqtrn q6 tt I q Tsri 6{113t 'l3T c+rq fi-q6re us frfr1{ q-$ f<r<E RarY
Aetr
qrccq &
qTfr
Sret ql I c<Fl{ <F 6ff11f, eTF frffi'& f<-t ;pf{ +m eTm ffiq-GFIt
"'fis
T{'{r<llrBr+ qs m{tFd :etf+ (tangent) T{l ql r ,h q{rsK Elq qq B*tt fq{rq m?tttr{ rilq
:+fus x<-tr1F<, srQ crfr q3FrF?tK
cwtr< c<3r r-<I cR Fr{r$K urqe ,h qrQpft< fr4n

Fs e'y

(q) c

fie ruI

{s
ms 'rffi{

{
->

tr|{ I

nrq

R-Ke ?Flfus EFI 'tts{l {l{

qRrc{I c$f{ TdtK{rd esft frffi8
"nc,t< cnofiBrffi
Ra-reutq {fu"{ T-fiqdtt
{3Il {t<F., ss KFrn{Iffi3 r f<q[E trls qR{i"i
T6I[9 qr< I qq-{t T R{qcl eTB :Plfs .,.n' qqSo{

T<r[E <15-K{K

fifis

T-{t qs I x y Ddtrrm :{fC{{ qffi{ fr4c]-< S-{]

:q{'E 6rxn E K fr{. M {R I fi x t{trF;t qfuq
Ax =MRlt y DdfKql"tffi{Ay= TR I
qsq<, r Rqre uu' fsrtrK

* = #=ffi

FE a'x s <F R{l3t ,{Tfr R-qt urq fift

qsfm eTfr <EF 6<{8I cofq R-q1s un qRqt"t T3-N qcq s R-qre qsB Pffs 6n s.n
qRmn r$cqA ,i f<-{6o <o m{trn EIq qITI qr{
r

rn

utlfE&-s

Tq qt 6{Ft

c{ftGi ffifr+ qm"n

))b

r 6s'F T<q G{K 5IE S:r EKrn .{.F c3rq (K?tK utq C<Ft qre 'llrd I Sl<]S
.{si TocK.flK E1< RGX fr-g6s un RBf qce en-cK r e Rare qp +an 6i"Irn fis
e<( q$E <Fr<?tt{ nrun fqre un frn ql r eeiql Rfu m.n< {c{I Etm< Rftf,q cq"fi st{ I El?rt-n
6{ 6{K Elq a<Ft qg s{tq c{ 6{i=t cvrq xA-{ D'r-trFTT Y
(rt)

qi

'16r

frl

flr+< qffiq r<Ff

q{ ET ET+t{s<norr< c<fi {rgt q{ r Et{ c< c?tr{ urr Tr
s6q c{ c$fm 6trq stft{ D-{rsR qlrq-f {RKgnF
gs-fl{ sft{ E-{r+-< {lrl< tffii :FIt {* E'r
qR cfrs
E-{-{T{{-S-gr[< T:I "WT <I rqaral
(i) Efr *r=IG$Er EtFL?r &trvl. s ottfifu$ frs
c{rs cq{rq, c cr'ir Vn< gqil{, qx c<ft qcr
qgrq cKffi lrlE <lq q<(qq s:i q[{ qvrE K{rn ulE

ql6Ts

{ffiff{

l-qrrr qfu

D-qrs-n

trc{ | efqg'frrq fi"tf {R, LM NR 6{t fF< "r<

5AFF X EK qTQ qR:Nq {R<\fi AX = EF qK EffiITI LM
mqm O"r< srrn y ..{F {ffi{ Ay = FH q<(NR 6fifn
Eq< uq-s y qK qffi{ Ay = FG r frt E F LM R{lt

qE=*

# **

r{ {t nft uE Frffifs cs.fi

R{Kun= fl =ffi r cu #'EFqnTI <nt {trtr, E Rars LM fftK

c<Ft r \Tdtq p{ Wt r<{k ts-{T{ ERs WT mqr< un mft

NR

NR 6g"rK EtrqK crm

EH

tiil e+6 <iF cFfR f{Bf

qn 1 s!- FaE

FE e':o

srqn erFRF 6{t

ft,F'ntc6r-?r FrB-{-sr c eTE <a 6?tt{ RG{ RTcu rrn RF\IF

I {K m nfr{mrtqF{-r+,rtrFF r q Ecn.r.r cqtFr m n

fuW-{ Xm:nfu rF[Rrd AB cD fuil qq

csFr r<rc<qm ertr fqqrs Erc qq ,h R-{cs
ssftE"'r-{crlwrqFq{I{t q Rmr{ sr rd?u;t
r

J-

m frqcu ul-tqr< nePffico<urrffrqll;tIm

frqru au :er{ron wq = qstqq&ftr+
'q<g,pfiFfu+qKg =

qTQglr{

ST CtrrIEI

'.R{T

EH qtr< CD

q-{rsK wn< {jttq r n iq{co cD ptfrs-{ rl-q

,_oc,

x -oD'
fre s '::

s <?F

6{fl-n

RGq ftTcs

uffi

frXsr

q?ffF AO>CO q<( OD>OB q\e${ Tqt {Fr

m

r{{F

rA

urq c<n r {q{r( eT,fu Ts mqm r<isq l<-ws

# t "n s
un r<rq q*

a5q Cr?fiF< n rq3 PETIT

)ro

fi5

qffiE E{frb

(iii) {TfqT e {r.tf$+ utq s qrB-m{R

cflq fr_trs uE fr{r{n q_{] fr.$
cal.s 6_"I'q.
Tn-9 Etus{ s-flR q-{l_ffi
q.y
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or*
fr.s E{ r qfi B,rn
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E

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oou

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s cs.n

m*n c+F ft-q

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IFg' Efrw
arr+ frcu-n

Rtrs ET sr< ffic5rq cn"flftK US {r6nq.s

ql r rffiF@.{ cRtzsj
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Frq- oo F{
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a1a1_g q{ T"6q
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n*'*t'*q,*
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q-{rqr Et{ s mlT

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s es6-+-n Tr{
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8
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f
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"l________
: frRr I EsqR A
T9* SR frq sfis (+)
tr \
(+))(+)
RTrs GqTBn rn=
' eE
)
AC=(.u:

tr;ro

q*

-tr'ff;,*.f ;#'y

:Iry*

---

#,

-/

ffi{F

uR {-{tws I q?F{ cqrs

<-qI {t{, Tf{fr-s cql-s ut{frrs
b<rfffr <'?iF uls.
K-{wf
SS

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Lgg

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,4

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(i)

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Eq..s y-R r..lrfir c<'F

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10

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S
m
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;
j

er:ffi

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TltF TFI I
erFu'rfuTcsqt \ffi:-q q1t
5 1 qgofq-$

D=15-3p

R-ra-< utRqt q'ft-$Rq celrs

qsB

ffi

+< q<(ElK frfr.o

rfr. mr. \ooe;{.6{t.
urr' \ueu;\
{ooc;T. f{t. Qoocl
ITRn {D

[R"flc{ D= HRRKffiTf"tq<( p=EN]

[what is a Function ? Construct a demand schedule from
the following demand
equation and on the basis of it draw a demand
.,r."o o = it^- ro (where, D = euantity
demanded and p = price.)l
r, I

qc'fFF <eF

D =20

fi

Rr<fiR r frca-s utRn qc'rm-+ cq-ro eFFD.tRn

(R{IH

c<?fi

S(T{

S-n r

=
-5p
| t<. m. Q.oots; KI. C{t. toov l
[what is meant.by a function ? Draw a demand curve from
the following demand
function : D = 20-5p (where, p
= euantity demandei
O = Orr." ll
""1
D

utRqt< 1RlIq R( p qTrl)

=

q{itGK

dfio
'ttiEfrs
a{F|l{ r frru-n nfor qn*lcorc-$

I H'('tsT <q-F fr
fr&60 Hfur aqt ERq qr 8 D =
ru

qmqr

)ls

ffi

^qrfr q?t( $
t6-4p (cT{lcq D = EIRRK'fRITq
p = qTIt)
D.rRn

Tr< s'rn

tft. co. \o5); R. ril. \oob; T. C{t. tool I

[What is meant by a function? Construct a demand schedule from the following
demand equation and draw a demand curve on its basis:
D 16-4p (where, p
=

demanded and p = price.)]

rcq ? frcD.i c{leflq wtq-o Rrs.-crm fr{ G!fi q(T,I TK

4 + 2p (C{yltr{ S = CTtrtfc{3tr tRwq R( p
I
=
is
a
function
? Draw a suppry curve from the following
Iwhat
s I E"carF-E Tras
s

ff

euantity

ffi)

_-

supply function

2p (where, g = euantity of supply and p

c I EctT-T FL$ TCq t {qts c$4H Ecals?F Ecs .csB
S=4+

cn{i q(qd

qr

S=

=price.)l
F. 6{t. loogl
{G ffi +.G{ Etd Gerg qrF mpm

-5 + 3p (Rr$fr S = C{.frtf{ eRs. p = q.lT)

fwhat is a function?_ prepare a suppry schedule from the given supply function
and
draw a supply curve on its basis : s =
-5 +3p (where, s = supplf and p =pri.u.)l
F. ((I. to));El. C{t. loocl
s I qsqle qft-s.-{c"K c(@t qT I qq-g- qTEils qfi-+nq ettrF qsB
m.{BE Ess-{
s
y = 2x + 2 I [Define a linear equation. From the given linear equation
draw a graph S
y =2x+21

1r

ffrtn

q-c'r$?F

strs rcq l

frfr65C{lrtl{ 6?ttCW-{GI

r S=-

mrfF ID ffi q<( EIst

2+3p; R{lC{S= GlrtfF-<{RrH q<( i=nro, 1wr,"tir"
fr-r{-< c{Irflq q-cal+-s ca[r+ q<56

supply function ? From the following supply function prepare a

supply schedule *d
supplycurve on itsbasis: s =- 2+rp ; where g quantitysuppliedtand p pricd.l
=

dr"*

"

lRt. 6{t. tooql

I GHl{ qcats?F fi a frm ffirtf{ qc'rs-s ccrrs qrF Rlsfl{ 6?lT C{s{ s3t
I s = 4 + 2p
R{kfl S = RttfFI, p = FFI^| (what is supply function ? Draw a supply curve
from the
followingsupplyfunctioh:s=4+zp, where, s=supplyand p=price.)'
tE. t{t. qos:t
b r c$F{ rrE <Ercs fi c<r+m ? qrft rrf,q 6{rftd wq frqr<
fiif-T F-rr< ? [ what is meanr
b,

by slope of a curve ? How do you determine the slope

of a straight line ?]
Kl. C{1. lo)), 'ot'; R. C{1. \d); Et. 6{1. Q.oots, ,oV; {. ,Tl. l.oots; D. 6{1.

too.I
)ol Ffr fr-st< qtrfr Ts 6rqru ErqtREr"trf,r< ? [How would
ror -"ur.r." th" rl.;;;;
a curve ?]
)

) I Efr

c3m rtr{K EtrEK

slopes of two straight lines

Tr{i yfr Rw< Es-{t

lul.6{1, eoogl

F-trc< ?

[How would you compare the

?]

)i | 'qrB {$ 6$fiR RfrT Rre

urn Rfrx'-p6 ftstm a:rtq +;rtrr ?

[How wourd you
prove-'the slopes of a curve at different points are different' ?
]
)e I f{Tr{tfi Rcrca- ft
r cefr frW *nqm p q cqil Etcq @, 6) tRfi ft-sk<
raltfi Tfrr< ? [\arhat do you1lr
mean by plotting of points ? The Co-oramu,"r]+,

rc

of P and q are given. How would you plot tfre points Z1

58 I rI{ Tl-Cs Trq ? qT,F <-$GFIK uF yfr ftq6q frefu
would you determine the slope of a curve

?l

6) of a point

n1rs ? [What is slope ? How

[F..

GT.

\oou]

)r8

gqy

{f<ift_$

E ftG

5c'l Dq-$ grs-{ Tc<i

"fi{,-i cqrfi\e I m.n6zqR rnqrcqi {-{'rws trrE ts u,{r*-s ErrqR
TfirfT q{ I I Show the difference
srr.fl
U"t*""r, ,r".r-uil" *]'" ."^rrant.
Explain the concepts of
positive slope and negative
"
strope with the hefp o1-i"rr"*r.f
)v I Grftn qs Ttrs R?s ; e+ft T{q
slope of a curve? How would
f{lR ,lu pfr fi.* "fft$q p3r5q ? [r4rhar is the
yor'. *"urr'rre the
slope o?a sfaight line ?
R. C{1. Q.ootl
lis
stlR
frq-6{ R{* t.ti; ;;;"td
,,r"igrlrt i,S,** 'nnBT
measure
vou
the srope of a
)b r ff{R r.'o Trrs {.o ? TtrE
Ts ffi*{,E fi{R-{ ,r"KG vRlT
s_{ r ,
of a curve ?

;:il1
*""r.,.*g the slope of a straight
',H;rT
rine and

Explain the methods of

lJjt",ttto"

"rR{H wr{ {How

nY
to

"fi{rg ft I eTm qTvls q*+n"t c{rs cq{Fq qq-{ ,frx&

nffi:J:ifft;:t3;ffi: " "'*bi; "". ".")"'ant

o*"."}.1jP,tffi,1Xffiff
I

ll

EeFF

wourd you measure the

EEr${ TcqI

<lTc[.t

? Exprain rhe method or

i frc6.n qSr-or.FFqT ,q,*

(S) y =2+4x
(,r)

.irq

qw_{ +;r

e=7-2p

3l:;r:;r

fDrarv graphs from the fbllowing equations

:]

(a) y =2+4x
(c)

,=;-;
ff

* I cq"rFq

(i)

I I=;;::t

fr-m cft-$RWF,rKcq.6q;r*;;-

(r) ad =20-2P
(ii)Q.=-4 +2p
GqlF go =urRnr< ofRqf.f,
[what is d graph

/L\ _- n

es

= Rtrffrfi ffi$q u.p=!.fq

Draw up graphs from the following

equations

20-zp
Qr=-4+2P
Where, Qa = Quantity demanded
a, = quantity supplied
Qa =

price.

\' r cqqfi"q Rq6o fi gr r Fm crFf* qcr** cer$ cs'

s =B+2p (Gqrrqs

o.* #,

,,,, b!ra,
RrrtrT
6rtt -'\-r--r \.sr

c{r' t'ooel
5

=6141_qqR(p=EN)r
*"*J'T_l{:ti*!:f#rXfiillrt="r:il)"i'oo'rcurverromth3rolgwrnssupply
F{ s

qs r @{Fq
S =8

fi r frrrs ** -i.G
+P (Trt-{

S = Rlrfl{

ll{hat is a graph ? Construct

*#*

i(p

=qfq,1

oF

ffi

srn Er{

#T#il;Y#

a supply schedule from

_ , draw
, a supply-curve
th,e following sup?ly function
and
on its basis. I
lRt. f{1.

loocl

'flFft-r E{ftfun ffifr-e E13"fi

aftru--bo* aX :
: r fiftbs s{ftfu Trrs <rq ?

[\Arhar is Mathematical Economics ?]

I r eTfr{ DEr<F sfr{ E-{r$-{ c(@.t qTs I

va riab

le.l

e I DTF SffS

{fq

8 I {<?F T|CS <6q

5ta

[Define independent variable and dependent

? [ Whaf is a variable ? ]

[I4/hat is a constant ?]

c r DEFF $rs-{ c(Et qT t I perine a variabre and a constant.

]
s I qTlfls qfr+nq fi I I What is a linear equation ?
]
I I 5"FF $6F3t rc<l of|{Ri fi e I what is the difference between
constant

?]

'oe

, 'e13D. C{. \o)

a variable and a

ft. C<.t. \o) 5 ; T. 6{1. Q.oob;

tr|. C{t. \oot; fr. 6{t. \oo1; R. C{t. \ooVl
t I q['fS?F Sfad <m a I What is a function ? ] f<. GI. Q.o)5; D. 6{1. Q,oorr; fr. C$. qooul
qaKt, qCqST TqF fr
{<t I I What do you mean by a function ? ]
lFl. C$. QooUI
qTqs
qC{FfS-{
bI
C(T n I [Define a linear function.]
5o I D9{6 fi I [What is a quadrant ?]
) 5 I rlrfit C(EI fT I [Define slope.]
tRI. C{1. \o5 5

qaRI, 6{rfli EIq rdfrs

) ,,'oC;

fi wg t I

wnat is meant by the slope of a curve ? ]

tfr. rO. Q,o5); KI. C<t. Q.oob-, ,og, ,o8; T. 6il. \oog;lrt. f{I. \oopl
)\t cq".iFq fi I [What is a graph?]
ID. C{t. Q.o) ); tr|. 6{1. Q,oots, 'osl
:u r frqqtfi <F.trs Trq ? [Whar is plorting of points ?]
)8 I R'{RIEEIFI fifur ll Rltlll qc{T?F R4n sR
[Determine whether the following

are demand or supply functions

(i)

x=100-10p

(it P=Ia-ix
(iii) P=3x-4
(irr) x=4P-1
)atfr{'R{ils6il{Fcfr$K.ttr{qq-$$s ?6?nfrrq'l{Rtnr<nrlltcr B s=-5 +
5p
[\ /hat is the intercept of the following supply curve ?- s = 5 + 5p]
5s I qrF q;a G{lr {t.frq-f utq yfr ih"tc< wt6t S-dc{ ?
[How would you prove the
I

negative slope of a straight line ?l

) c I fi{Fq s faq )efifi T{cs
points ?l

fr gr

? [\4/hat

5b- I stfu Eq:F qft{ D-qr$R {"c<i fl{r$i

independent variable and dependent variable ?]

fi

do you mean by a graph and plotting of

? [\Alhat

lT.6Tl. \oo1;R.

is the difference between

C{1.

an

iool, {oo6;RI. C{t. a.oocl