Blood Type Testing Lab

Jedsada Luengaramsuk (JJ) and Chutimaporn Chulaprungruang (High) 11-3

17/03/15
Introduction:
Have you ever heard about blood types? Blood types are particularities of antigen. This
antigen is protein or carbohydrate that locate on the surface of the red blood cell which different
person will have different antigen[1].
Multiple alleles trait, more than 2 different alleles for one gene at the locus[2]. Therefore
its made the phenotypes more than 2. For example, blood types. Human ABO blood types are
the very common blood types of human and very important. ABO blood types specified by
antigen that locates at the surface of red blood cell. There are 2 types of antigen: An antigen and
B antigen. Antigen is the substance that prompts the generation of antibodies also causes an
immune to respond (contain in blood). There is a relationship between antigens and antibodies.
Antibodies are gamma globulin protein that are found in blood or other blood fluids[3].
Antigen and antibodies interact by antibodies bind to the antigen and aid the recognition of the
antigen cell. For example, in blood type A, it produces antigen A. It means that they can get only
antibodies A. If they get another antibody (B), the system will inoperative. Therefore, everyone
should know their own blood types because it is importance when we get donated blood from
other people. We should get blood in a same type or compatible with our blood type, otherwise it
may be cause of dangerous reaction so as lose ones life. So, we did this experiment to determine
the blood types of the subject by using various antibodies.
Materials:
-

2 Microscope Slides
Anti-A, -B, -AB
Markers
Lancets

Method:

- Lancet Device
- Ethanol
- Cotton Ball
- 3 toothpicks

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Draw two circles of 1 cm diameter side by side on each slide

Mark each circle
Wait for your partner to puncture the tip of your finger.
Drop a single drop of blood in each circle.
Control: not put antibody
Anti-A > drop anti-A
Anti-B > drop anti-B
Anti-AB > drop anti-AB
*Drop single drop of blood

7. Mix the blood and antibody by toothpick (use different toothpick for each drop of blood)
8. Wait for 10 minutes and observe result
9. Draw data table and collect result
Results:
Table1: The result of JJs blood interact with antibodies

State: Coagulation/No coagulation

Control

No coagulation

Anti-A

No coagulation

Anti-B

No coagulation

Anti-AB

No coagulation

Picture1: The results of JJs blood coagulation

Anti-A, Control group

Anti-B, Anti-A,B

Anti-A, Control group

Anti-B, Anti-A,B

Discussion:
1. State the blood type of mother and father. Explain different scenarios of allele
inheritance that led to your blood type (for each member, state whose scenario it is).
Scenarios of allele inheritance
JJs blood type - group O
Father - IAIA or IAi

(group A)

Mother - ii

(group O)

Mother's

Possible mother's

Father's

Possible father's

Possible child

blood type

genotype

blood type

genotype

blood type

AA, AO

O, A

Possible genotype
If father is IAIA x mother is ii
their child will be IAi 100%

IA

IA

IAi

IAi

IAi

IAi

If father is IAi x mother is ii

their child will be IAi = 50%

their child will be ii = 50%
IA

IAi

IAi

ii

ii

From JJ blood type that we found, it is group O. We can predict the genotype of group O
is antigen ii. JJs father has blood type A, which means that his Father has antigen - IA IA or IAi.
Also his mother has blood type O, which mean that the antigen is ii only. From the information
we can predict that his father should be IAi only and his mother should be ii only. If we want to
get the blood type O, we can only get from this scenario. On the other hand, if his father have
antigen IA IA, it would be impossible to make his baby with blood type O, but he will make his
baby with blood type A instead.
Scenarios of allele inheritance
Highs blood type - group AB
Father - IAIA or IAi

(group A)

Mother - IBIB or IBi

(group B)

Mother's

Possible mother's

Father's

Possible father's

Possible child

blood type

genotype

blood type

genotype

blood type

BB, BO

AA, AO

A, AB, B, O

Possible genotype
If father is IAIA x mother is IBIB
their child will be IAIB = 100%

IA

IA

IB

IAIB

IAIB

IB

IAIB

IAIB

If father is IAi x mother is IBIB

their child will beIAIB = 50%
their child will beIBi = 50%

IA

IB

IAIB

IB i

IB

IAIB

IB i

If father is IAi x mother is IBi

their child will be IAIB = 25%
their child will be IAi = 25%
their child will be IBi = 25%
their child will be ii = 25%
IA

IB

IAIB

IB i

IAi

ii

If father is IAIA x mother is IBi

their child will be IAIB = 50%
their child will be IAi = 50%

IA

IA

IB

IAIB

IAIB

IAi

IAi

2. Explain why blood coagulates with some antibodies but not with other antibodies.

The reason that blood coagulates with some antibodies but not with other antibodies
because each blood type create different antibodies which means each groups will resist
differently. In one blood type, there is the material called antigen. Each blood types produce
different antibodies to resist an antigen. Blood type A people has antigen A at the surface of red
blood cell and has antibody B in plasma. So, when we drop antibody A in A blood type, it will
cause coagulation because antibody A will fight antigen A. B blood type has antigen B at the
surface of red blood cell and has antibody A in plasma. When drop antibody B in B blood type, it
will cause coagulation. There is no antigen A and B for O blood type people. Also, type O has
both antibodies A and B in plasma. So, it will not cause any coagulation. For AB blood type,
have both antigen A and B at the surface of red blood cell but there is no antibody in plasma.
Because of AB blood type people have both A and B antigens, so they do not need any antibody.
If we drop antibody, it will cause of coagulation.

Conclusion:
As the result, we can predict blood type by using antibody as a tester. If antibody mix
with an identical antigen in blood, it will precipitate or coagulation. From the experiment, we
found that JJs blood type is O because there is no antibody participates on any antigen. All of
them are clear and not vicious. Therefore it means that JJ can only get the blood from blood type
O because blood type O can only interact with O antibodies. If we give him another blood types
apart from O, his body wont stand against it and shut down. We can also predict all possible
genotypes of parents and son or daughter. So, we can find a percentage of kids possible blood
type by drawing Punnet Square. In this experiment, there is a little error happened while we were
doing it. An error is that we dropped a wrong antigen in the specific blood type pit such as drop
antigen B in pit A, so it made us confuse about its result. We need to remember the results of
them by taking photo. Next time, we will more careful while doing the experiment and try to
avoid any mistake that make our result not accurate.
References:
-

[1]Antigen: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2015, from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002224.htm

[2]Scoville, H. (n.d.). Multiple Alleles - Definition and Examples. Retrieved March 16, 2015,

from http://evolution.about.com/od/Evolution-Glossary/g/Multiple-Alleles.htm
[3]Antibody: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2015, from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002223.htm