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EUROCODE 7
EUROCODE 7
EUROCODE 7
improve the functioning of the single market for products and engineering
services by removing obstacles arising from different nationally codified
practices for the assessment of structural reliability;
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EN 1991
Eurocode 1
Actions on Structures
EN 1992
Eurocode 2
EN 1993
Eurocode 3
EN 1994
Eurocode 4
EN 1995
Eurocode 5
EN 1996
Eurocode 6
EN 1997
EN
1997
Eurocode 7 7
Eurocode
Geotechnical
Design
Geotechnical
Design
EN 1998
Eurocode 8
EN 1999
Eurocode 9
Part 2: Ground
investigation and testing
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Publication of Eurocodes
Eurocode programme developed by the Comit Europen de Normalisation (CEN)
the European Committee for Standardisation.
1975: ECC identify need to improve functioning of the single market for products and
engineering services
1989: ECC issue Council Directive 89/106/EEC
- known as Construction Products Directive
Passed to CEN for development
Eurocode Programme overseen by Technical Committee 250 (CEN/TC 250)
Each Eurocode produced by separate sub-committee
e.g. Eurocode 7 : CEN/TC 250/SC 7
Each Eurocode and National Annex published by national standards bodies,
e.g. BSI in UK
Dr Ian Smith, Edinburgh Napier University
EUROCODE 7
Austria
Latvia
Belgium
Lithuania
Cyprus
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Malta
Denmark
Netherlands
Estonia
Norway
Finland
Poland
France
Portugal
Germany
Slovakia
Greece
Slovenia
Hungary
Spain
Iceland
Sweden
Ireland
Switzerland
Italy
UK
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SC00
SC
SC11
SC
CEN
CEN
TC 250
250
TC
TC.
TC.
TC
TC
SC
SC
SC 77
SC
SC
SC
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Eurocodes Timeline
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
1989
1999
Programme
passed to CEN
1975
EEC initiate
programme
2000
2005
2002
ENs start
to appear
2010
March
2010
Implmtn.
2011
1989 1999
Today
ENVs produced
All European public-sector clients have been legally required to commission Eurocodecompliant structural designs since March 2010.
Private sector clients can continue to use any effective design methods. But, as most
existing codes will be withdrawn, Eurocodes will be only recognised codes available.
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Fundamental requirements
The structure and structural members should be designed, executed
and maintained in such a way that they meet the following:
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EN Annexes
EN Annexes are either Normative or Informative.
Normative contains information that must be followed.
Informative contains supplementary information that may be
followed.
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National Annexes
The link between Eurocode and national standards for member state.
Contain rules and NDPs to ensure safety remains a national, and not a
European, responsibility.
Foreword of each Eurocode lists paragraphs in which national choice
is allowed. However, the National Annex has limited overriding
authority to the Eurocode.
A National Annex cannot change or modify the content of the EN Eurocode
text in any way other than where it indicates that national choices may be
made by means of Nationally Determined Parameters.
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National Annex
The National Annex flavours each Eurocode to each countrys needs.
A National Annex exists for each Eurocode Part.
National Annexes provide:
Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
Country specific data
Procedure to be used, where choice is offered
Guidance on the informative annexes
Reference to non-contradictory, complementary information (NCCI)
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Published
Published
December 2004
November 2007
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National Annexes
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Development of Eurocode 7
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Soil properties
8 features considered by drafters of Eurocode 7:
1. Soil properties determined by investigation, EN 1997 Part 2
2. Undrained and drained conditions to be considered
3. Property characteristic value is cautious estimate of mean value
4. Soil variability is high, judgement required for k values
5. Strength related to normal stress , care required when applying
partial factors of safety to geotechnical loads
6. Soil can redistribute loading from weaker to stronger zones
7. Soil is compressible, SLS usually controls design, though ULS
calculations usually performed in design
8. Soil stress-strain behaviour is complex, few calculation models
provided in EN 1997
Dr Ian Smith, Edinburgh Napier University
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Foreword
General
Planning of ground investigation
Soil and rock sampling and groundwater measurements
Field tests in soil and rock
Laboratory tests on soil and rock
Ground investigation report
Annexes A X
196 pages
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Reminder (Scope):
EN 1997-2 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1997-1
and provides rules supplementary to EN 1997-1.
EN ISO 22476
Field Testing
Parts 1 13
EN ISO 14688
EN ISO 14689
Identification and classification of
soil and rock
EN ISO 22475
Sampling and
groundwater
measurements
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In other words
Design to EN 1997 depends as much on Part 2 as Part 1.
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Geotechnical Design
(Eurocode 7: Parts 1 & 2) & NAs
Geotechnical Projects
Dr Ian Smith, Edinburgh Napier University
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Using Eurocode 7
Key aspects
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2.1(1)
This section sets the scene for the design situations and identifies aspects to
be considered in the design, including: factors to be considered (e.g. site
conditions) (2.1(2)); methods of verifying the limit states (2.1(4)); and a
means of identifying the complexity of the design together with the
associated risks (2.1(8)).
(4) Limit states should be verified by one or a combination of the following:
use of calculations
(most common)
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Most routine geotechnical design work will fall into Geotechnical Category 2.
Dr Ian Smith, Edinburgh Napier University
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Fundamental!
We shall look at this shortly
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Derived values
1.5.3 Specific definitions used in EN 1997-2
1.5.3.1 derived value
value of a geotechnical parameter obtained from test results
by theory, correlation or empiricism (see 1.6)
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F1
Correlations
EN 1997-2
F2
L1
C1
C2
C1
L2
Information from other
sources on the site,
the soils and rocks
and the project.
EN 1997-1
Cautious selection
Geotechnical model and characteristic value of
geotechnical parameters
Application of partial
factors
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Other means
Statistical methods can be used if sufficient geotechnical
measurements/results exist.
Except on projects where a large amount of high quality ground
investigation data is available, it is unlikely that statistical methods would
be adopted to select characteristic values of geotechnical parameters.
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General: F
Permanent: G
Transient: Q
Materials:
General: M
Resistance:
General: R
Bearing resistance: Rv
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Design values
These are obtained by combining the characteristic value with the
appropriate partial factor of safety.
i.e.
characteristic value
design value
partial factor of safety
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and
Design action Fd
Divided by M values
Material Properties (c, tan , etc.)
Design material property, e.g. c'd
Geotechnical Analysis
Design Resistance, Rd
Verify
Ed Rd
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representative
action
design
action
(Fk)
(Frep)
(Fd)
Correlation
factor,
i.e.
Frep = Fk
design effects of
action
(Ed)
Partial factor
of safety, F
Fd = Frep F
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Design geotechnical
Parameter
Partial factor of
safety, M
(Md)
i.e.
Md
Mk
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Design resistances
Equation 6.6 in EN 1990:2002 indicates that the design resistance depends
on material properties and the structural dimension. However, in geotechnical
design, many resistances depend on the magnitude of the actions and so EN
1997-1:2004 2.4.7.3.3 redefines Equation 6.6 to include the contribution
made by the design action. The clause actually offers three methods of
establishing the design resistance,
Rd RFd ; X d ; a d
or
Rd
RFd ; X k ; a d
or
Rd
RFd ; X d ; a d
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EQU
UPL
HYD
Hydraulic heave/erosion
GEO
STR
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Limit state is satisfied if the sum of the design values of the effects of destabilising actions
(Edst;d) is less than or equal to the sum of the design values of the effects of the stabilising
actions (Estb;d) together with any contribution through the resistance of the ground around
the structure (Td),
i.e.
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This limit state is satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed) is less than or equal to the
design resistance (Rd),
i.e.
Ed R d
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As with GEO limit state, the STR limit state is satisfied if the design effect of the actions (Ed)
is less than or equal to the design resistance (Rd),
i.e.
Ed R d
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This limit state is verified by checking that the sum of the design permanent and variable
destabilising vertical actions (Vdst;d) is less than or equal to the sum of the design stabilising
permanent vertical action (Gstb;d) and any additional resistance to uplift (Rd).
i.e.
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This limit state is verified by checking that the design total pore water pressure (udst;d) or
seepage force (Sdst;d) at the base of the soil column under investigation is less than or equal
to the total vertical stress (stb;d) at the bottom of the column, or the submerged unit weight
(G'stb;d) of the same column.
i.e.
udst;d stb;d
or
Sdst;d G'stb;d.
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(a) Overturning
(Eurocode 7 EQU limit state)
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Representative destabilising
actions, Fdst; rep
Representative stabilising
actions, Fstb; rep
Partial factors,
F dst
Partial factors,
F stb
Design destabilising
actions, Fdst;d
Design stabilising
actions, Fstb;d
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
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Pq
W
Pa
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Representative
actions, Frep
Characteristic material
properties, Xk
Partial factors, F
Partial factors, M
Design actions, Fd
Design material
properties, Xd
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSIS
Design resistance, Rd
Verify Ed Rd
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Combination 1: A1 + M1 + R1
Combination 2: A2 + M2 + R1
Design Approach 2:
Design Approach 3:
A1 + M1 + R2
A* + M2 + R3
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Symbol
A1
A2
Unfavourable
1.35
1.0
Favourable
1.0
1.0
Unfavourable
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.0
Favourable
Accidental action (A)
Unfavourable
Favourable
M1
M2
R1
R2
R3
'
1.0
1.25
c'
1.0
1.25
cu
1.0
1.4
qu
1.0
1.4
Weight density ()
1.0
1.0
Rv
1.0
1.4
1.0
Rh
1.0
1.1
1.0
Re
1.0
1.4
1.0
DA 1-1:
A1 + M1 + R1
DA 1-2:
A2 + M2 + R1
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Degree of utilisation:
Rd
Ed
Ed
Rd
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and bearing
Gfav
Gunfav
Qunfav
Gunfav
Gunfav
Qunfav
Ed
Ed
Rd
Dr Ian Smith, Edinburgh Napier University
Rd
ICE Teesside Branch, NGG and IStructE
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(a) Overturning
(Eurocode 7 EQU limit state)
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Gravity walls
When Rankines conditions do not apply...
Charts for both horizontal and inclined retained surfaces are given in Annex C.
1.01
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
Ka
0.3
0.2
/ ' = 0
/ ' = 0.66
/ ' = 1
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
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Example
Surcharge, q = 20 kPa
1.8 m
4.0 m
1
Retained fill:
c' = 0; ' = 32
= 18 kN/m3
Ka h
= 22.4 kPa
Ka q
= 6.2 kPa
2.0 m
3
= 26.7 kPa
1.0 m
Foundation soil:
c' = 0; ' = 28
= 20 kN/m3
7.4 kPa
34.1 kPa
2.6 m
Check the overturning (EQU) and sliding (GEO) (using Design Approach 1) limit states.
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Embedded walls
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Embedded walls
Cantilever wall pressure distribution
q = 10kPa
Pq1
Pp1
d0
Kpd0
Kad
Pa1
Ka(h+d0)
Pq2
Kp(h+d)
Pa2
Pp2
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Embedded walls
Cantilever wall simplified pressure distribution
Pq
Pp
Pa
R
Kpd0
h+d0
3
Ka(h+d0)
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Passive resistance
Favourable action:
Pp ;d Pp ;k G ; fav
or
Resistance:
Pp ;d
Pp ;k
Re
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Passive resistance
Design Approach
1
Combination 1
Combination 2
G;fav
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Re
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.0
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Passive resistance
but what about for embedded walls?
Single Source Principle
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Passive resistance
Pp
Pa
uncertainty in Pp = uncertainty in Pa
i.e.
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Passive resistance
Design Approach
1
Combination
1
Combination
2
G;fav
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
G;unfav
1.35
1.0
1.35
1.0
Re
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.0
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Conclusion (Recap)
1. Intro to Eurocodes
2. Intro to Eurocode 7
3. Basis of Geotechnical Design
4. Geotechnical design by calculation
Actions, Ground properties, Characteristic values of geotechnical
parameters, Cautious estimate, Partial factors of safety, Design
values, Design effects of actions, Design resistances, Five Ultimate
limit states of Eurocode 7, Design Approaches (GEO), Over-design
factor and the degree of utilisation, single source principle
more
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Conclusion (Recap)
4. Geotechnical design by calculation (continued)
2.4.1 (2) It should be considered that knowledge of the ground
conditions depends on the extent and quality of the geotechnical
investigations. Such knowledge and the control of workmanship are
usually more significant to fulfilling the fundamental requirements than
is precision in the calculation models and partial factors.
In other words
Design to EN 1997 depends as much on Part 2 as Part 1.
5. Retaining Wall Design
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Design to Eurocode 7