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SECTION 14.1

CHAPTER 14
SECTION 14.1
1. f  (t) = 2 i j + 3 k

2. f  (t) = sin t k

1
1
1
3. f  (t) =
k
i
j+
(1 t)2
2 1t 2 1+t

4. f  (t) =

5. f  (t) = cos t i sin t j + sec2 t k



6. f  (t) = et i + (1 + t) j + (2t + t2 ) k

7. f  (t) =

1
i sin t j + 2t k
1t

9. f  (t) = 4 i + 6t2 j + (2t + 2) k;

1
(i j)
1 + t2

8. f  (t) = et (i j) 2e2t (j k)
f  (t) = 12t j + 2 k

10. f  (t) = (sin t + t cos t) i + (cos t t sin t) k

f  (t) = (2 cos t t sin t) i + (2 sin t t cos t) k
11. f  (t) = 2 sin 2t i + 2 cos 2t j + 4t k;

f  (t) = 4 cos 2t i 4 sin 2t j

1 1/2
3
1
i + t1/2 j + k
t
2
2
t
1
3
1
f  (t) = t3/2 i + t1/2 j 2 k
4
4
t

12. f  (t) =

13. (a) r (t) = 2tet i et j;

2

r (0) = j

(b) r (t) = cot t i tan t j + (2 cos t + 3 sin t) k;

5
r (/4) = i j + k
2



14. (a) r (t) = 2et 4tet + t2 et i + (2et + tet ) j;
(b) r (t) =


15.
1


0

17.



19.
0

3 2
e k
4



t2
1
(sin t i + cos t j + t k) dt = cos t i + sin t j + k = 2 i + 2 k
2
2
0


e i+e

18.

r (e) = e1 i


2
(i + 2t j) dt = t i + t2 j 1 = i + 3 j

16.

1
1 + 2 ln t
2 2 ln t
j 2
k;
i+
2
t
t
4t (ln t)3/2

r (0) = 2 i 2 j

 t
1
1
t
k dt = e i e k 0 = (e 1) i + 1
k
e



1
(tet i + 4e2t j + et k) dt = (tet et ) i + 2e2t j et k 0 = 2e1 i + 2e2 j e1 k

1
i + sec2 t j
1 + t2


1

dt = tan1 t i + tan t j 0 = i + tan(1) j

4

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SECTION 14.1


20.
1

725


3
1
1
1 2t
1
1
ln t
2t
2
i+
j + e k dt = ln t i + (ln t) j e k = ln 3 i + (ln 3)2 j + (e2 e6 ) k
t
t
2
2
2
2
1

21. lim f (t) =

t0

lim

t0

sin t
2t



1
t2
i + lim e2t j + lim t k = i + j
t0
t0 e
2

22. Does not exist ( because of

t
k)
|t|



1 cos t
t
1 cos t
1
23. lim f (t) = lim t2 i + lim
j + lim
k = 0i +
lim
j + 0k = 0
t0
t0
t0
t0 t + 1
3t
3 t0
t
24. lim f (t) = j + k
t0


e1
2
tet i + tet j dt = i +
j
2
0

 8
 5

 
 
t
t
t
i+
(b)
j
+
k
dt = 5 + ln 49 i + 36
+ ln 49 j +
2
3
t+1
(t + 1)
(t + 1)
3
1

25. (a)

26. (a)

3
4

i+

1
4

j+k

(b) 2e2 i + 2e4 j + 2 k

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

295
2592

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SECTION 14.1

36.

37.

38.

y
2
1
2

39. (a) f (t) = 3 cos t i + 2 sin t j

(b) f (t) = 3 cos t i 2 sin t j

40. (a) f (t) = (1 + cos t) i + sin t j

(b) f (t) = (1 + cos t) i sin t j

41. (a) f (t) = t i + t2 j

(b) f (t) = t i + t2 j

42. (a) f (t) = t i + t3 j

(b) f (t) = t i t3 j

f (t) dt =


a
b

b



+
a



1 2
b a2 i + A j,
f (t) dt j =
2

f  (t) dt = [t i + f (t) j]ba = (b a) i + (d c) j

46. f (t) =

1 2
t i
2

0t1

44. f (t) = (3 + 4t) i + 2 j + (5 + 14t) k,



0t1

43. f (t) = (1 + 2t) i + (4 + 5t) j + (2 + 8t) k,

45. f  (t0 ) = i + m j,

1 2
t + 1 i + ( 1 + t2 + 1) j + (tet et + 4) k
2
f  (t) = i + t2 j

47.

f (t) = (t + C1 ) i +

1

3t


+ C2 j + C3 k

f (0) = j k = C1 = 0,


f (t) = t i + 13 t3 + 1 j k

C2 = 1,

C3 = 1

48. f (t) = e2t i e2t k = e2t (i k)

49. f  (t) = f (t)

f (t) = et f (0) = et c

50. For each  > 0 there exists > 0 such that

if
51. (a)

0 < |t t0 | < ,

then

||f (t) L|| < .

If f  (t) = 0 on an interval, then the derivative of each component is 0 on that interval, each
component is constant on that interval, and therefore f itself is constant on that interval.

(b)

Set h (t) = f (t) g (t) and apply part (a).

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SECTION 14.1

727

||[f (t) g(t)] [L M]|| = ||[f (t) g(t)] [L g(t)] + [L g(t)] [L M]||

52.

= ||[(f (t) L) g(t)] + [L (g(t) M)]||

||(f (t) L) g(t)|| + ||L (g(t) M)||
||f (t) L|| ||g(t)|| + ||L|| ||g(t) M||
by Schwarzs inequality
the right side tends to (0)||M|| + ||L||(0) = 0.

As t t0 ,

53. If f is dierentiable at t, then each component is dierentiable at t, each component is continuous at

t, and therefore f is continuous at t.
54. Set f (t) = f1 (t) i + f2 (t) j + f3 (t) k and apply the fundamental Theorem of Calculus to f1 , f2 , f3 .
55. no; as a counter-example, set f (t) = i = g (t).


56.

[c f (t)] dt =

[c1 f1 (t) + c2 f2 (t) + c3 f3 (t)] dt

a

= c1
a

=c
b

f1 (t) dt + c2

f2 (t) dt + c3
a

f3 (t) dt
a

f (t) dt
a

[c f (t)] dt

can be written


{[c2 f3 (t) c3 f2 (t)] i [c1 f3 (t) c3 f1 (t)] j + [c1 f2 (t) c2 f1 (t)] k} dt.

This gives

 
c2


f3 (t) dt c3


which is c

 
f2 (t) dt i c1

 
+ c1


f3 (t) dt c3
a


f2 (t) dt c2


f1 (t) dt j

a
b


f1 (t) dt k

f (t) dt
a

57. Suppose f (t) = f1 (t) i + f2 (t) j + f3 (t) k. Then  f (t)  =

f12 (t) + f22 (t) + f32 (t)

and

1/2
d
f (t) f (t)
1  2
(2f1 f1 + 2f2 f2 + 2f3 f3 ) =
( f ) =
f + f22 + f32
dt
2 1
 f (t) 


The Answer Section of the text gives an alternative approach.

58.

d
dt

f (t)
f (t)

d
=
dt
=

1
d
1
1

f (t) =
f  (t) + f (t)
[f (t)]
f (t)
f (t)
f (t)2 dt

f  (t)
f (t) f  (t)
f (t),

f (t)
f (t)3

using the result of Exercise 57.

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SECTION 14.2

SECTION 14.2
1. f  t = b,

f  (t) = 0

2. f  t = b + 2t c,

f  (t) = 2 c

3. f  (t) = 2e2t i cos t j,

f  (t) = 4e2t i + sin t j

4. f (t) = 2t2 i = f  t = 4t i,

f  (t) = 4 i

5. f  t = [(t2 i 2t j) (i + 3t2 j) + (2t i 2 j) (t i + t3 j] j = [3t2 8t3 ] j

f  (t) = (6t 24t2 ) j
6. f (t) = (t t5 ) k = f  (t) = (1 5t4 ) k,



f  (t) = 20t3 k

 





d 
d  t
t
t
f (t) = e i + t k
tj + e k +
e i + tk tj + e k
dt
dt



 



= et i + t k j et k + et i + k t j + et k

 

= t i + j + et k + t i j + tet k


7.

= 2t i + et (t + 1) k
f  (t) = 2 i + et (t + 2) k
8. f  (t) = a b + 2t b,

f  (t) = 2 b

9. f  (t) = (a t b) 2t b + (a b) (a + t2 b),

f  (t) = (a t b) 2b + 4t(a b) b

10. f  (t) = g(t2 ) + t g (t2 )2t = g(t2 ) + 2t2 g (t2 )

f  (t) = g (t2 )2t + 4t g (t2 ) + 2t2 g (t2 )2t = 6t g (t2 ) + 4t3 g (t2 )
11. f  (t) =

 
1   
tg
t +g
t ,
2

f  (t) =

12. f (t) = 2e2t i 2 k = f  (t) = 4e2t i,

1   
3
g
t + g ( t )
4
4 t
f  (t) = 8e2t i.

13. (sin t) ecos t i + (cos t) esin t j

14.

d2 t
d
[e cos t i + et sin t j] = [et (cos t sin t) i + et (sin t + cos t) j]
dt2
dt
= 2et sin t i + 2et cos t j

15. (et i + et j) (et i et j) = e2t e2t ;

therefore




d2  t
d2 
d  2t
(e i + et j) (et i et j) = 2 e2t e2t =
2e + 2e2t = 4e2t 4e2t
2
dt
dt
dt

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SECTION 14.2

16. (ln t i + t j) (2t j k) +

17.

729



1
i + j t2 j t k
t

d
[(a + t b) (c + t d)] = [(a + t b) d ] + [ b (c + t d)] = (a d) + (b c) + 2t (b d)
dt

18. b (a + t b + t2 c) + (a + t b) (b + 2t c) = 2t(a c) + 3t2 (b c).

19.

d
[(a + t b) (c + t d)] = [(a + t b) d ] + [ b (c + t d)] = (a d) + (b c) + 2t (b d)
dt

20. b (a + t b + t2 c) + (a + t b) (b + 2t c) = 2(a b) + 2t(a c) + 2t  b 2 +3t2 (b c)

21. r(t) = a + t b
23. r(t) =

1 2
1
t a + t3 b + t c + d
2
6

25. r(t) = sin t i + cos t j,

Thus r(t) and r (t)

r (t) = cos t i sin t j,

r (t) = sin t i cos t j = r(t).

are parallel, and they always point in opposite directions.

26. r (t) = k 2 ekt i + k 2 ekt j = k 2 r(t),

27.

1
r(t) = a + t b + t2 c
2

1
1
24. r(t) = 1 + 2t cos 2t i + 1 sin 2t j
4
4

22.

so r (t) and r(t) are parallel.

r (t) r (t) = (cos t i + sin t j) ( sin t i + cos t j) = 0

r (t) r (t) = (cos t i + sin t j) ( sin t i + cos t j)


= cos2 t k + sin2 t k = cos2 t + sin2 t k = k

28.

(g f ) (t) = [g(t) f  (t)] + [g (t) f (t)]

= [f  (t) g(t)] [f (t) g (t)]
= {[f (t) g (t)] + [f  (t) g(t)]} = (f g) (t)

29.

30.

d
[ f (t) f  (t) ] = [ f (t) f  (t) ] + [f  (t) f  (t) ] = f (t) f  (t).
dt



0
d
d
[u1 (t)r1 (t) u2 (t)r2 (t)] = [(u1 (t)u2 (t))(r1 (t) r2 (t))]
dt
dt
d
d
= u1 (t)u2 (t) [r1 (t) r2 (t)] + [r1 (t) r2 (t)] [u1 (t)u2 (t)]
dt
dt

31. [f g h] = f  (g h) + f (g h) = f  (g h) + f [g h + g h ]

and the result follows.
32.

d
(f f  ) = f (t) f  (t) by Exercise 29. If f (t) and f  (t) are parallel, their cross product is zero,
dt
d
so
(f f  ) = 0, hence f f  is constant.
dt

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SECTION 14.3
 r (t)  is constant

33.

 r (t) 2 = r (t) r (t) is constant

d
[r (t) r (t) ] = 2 [r (t) r (t) ] = 0 identically
dt
r (t) r (t) = 0 identically

34. (a) Routine

(b) Write

[f (t + h) g(t + h)] [f (t) g(t)]

h
so

g(t + h) g(t)
h

f (t + h)
and take the limit as h 0.


+

f (t + h) f (t)
h

g(t)

(Appeal to Theorem 13.1.3)

35. Write
[ f (t + h) g (t + h) ] [ f (t) g (t) ]
h
as


f (t + h)

g (t + h) g (t)
h


+

f (t + h) f (t)
g (t)
h

and take the limit as h 0. (Appeal to Theorem 13.1.3.)

36. (a) and (b) can derived routinely by using components. An , derivation of (a) is also simple:
Let  > 0.

Since f is continuous at u(t0 ), there exists 1 > 0 such that

if |z u(t0 )| < 1 ,

then

 f (z) f (u(t0 )) < .

Since u is continuous at t0 , there exists > 0 such that

if |t t0 | < ,

then |u(t) u(t0 )| < 1 .

Thus
|t t0 | < = |u(t) u(t0 )| < 1 =  f (u(t)) f (u(t0 )) < .

SECTION 14.3
1. r (t) = sin t i + cos t j + k,

r (2) = j + k

R (u) = (i + 2 k) + u( j + k)
2. r (t) = et i et j
3. r (t) = b + 2t c,
4. r (0) = i;

1
k,
t

r (1) = e i e1 j k;

r (1) = b 2 c,

R(u) = (i + j + k) + u i.

R(u) = (e i + e1 j) + u(e i e1 j k)

R (u) = (a b + c) + u(b 2 c)

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SECTION 14.3
5. r (t) = 4t i j + 4t k,

P is tip of r (1),

731

r (1) = 4 i j + 4 k

R (u) = (2 i + 5 k) + u (4 i j + 4 k)
6. r (2) = 3a 4 c;

R(u) = (6a + b 4 c) + u(3a 4 c)

7. r (t) = 2 sin t i + 3 cos t j + k, r (/4) = 2 i + 32 2 j + k





R (u) =
2 i + 32 2 j + 4 k + u 2 i + 32 2 j + k
8. r (t) = (sin t + t cos t) i + (cos t t sin t) j + 2 k






r
= i j + 2 k; R(u) =
i + k + u i j + 2k
2
2
2
2
9. The scalar components x(t) = at and y(t) = bt2 satisfy the equation
a2 y(t) = a2 (bt2 ) = b (a2 t2 ) = b [x(t) ]2
a2 y = bx2 .

and generate the parabola


a2  wt
(e + ewt )2 (ewt ewt )2 = a2 ,
4
x2 y 2 = a2 .

10. x(t)2 y(t)2 =

hyperbola



11. r (t) = t i + 1 + t2 j,
(a) r (t) r (t)

with x(t) > 0;

the right branch of the

r (t) = i + 2t j
 


r (t) r (t) = t i + 1 + t2 j (i + 2t j)


= t 2t2 + 3 = 0 = t = 0

r (t) and r (t) are perpendicular at (0, 1).

(b) and (c) r (t) = r (t) with
= 0

t = and 1 + t2 = 2t

t = 1.

If > 0, then t = 1. r (t) and r (t) have the same direction at (1, 2).
If < 0, then t = 1. r (t) and r (t) have opposite directions at (1, 2).
12. r(t) = et (i + 2 j + 3 k)
13. The tangent line at t = t0 has the form R (u) = r (t0 ) + u r (t0 ). If r (t0 ) = r (t0 ), then
R (u) = r (t0 ) + u r (t0 ) = (1 + u) r (t0 ).
The tangent line passes through the origin at u = 1/.
14. r1 (0) = i,
= cos1

r2 (0) = 2 i + j + k
r1 (0) r2 (0)
2
= cos1
= 0.62 radian, or 35.3
 r1 (0)   r2 (0) 
6

15. r1 (t) passes through P (0, 0, 0) at t = 0;

r2 (u) passes through P (0, 0, 0) at u = 1.
1
r1 (t) = et i + 2 cos t j +
k; r1 (0) = i + 2 j + k
t+1
r2 (u) = i + 2u j + 3u2 k; r2 (1) = i 2 j + 3 k
cos =

r1 (0) r2 (1)

= 0;
r1 (0) r2 (1)

= 1.57, or 90 .
2

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SECTION 14.3

16. r1 (0) = i,

= cos

r2 (1) = i 4 j 8 k

r1 (0) r2 (1)

= cos1
 r1 (0)   r2 (1) 

17. r1 (t) = r2 (u) implies

1
9

= 1.68 radians, or 96.4

et = u



1
2 sin t + 2 = 2

t2 2 = u2 3

so that t = 0,

u = 1.

The point of intersection is (1, 2, 2).



r1 (t) = et i + 2 cos t +
j + 2t k,
2

r2 (u) = i + 2u k,
cos =
18. (a)

r2 (1) = i + 2 k

r1 (0) r2 (1)

1
5 = 0.447,
=


r1 (0) r2 (1)
5

= 1.11 radians

R(u) = r(t0 ) + ur (t0 ) = (t0 i + f (t0 ) j) + u(i + f  (t0 ) j)

= x(u) = t0 + u,

(b)

r1 (0) = i

y(u) = f (t0 ) + uf  (t0 )

From (a), we get u = x(u) t0



y f (t0 ) = f (t0 )(x t0 ),

and y(u) f (t0 ) = f  (t0 )u. so

as expected.
(b) r (t) = a cos t i b sin t j

19. (a) r (t) = a cos t i + b sin t j

(d) r (t) = a cos 3t i b sin 3t j

(c) r (t) = a cos 2t i + b sin 2t j

20. (a) r(t) = a sin t i + b cos t j

(b) r(t) = a sin t i + b cos t j

(c) r(t) = a sin 2t i + b cos 2t j

(d) r(t) = a sin 3t i + b cos 3t j

21.

r (t) = t3 i + 2t j

22.

r (t) = 2 i + 2t j

23.

r (t) = 2e2t i 4e4t j

24.

r (t) = cos t i + 2 sin t j

25.

r (t) = 2 sin t i + 3 cos t j

26.

r (t) = sec t tan t i + sec2 t j

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SECTION 14.3
27. r (t) = (t2 + 1) i + t j,

t 1;

or, r (t) = sec2 t i + tan t j,

28. r(t) = cos t(1 cos t) i + sin t(1 cos t) j,

29. r (t) = cos t sin 3t i + sin t sin 3t j,

1

1
4 , 2

733

t [0, 2]

t [0, ]

t0

30. r(t) = t4 i + t3 j,
31. y 3 = x2

There is no tangent vector at the origin.

32. (a) r(0) = i + 2 j = r(1)
r (0)
1
(b) T(0) =
(i j + k),
=
2
 r (0) 
+2

T(1) =

r (1)
1
(i + 2 j k)
=
2
 r (1) 
+5

33. We substitute x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 in the plane equation to obtain



4t + 2t2 + t3 = 24, (t 2) t2 + 4t + 12 = 0,

t = 2.

The twisted cubic intersects the plane at the tip of r(2), the point (2, 4, 8).
The angle between the curve and the normal line at the point of intersection is the angle between the
tangent vector r (2) = i + 4 j + 12 k and the normal N = 4 i + 2 j + k :
cos =

(i + 4 j + 12 k) (4 i + 2 j + k)
24

=
= 0.412,
 i + 4 j + 12 k 4 i + 2 j + k
161 21
1

34. (a) T (t) =

a2

sin t + b2 cos2 t
1

= 1.15 radians.

(a sin t i + b cos t j)

N (t) =
(b cos t i + a sin t j)
a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t

2
(b) r(u) =
(a i + b j) + u(a i + b j),
2

35. r (t) = 2 j + 2t k, r (t) = 2 1 + t2

R(u) =

2
(a i + b j) + u(b i a j)
2

r (t)
1
(j + t k) ,
=

r (t)
1 + t2
1
T (t) =
[t j + k]
(1 + t2 )3/2

T (t) =

at t = 1:

tip of r = (1, 2, 1),

1
1
T = T(1) = j + k;
2
2

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734

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.3
1
1
1
1
T (1)
1
T (1) = j + k; T (1) = ; N = N(1) =
= j + k
2
T (1)
2 2
2 2
2
2
normal for osculating plane:

1
1
1
1
1
T N = j + k j + k = i
2
2
2
2
2
equation for osculating plane:
1
(x 1) + 0(y 2) + 0(z 1) = 0,
2

36. T(t) =
N(t) =

r (t)
i + 2t j + 4t k
=

 r (t) 
20t2 + 1

x1=0

which gives

1
T(1) = (i + 2 j + 4 k)
21

T (t)
20t i + 2 j + 4 k
=

 T (t) 
400t2 + 20

N(1) =

1
1
(20 i + 2 j + 4 k) =
(10 i + j + 2 k)
420
105

1
T(1) N(1) = (2 j + k).
5
Osculating plane at (1, 1, 2) :

2(y 1) + (z 2) = 0 = 2y + z = 0

r (t) = 2 sin 2t i + 2 cos 2t j + k,

37.

T (t) =

r (t) =

r (t)
1
=
5 (2 sin 2t i + 2 cos 2t j + k)

r (t)
5

T (t) =

4
5 (cos 2t i + sin 2t j),
5

T (t) =

4
5
5

T (t)
= (cos 2t i + sin 2t j)
T (t)
1
at t = /4 : tip of r = (0, 1, /4), T =
5 (2 i + k), N = j
5
normal for osculating plane:
1
1
2
TN =
5 (2 i + k) (j) =
5i +
5k
5
5
5
equation for osculating plane:
1

2 

= 0, which gives x + 2z =
5 (x 0) +
5 z
5
5
4
2
N (t) =

38. T(t) =
N(t) =

r (t)
i + 2 j + 2t k
=

 r (t) 
4t2 + 5

1
T(2) = (i + 2 j + 4 k)
21

T (t)
2t i 4t j + 5 k

=
 T (t) 
20t2 + 25

N(2) =

1
(4 i 8 j + 5 k)
105

1
T(2) N(2) = (2 i j)
5
Osculating plane at (2, 4, 2) :

2(x 2) (y 4) = 0 = 2x y = 0

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.3
39.

r (t) = cosh t i + sinh t j + k,

T (t) =

r (t) =

cosh2 t + sinh2 t + 1 =

2 cosh t

r (t)
1
= (i + tanh t j + sech t k) ,
r (t)
2


1 
T (t) = sech2 t j sech t tanh t k
2
1
1
at t = 0: tip of r = (0, 1, 0), T = (i + k), T (0) = j; N = j
2
2
normal for osculating plane:

1
1

TN =
(i + k) j = (i + k) or i k
2
2
equation for osculating plane:

40. T(t) =

xz =0

r (t)
3 sin 3t i + j 3 cos 3t k

=
 r (t) 
10

T (t)
9 cos 3t i + 9 sin 3t k
=

 T (t) 
9


T
N
= 3j k
3
3
N(t) =

Osculating plane at (1, 3 , 0) :

41.

T
N

3(y 3 ) z = 0

1
= (j + 3 k)
10

=i

or 3y z = 0

r (t) = et [(sin t + cos t) i + (cos t sin t) j + k] ,

T (t) =

r (t) = et 3

r (t)
1
= [(sin t + cos t) i + (cos t sin t) j + k] ,
r (t)
3

1
T (t) = [(cos t sin t) i (sin t + cos t) j]
3
1
at t = 0: tip of r = (0, 1, 1), T = T(0) = (i + j + k);
3

1
2
1
T (0)
T (0) = (i j); T (0) = ; N = N(0) =
= (i j)

T (0)
3
3
2
normal for osculating plane:
1
1
1
T N = (i + j + k) (i j) = (i + j 2 k)
3
2
6
equation for osculating plane:
1
1
2
(x 0) + (y 1) (z 1) = 0,
6
6
6

or x + y 2z + 1 = 0

735

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736

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.4

  2
r (t)
2
t cos t i + t sin t j
42. T(t) =
=
= cos t i + sin t j
T
=
i+
j

 r (t) 
t
4
2
2


2
2
T (t)
N(t) =
= sin t i + cos t j
N
=
i+
j

 T (t) 
4
2
2


T
N
=k
4
4



2
2

Osculating plane at
[1
+
],
[1

],
2
: z 2 = 0 or z = 2
2
4
2
4
43. T1 =

r (a + b u)
R (u)
= 
= T.

 R (u) 
 r (a + b u) 

Therefore T1 (u) = T (a + b u) and N1 = N.

44. (a) r (t) = 2 sin t i + 2 cos t j + k

x = 1 t,

tangent line (t = /4) :

y = 1 + t,

z = 14 + t

(c) Since 14 + t > 0, t [0, 2], the tangent line is never parallel to the x, y-plane.

45. (a) r (t) = 2 sin t i + 2 cos t j + 5 cos t k

2 5 2
tangent line (t = /4) : x = 1 t, y = 1 + t, z =

t
2
2
(2n + 1)
(c) The tangent line is parallel to the x, y-plane at the points where t =
, n = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 9.
10

1
46. (a) r (t) = 2 sin t i + 2 cos t j + k
t
tangent line (t = /4) : x = 1 t,

y = 1 + t,

z = ln(/4) +

4
+t

SECTION 14.4
1. r (t) = i + t1/2 j,

L=
0

r (t) =


2. r (t) = (t2 1)i + 2t j;

1+t

2
1 + t dt =
(1 + t)3/2
3

8
0

52
=
3

3. r (t) = a sin t i + a cos t j + b k, r (t) =

 2

L=
a2 + b2 dt = 2 a2 + b2

L=

(t2 + 1) dt =

a2 + b2

4. r (t) = i + 2t1/2 j + t k;
 2
L=
(t + 1) dt = 4

 r (t) = t + 1

5. r (t) = i + tan t j, r (t) = 1 + tan2 t = | sec t|

 /4
 /4

/4
L=
| sec t | dt =
sec t dt = [ ln | sec t + tan t| ]0 = ln (1 + 2 )
0

 r (t) = t2 + 1
14
3

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.4
1
t
1
i+
j;  r (t) =
1 + t2
1 + t2
1 + t2
 1

1

dt

L=
= ln |t + t2 + 1| = ln(1 + 2)
2
0
1+t
0

6. r (t) =

7. r (t) = 3t2 i + 2t j, r (t) = 9t4 + 4t2 = |t| 4 + 9t2

1

 1
 1



1 
1 


2 3/2
2
2
L=
t 4 + 9t dt =
=
4 + 9t
13 13 8
 t 4 + 9t  dt =
27
27
0
0
0

1 2 1 2
1
1
t t
k;  r (t) = t2 + t2
2
2
2
2

 3
1 2 1 2
14
dt =
L=
t + t
2
2
3
1

8. r (t) = i +

9. r (t) = (cos t sin t)et i + (sin t + cos t)et j,



L=
2 et dt = 2 (e 1)

r (t) =

2 et

0


10. r (t) = 2t i + 2t j 2t k;

 r (t) = 2t 3 = L =

2t 3 dt = 4 3

1
1
+ 4 + 4t2
i + 2 j + 2t k, r (t) =
t
t2

 e
 e
e

1
1
2
L=
+ 4 + 4t dt =
+ 2t dt = ln |t| + t2 1 = e2
2
t
t
1
1

11. r (t) =

12. r (t) = t cos t i t sin t j;

 r (t) = t = L =

t dt = 2
0

13. r (t) = t cos t i + t sin t j + 3 t k,

 2
 2
L=
2t dt = t2
= 4 2
0

r (t) =

t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t + 3t2 =

14. r (t) = (1 + t)1/2 i + (1 t)1/2 j +

 1/2
L=
2 dt = 2

r (t) =

2 k,

(1 + t) + (1 t) + 2 =

1/2

15. r (t) = 2 i + 2t j 2t k, r (t) = 2 1 + 2t2

 2
 tan1 (2 2)
2
L=
2 1 + 2t dt = 2
sec3 u du
0

4t2 = 2t

(t 2 = tan u)
tan1 (22)


= 12 2 sec u tan u + ln | sec u + tan u|

= 6 + 12 2 ln (3 + 2 2 )
0

4=2

737

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738

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.4

16. r (t) = (3 cos t 3t sin t)i + (3 sin t + 3t cos t)j + 4 k;  r (t) = 9t2 + 25

 4
 

 4 


25
25
25
25
3
3
25


L=
3 t2 +
dt =
t t2 +
+
ln t + t2 +  = 26 +
ln 5.


9
2
9
2
9
9
6
0
0
 t
s
=
s(t)
=
r (u) du
17.
a

s (t) = r (t) = x (t) i + y  (t) j + z  (t) k

= [x (t)]2 + [y  (t)]2 + [z  (t)]2 .
In the Leibniz notation this translates to


2
2
2
ds
dx
dy
dz
+
+
.
=
dt
dt
dt
dt
18. Parameterize the graph of f by setting r(x) = x i + f (x) j, x [a, b].
 x
s = s(x) =
1 + [f  (t)]2 dt
19.
a

s (x) =
In the Leibniz notation this translates to

ds
=
dx

20. L1 =

 r (t)  dt =

Setting t = ex ,

2
dt;
t2

L1 = 2L2
2+

we get

1 + [f  (x)]2 .

1+

dy
dx

2
.

1 + e2x dx

L2 =
0

21. r (t) = sin t i + cos t j. Since r  1, the parametrization is by arc length.
22. r (t) = a + b; r  = b a.
 t
s=
b a du = b a t; t =
0

R(s) =

s
1
b a

a+

s
.
b a

s
b,
b a

0 s b a.

23. r (t) = t sin t i + t cos t j + t k; r  = t 2.

 t

2 2
s=
u 2 du =
t ; t = 21/4 s.
2
0




1
R(s) = sin 21/4 s 21/4 s cos 21/4 s i + cos 21/4 s + 21/4 s sin 21/4 s j + s k.
2
24. r (t) = (et cos t et sin t) i + (et sin t + et cos t) j; r  =
 t

s=
2 eu du = 2(et 1); t = ln (1 + s/ 2).
0

R(s) = ev [cos v i + sin v j]

2 et .

where v = ln (1 + s/ 2), 0 s 2 (e 1).

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.4
25. r (t) = t3/2 j + k, r (t) =
 1/2
s=
t3 + 1 dt
= 0.5077

t3/2

2

+1=

739

t3 + 1

26. r (t) = i + t2 j;

 r (t) =


1 + t4

L=

1 + t4
= 3.6535

27. r (t) = 3 sin t i + 4 cos t j, r (t) = 9 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t dt
 2
s=
9 sin2 t + 16 cos2 t dt
= 22.0939
0

1
28. r (t) = i + 2tj + k;
t





 r (t) =

1+

4t2

1
+ 2
t


1 + 4t2 +

L=
1


29. (a)

(b) s =

1
dt
= 15.4480
t2

1 + 16 cos2 4t dt
= 17.6286


30. (a)

(b) s =


1+

1
1+t

dt
= 6.6818

PROJECT 14.4
1. Given the dierentiable curve r = r(t), t I. Let t = (u) be a continuously dierentiable one-to-one
function that maps the interval J onto the interval I, and let R(u) = r((u)), u J. Suppose that
 (u) > 0 on J. Then, as u increases across J, t = (u) increases across I. As a result, R(u) takes

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740

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5

on exactly the same values in exactly the same order as r. If  (u) < 0 on J, then R(u) takes on
exactly the same values as r but in the reverse order.
2. Let r = r(t), t I be a dierentiable curve. Let t = (u) be a continuously dierentiable one-to-one
function that maps the interval J onto the interval I with  (u) > 0. Set R(u) = r((u)), u J.
R (u)
r ((u)) (u)
r ((u)) (u)
r (t)
=
=
=
.
||R (u)||
||r ((u)) (u)||
 (u)||r ((u))||
||r (t)||

since  (u) > 0

R (u) = [r((u))] = r ((u)) (u);

Therefore, the unit tangent is left unchanged by a sense-preserving change of parameter. The invariance
of the principal normal and the osculating plane follows from the invariance of the unit tangent.
3. Suppose that  (u) < 0 on J. Then
r ((u)) (u)
r ((u)) (u)
r (t)
R (u)
= 
= 
= 
.



R (u)
||r ((u)) (u)||
(u)||r ((u))||
||r (t)||

since  (u) < 0

R (u) = [r((u))] = r ((u)) (u);

Thus, the unit tangent is reversed by a sense-reversing change of parameter. That is, if TR and Tr
are the respective unit tangents, then TR = Tr .
Now consider the principal normals:

TR
Tr ((u) (u)
Tr ((u) (u)
Tr (t)
=

=
=
.
 ||
||TR
||Tr ((u) (u)||
 (u)||Tr ((u) (u)||
||Tr (t)||

since  (u) < 0

Thus the principal normal is unchanged by a sense-reversing change of parameter. The osculating plane
is also unchanged since T N and T N are each normal to the osculating plane.

4. s =

{r(v)|| dv = (t). is an continuously dierentiable increasing function on I; t = 1 (s).

5. Let L be the length as computed from r and L the length as computed from R. Then
 d
 d
 b
L =
 R (u)  du =
 r ( (u))   (u) du =
 r (t)  dt = L.
c

t = (u)

SECTION 14.5
1. r (t) = a[cos (t) i + sin (t) j],
r (t) = v

a| (t)| = v

r (t) = a[ sin (t) i + cos (t) j)] (t)

=

r (t) = a[ cos (t) i sin (t) j] [ (t)]2 ,

| (t)| = v/a
r (t) = a[ (t)]2 = v2 /a

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5
2. r (t) = (a sin t + 2bt)i + (a cos t 2bt)j
r (t) = ( 2 a cos t + 2b)i + ( 2 a sin t 2b)j

At t = 1, v = 2b i (a + 2b)j, v = v = 4b2 + (a 2 + 2b)2

a = (a 2 + 2b)i 2b j,  a = 4b2 + (a 2 + 2b)2
3. r (t) = at i + b sin at j,
r (t) = a2 b sin at j,

= a i + ab cos at j
r (t) = a2 |b sin at| = a2 |y(t)|

4. r (t) = 2t j + 2(t 1) k;

speed is minimum when  r (t) 2 is minimum

1
4t2 + 4(t 1)2 = 8t2 8t + 4 is minimum at t =
2

5.

y = cos x,

7.

x=

0x2

6.

x = y3 ,

y 1

8.

x = sin y,

1 + y2 ,

all real x

0y2

9. (a) initial position is tip of r (0) = x0 i + y0 j + z0 k

(b) r (t) = ( cos ) j + ( sin 32t) k,
(c) |r (0)| = ||

r (0) = ( cos ) j + ( sin ) k

(d) r (t) = 32 k

(e) a parabolic arc from the parabola

z = z0 + (tan ) (y y0 ) 16
in the plane x = x0

(y y0 )2
2 cos2

741

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742

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5

10. (a) x(t) = 2 cos 2t = 4 cos2 t 2 and y(t) = 3 cos t = x =

2 x(t) 2,

4 2
y 2.
9

Since

3 y(t) 3,

the path consists only of the bounded arc

x=

4 2
y 2,
9

3 y 3.

The motion traces out this arc twice on every t-interval of length 2.
(b) included in part (d)
r (t) = 4 sin 2t i 3 sin t j,

(c) r(t) = 2 cos 2t i + 3 cos t j,

The velocity r (t) is 0 when t = n.

the acceleration =

r (t) = 8 cos 2t i 3 cos t j

At such points
!
8 i 3 j, if n is even
8 i + 3 j,

if n is odd

(b) and (d)

r(t) = C i r(t)2 = r(t) r(t) = C

11.

d
r(t) = 2r(t) r (t) = 0
dt

i r(t) r (t)
12. Problem 11 with v in place of r.
13. =

ex
(1 + e2x )3/2

14. y  = 3x2 ,

y  = 6x;

6|x|
(1 + 9x4 )3/2

1
15. y = 1/2 ;
2x

1
y = 3/2 = 
4x

16. y  = 1 2x,

y  = 2;

17. =



sec2 x
3/2

(1 + tan2 x)

18. y  = sec2 x,



1/4x3/2 
2

2 3/2 = (1 + 4x)3/2
1 + 1/2x1/2

2
2
=
[1 + (1 2x)2 ]3/2
2(1 2x + 2x2 )3/2

= | cos x |

y  = 2 sec2 x tan x;

|2 sec2 x tan x|
(1 + sec4 x)3/2

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5
19. =

| sin x|
(1 + cos2 x)3/2

x
20. 2x 2yy = 0 = y = ,
y


21. =

|x|
(1 +

22. y  = x,

23. =

x4 /4)3/2

y  = 1,

(1 +

at



 1/y 3 
1/y 2 )3/2

24. y  = 4 cos 2x,



y =

4
2,
3

y2

1
;
(1 + x2 )3/2

(1 +

y 2 )3/2

y  = 8 sin 2x;

a2
= 3;
y

1
,
x+1

at (0, 0),

at (2, 2),

at x =

,
4

=1

1
=
5 5
y  = 0,

y  (2) =

,
4

y  = sec x tan x =


3 2
2
= =
=
3
(1 + 2)3/2

26. At x =

(x) =



 1/x2 
1/x2 )3/2

(1 +


1 2x2





a2
a2 /y 3


=
=

 [1 + ( xy )2 ]3/2  (x2 + y 2 )3/2

2
=
5 5

y x( xy )

1
1
,
;
y  (x) =
3
(x + 1)2


 1
 
 9
3

At x = 2, = 

2 3/2 = 10 10
1
1+
3

25. y  (x) =

27.

(x2 + 1)3/2

y  (2) =

1
.
9

y  = sec x tan2 x + sec3 x =

2,

y  = 8 = = 8

2 + 23/2 = 3 2

x>0

1
2
2
(x2 + 1)





Since increases on 0, 12 2 and decreases on 12 2, , is maximal at 12 2,

 (x) =

5/2

28. y  = 3 3x2 ,
29. x(t) = t,
30. x = et ,
=

743

 (x) = 0

y  = 6x.

x (t) = 1,
x = et ,

x=

local max at x = 1 :

x (t) = 0;
y  = et ,

y(t) = 12 t2 ,
y  = et

|x y  x y  |
2
= 2t
[(x )2 + (y  )2 ]3/2
(e + e2t )3/2

y  = 0,
y  (t) = t,

y  = 6,
y  (t) = 1

1
2


ln 12 .

6
=6
(1 + 0)3/2

1
(1 + t2 )3/2

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744

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5

31. x(t) = 2t,

32. x = 2t,

x (t) = 2,

x = 2,

x (t) = 0;

y  = 3t2 ,

y  = 6t;

x (t) = et (cos t sin t),

33. x(t) = et cos t,

y  (t) = 3t2 ,

y(t) = t3 ,

y  (t) = 6t;

12| t |
(4 + 9t4 )3/2

|12t2 6t2 |
6
=
(4t2 + 9t4 )3/2
|t|(4 + 9t2 )3/2

x (t) = 2 et sin t

y(t) = et sin t, y  (t) = et (sin t + cos t), y  (t) = 2 et cos t

 2t

2e cos t (cos t sin t) + 2e2t sin t (cos t + sin t)
2e2t
1 t
=
=
=
2e
3/2
3/2
2t
2
2t
2
2t
2
[ e (cos t sin t) + e (cos t + sin t) ]
(2e )
34. x = 2 sin t,

x = 2 cos t,

y  = 3 cos t,

35. x(t) = t cos t,

x (t) = cos t t sin t,

y  = 3 sin t;

6
(4 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t)3/2

x (t) = 2 sin t t cos t

y(t) = t sin t, y  (t) = sin t + t cos t, y  (t) = 2 cos t t sin t



(cos t t sin t)(2 cos t t sin t) (sin t + t cos t)(2 sin t t cos t)
2 + t2
=
=
[ (cos t t sin t)2 + (sin t + t cos t)2 ]3/2
[1 + t2 ]3/2
36. x = t cos t, x = cos t t sin t, y  = t sin t, y  = sin t + t cos t


 t cos t(sin t + t cos t) t sin t(cos t t sin t)  t2
1
=
= 
 t3 = t . (t > 0)
(t2 cos2 t + t2 sin2 t)3/2
37. =



2/x3 
[1 +

1/x4 ]3/2

38. From Exercise 20,

 
2x3 

3/2

(x4 + 1)
=

at x = 1,

1
. At (1, 0),
(x2 + y 2 )3/2

2
2

=1

39. We use (14.5.3) and the hint to obtain


a
 2 b 2


 y x 
ab sinh2 t ab cosh2 t
b
a
= 
3/2 = 

2 3/2
2
2
2
2


a sinh t + b cosh t
bx
ay 2
+
b
a
a

b 

a3 b3  y 2 x2 
a4 b4
b
a
= 
=
.

3/2
[a4 y 2 + b4 x2 ]3/2
a4 y 2 + b4 x2

40. x = r(1 cos t),

x = r sin t,

y  = r sin t,

Highest point when t = = x = 2r,

=

1
2r2
=
4r
(4r2 )3/2

y  = r cos t

x = 0,

y  = 0,

y  = r

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SECTION 14.5
41. r (t) = et (cos t sin t) i + et (sin t + cos t) j + et k

ds
d2 s t
= r (t) = 3 et ,
= 3e
dt
dt2
r (t)
1
T (t) = 
= [(cos t sin t) i + (sin t + cos t) j + k]
r (t)
3

1
T (t) = [( sin t cos t) i + (cos t sin t) j]; T (t) = 2/3
3


2


2/3
T (t)
1 t
d2 s
ds
=
=
2e ;
aT = 2 = 3 et , aN =
= 2 et
=
ds/dt
3
dt
dt
3 et
42. r (t) = cosh t i + sinh t j + k;

ds
= ||r || = 2 cosh t;
dt

d2 s
= 2 sinh t.
dt2

r (t)
1
= (i + tanh t j + sech t k).
||r (t)||
2


1
1
T (t) = sech2 t j sech t tanh t k ; ||T (t)|| = sech t
2
2

2

2

||T (t)||
d s
ds
1
2
=
aT = 2 = 2 sinh t, aN =
=1
= sech t;
ds/dt
2
dt
dt
T(t) =

43. r (t) = 2 sin 2t i + 2 cos 2t j;

T (t) =

ds
= ||r (t)|| = 2,
dt

r (t)
= sin 2t i + cos 2t j
||r (t)||

T (t) = 2 (cos 2t i + sin 2t j) ;

=

d2 s
=0
dt2

||T (t)||
2
= = 1;
ds/dt
2

||T (t)|| = 2

aT =

d2 s
= 0,
dt2

aN =

ds
dt

2
= 1 4 = 4.

1
k,
t

1
a(t) = 2 j 2 k
t

ds
4t4 + t2 + 1
4
1
= v = 1 + 4t2 + 1/t2 =
; va = i + 2 j + 2k
dt
t
t
t

||v a||
t 4t4 + 16t2 + 1
=
=
(ds/dt)3
(4t4 + t2 + 1)3/2


2
d2 s
4t4 1
ds
1 4t4 + 16t2 + 1
; aN =
aT = 2 =
=
dt
dt
t
4t4 + t2 + 1
t2 4t4 + t2 + 1

44. r (t) = v(t) = i + 2t j +

ds
= ||r || = 5;
dt
r (t)
3
4
3
T(t) = 
= sin 3t i + j cos 3t k
||r (t)||
5
5
5
9
9
9
T (t) = cos 3t i + sin 3t k; ||T (t)|| =
5
5
5

45. r (t) = 3 sin 3t i + 4 j 3 cos 3t k;

||T (t)||
9/5
9
=
=
;
ds/dt
5
25

aT =

d2 s
= 0,
dt2

d2 s
= 0.
dt2

aN =

ds
dt

2
=

9
25 = 9.
25

745

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746

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.5

ds
= ||r (t)|| = 4t2 = 2t,
dt


r (t)
T (t) = 
= 12 cos t i + 12 sin t j + 12 3 k
||r (t)|
1
T (t) = 12 sin t i + 12 cos t j, T (t) =
2

T (t)
1/2
1
Then, =
=
=
ds/dt
2t
4t

2
d2 s
ds
1
aT = 2 = 2, aN =
= (4t2 ) = t.
dt
dt
4t

46. r (t) = t cos t i + t sin t j + t 3 k,

d2 s
=2
dt2

ds
= r (t) = (1 + t) + (1 t) + 2 = 2,
dt


r (t)
1+t
1t
2
T (t) = 
=
i
j+
k
r (t)|
2
2
2
1
1
T (t) =
i+
j.
4 1+t
4 1t


1
2
1
1

T (t) =
+
=
16(1 + t) 16(1 t)
4 1 t2

2
1
T (t)
=
Then, =
ds/dt
8 1 t2


2
d2 s
ds
1
2
aT = 2 = 0, aN =
=
.
dt
dt
2 1 t2

47. r (t) =

1 + ti

48. (b) (t) =

1 tj +

1 + 4t2 + t4

6 (1 + t2 + t4 )3/2

49. tangential component:

d2 s
=0
dt2

2 k,

maximum curvature occurs at x

= 0.2715

6t + 12t3
aT =
;
1 + t2 + t4


normal component:

aN = 6

1 + 4t2 + t4
1 + t2 + t 4

50. Set r() = cos f ()i + sin f ()j

51. By Exercise 50

52. f () = a,

f  () = a,

  a 2

2   

 e
+ 2 aea ea a2 ea 
ea

=
=
.

3/2
2
2
1 + a2
(ea ) + (aea )

f  () = 0 = =

a2 2 + 2a2
2 + 2
=
(a2 2 + a2 )3/2
|a|(2 + 1)3/2

53. By Exercise 50,

 2

a (1 cos )2 + 2a2 sin2 a2 (1 cos )(cos )
3a2 (1 cos )
3ar
3
=
.
=
=
=


3/2
3/2
3/2
2
2
[2ar]
2 2ar
[2a (1 cos )]
a2 (1 cos )2 + a2 sin

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November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.4
54. By Exercise 50,
=

747



(a sin 2)2 + 2(2a cos 2)2 (a sin 2)(2a cos 2)
3

[(a sin 2)2 + (2a cos 2)2 ] 2


 2 2
a sin 2 + 8a2 cos2 2 3a2 sin 2 cos 2
3

(a2 sin2 2 + 4a2 cos2 2) 2



 2
 2

r + 8(a2 r2 ) + 3r a2 r2 
8a 7r2 + 3r a2 r2 
=
=
.
3
3
[r2 + 4(a2 r2 )] 2
(4a2 3r2 ) 2
PROJECT 14.5A
1. The system of equations generated by the specied conditions is:
a+b+c+d=3
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 7
6a + 2b = 0

27 + 9 + 3 + = 7

729 + 81 + 9 + = 2

54 + 2 = 0

27a + 6b + c = 27 + 6 +
a
b
= 0.1094
= 0.3281

18a + 2b = 18 + 2
c
= 2.1094

= 0.0365

0.9844
=

= 6.0469

d
= 0.6719

= 3.2656

2. Clearly p and q are continuous on their

respective intervals. The conditions p(3) = q(3),
p (3) = q  (3) and p (3) = q  (3) imply that
F, F  , and F  are continuous on [1, 9].

3. (a), (b) The system of equations generated by the specied conditions (and the derivative conditions of
Problem 1) is:
27 + 9b + 3c + d = 10

64 + 16b + 4c + d = 15

18a + 2b = 0

64 + 64 + 4 + = 15

216 + 36 + 6 + = 35

36 + 2 = 0

48 + 8b + c = 48 + 8 +

24 + 2b = 24 + 2

(c) a = b = 0, c = 5, d = 5; = 1.25, = 15, = 65, = 85

4. =

|y  |
Cn(n 1)xn2
=

2
3/2
[1 + (y ) ]
[1 + (Cnxn1 )2 ]3/2

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748

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.6

At x = 0, = 0 as desired. At x = 1, want =
y=

1 3
x
4

Cn(n 1)
96
=
125
(1 + C 2 n2 )3/2

works.

PROJECT 14.5B
1.

dT
dT ds
dT
dT/dt
T (t) T/(t)
=
=
=
=
= N.
dt
ds dt
ds
ds/dt
T (t) ds/dt

2.

dB
d
=
(T N) =
ds
ds

dN
ds

dT
dN
dB
N = T
. Therefore
T.
ds
ds
ds

dB
dB
B. Being perpendicular to both T and B,
ds
ds
is parallel to N and is therefore a scalar multiple of N.

Since B has constant length,

3.

dN
d
=
(B T) =
ds
ds

dT
B
ds

dB
T
ds

= (B N) + (N T)

= (N B) (T N) = T B
4. We know that dB/ds = N.

It follows that  dB/ds = | |  N = | |.

Thus | | is the magnitude

of the change in direction of B per unit arc length, or equivalently, the rate per unit arc length at which
the curve tends away from the osculating plane.
SECTION 14.6


a  t
b  t
e et i +
e + et j, r (0) = bj
2
2


a 2  t
b 2  t
(b) r (t) =
e + et i +
e et j = 2 r (t)
2
2
(c) The torque is 0 : (t) = r (t) ma (t) = r (t) m 2 r (t) = 0.

1. (a) r (t) =

The angular momentum L (t) is constant since L (t) = (t) = 0.

2. (a) F(t) = mr (t) = mb2 r(t),
(b) F(t) = mr(t),

mb2 > 0

m < 0

(c) L(t) = r(t) mv(t) = m(i + j k)

3. We begin with the force equation F(t) = k. In general, F (t) = m a (t), so that here
a (t) =

k.
m

Integration gives
v (t) = C1 i + C2 j +


t + C3 k.

Since v (0) = 2 j, we can conclude that C1 = 0, C2 = 2, C3 = 0. Thus

v (t) = 2 j +

tk.
m

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SECTION 14.6
Another integration gives



t2 + D3 k.
2m
Since r (0) = y0 j + z0 k, we have D1 = 0, D2 = y0 , D3 = z0 , and therefore


r (t) = (2t + y0 ) j +
t2 + z0 k.
2m
The conditions of the problem require that t be restricted to nonnegative values.
r (t) = D1 i + (2t + D2 ) j +

To obtain an equation for the path in Cartesian coordinates, we write out the components
2
x(t) = 0, y(t) = 2t + y0 , z(t) =
t + z0 .
(t 0)
2m
From the second equation we have
t=

1
2

[y(t) y0 ].

(y(t) y0 )

Substituting this into the third equation, we get

z(t) =
(y(t) y0 )
[y(t) y0 ]2 + z0 .
8m
Eliminating t altogether, we have

z=
(y y0 )
(y y0 )2 + z0 .
8m
Since x = 0, the path of the object is a parabolic arc in the yz-plane.
Answers to (a) through (d):

t k.
m
p(t) = 2m j + t k.

(a) velocity: v(t) = 2 j +

(c) momentum:

(b)

(d) path in vector form: r (t) = (2t + y0 ) j +

path in Cartesian coordinates: z =
4. F (t) v(t) = 0

speed: v(t) =



t2 + z0 k,
2m

(y y0 )2 + z0 ,
8m

1 2
4m + 2 t2 .
m

t 0.
y y0 ,

x = 0.

for all t

1 d
[v(t) v(t)] = 0 for all t
2 dt
= v(t) v(t) = [v(t)]2 is constant = v(t) is constant
= a(t) v(t) = v (t) v(t) =

5. F (t) = m a (t) = m r (t) = 2mk

6. If v (t) = 0, then L (t) = r (t) mv(t) + r(t) mv (t)
= v(t) mv(t) + r(t) 0 = 0
7. From F (t) = m a (t) we obtain
a (t) = 2 [a cos t i + b sin t j].
By direct calculation using v (0) = bj + k and r (0) = bj we obtain
v (t) = a sin t i b cos t j + k
r (t) = a(1 cos t) i + b(1 sin t) j + tk.

749

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750

November 30, 2006

SECTION 14.6
(b) v (1) =

(a) v (1) = bj + k
(c)

a (1) = 2 ai

(e)

L (1) = r (1) m v(1) = [2ai + bj + k] [m (bj + k)]

2 b2 + 1

(d) m v(1) = m (bj + k)

= m [b(1 )i 2aj + 2abk]



(f) (1) = r (1) F (1) = [2ai + bj + k] m 2 ai = m 2 a [j bk]
d
dt

8.

1
m[v(t)]2
2

1 d
1
m [v(t) v(t)] = m[2v (t) v(t)]
2 dt
2

= ma(t) v(t) = F(t) v(t)

9. We have

mv = mv1 + mv2

and
v2 =

1
1
2
2
2 mv = 2 mv1
v1 2 + v2 2 .

+ 12 mv2 2 .

Therefore

v = v1 + v2

Since

v2 = v v = (v1 + v2 ) (v1 + v2 ) = v1 2 + v2 2 + 2(v1 v2 ),

we have

v1 v2 = 0

and
and

v1 v2 .

10. That the path is of the form r(t) = cos tA + sin tB can be seen by applying the hint to each
component of the equation F(t) = m 2 r(t).
A = r(0) = the initial position
B = r (0)/ = the initial velocity divided by
The path is circular if  A = B  and A B.
11. r (t) = a,

r (t) = v (0) + ta,

r (t) = r (0) + t v(0) +

1 2
2 t

a.

If neither v (0) nor a is zero, the displacement r (t) r (0) is a linear combination of v (0) and a and
thus remains on the plane determined by these vectors. The equation of this plane can be written
[a v (0)] [r r (0)] = 0.
(If either v (0) or a is zero, the motion is restricted to a straight line; if both of these vectors are zero,
the particle remains at its initial position r (0). )
12. Clearly we can take 1 [0, 2).

With = 1, the path takes the form

r(t) = [A1 cos(t + 1 ) + D1 ]i [A1 sin(t + 1 ) + D2 ]j + [Ct + D3 ]k.

Dierentiation gives
v(t) = A1 sin(t + 1 )i + A1 cos(t + 1 )j + Ck.
r(0) = a i = A1 cos 1 + D1 = a,

A sin 1 + D2 = 0,

v(0) = a j + b k = A1 sin 1 = 0,

A1 cos 1 = a,

D3 = 0

C=b

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SECTION 14.7

751

From these equations we have

D1 = D2 = D3 = 0,

c = b,

A1 sin 1 = 0,

A1 cos 1 = a.

The last two equations give

and A1 = a or 1 = and A1 = a.

1 = 0
The rst possibility gives

r(t) = a cos(t) i a sin(t) j + bt k

= a cos t i + a sin t j + bt k.
The second possibility gives the same path:
r(t) = a cos(t + ) i a sin(t + ) j + bt k
= a cos t i + a sin t j + bt k

13. r(t) = i + t j +

qE0
2m

t2 k

14. Since v has magnitude w  r , lies in the plane of the wheel, and makes an angle of 90
counterclockwise with r, we have v = r

15. r(t) =

t3
1+
6m

17.

d
dt

Therefore d/dt

t4
i+
j + tk
12m

1
mv2
2

1

2
2 mv

= mv


r4 = 0

1
16. r(t) = sin t +
2

and

dv
dv
dv
dr
=m v
=m
v=F
dt
dt
dt
dt

dr
dr
d  4
dr
= 4r2 r
= 4r2 r
= 4r3
=
r .
dt
dt
dt
dt
and

nd that E = 2m.
Thus 12 mv2 r4 = 2m

v=

1
2
2 mv

r4 is a constant E.

Evaluating E from t = 0, we

4 + (2/m) r4 .

SECTION 14.7
1. On Earth: year of length T ,

average distance from sun d.

On Venus: year of length T, average distance from sun 0.72d.

Therefore

This gives

2 = (0.72)3
= 0.372

( T )2
(0.72d)3
=
.
T2
d3
0.615. Answer:
and =

about 61.5% of an Earth year.

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752
2.

November 30, 2006

REVIEW EXERCISES

1 d
dE
d
= m (v 2 ) m (r1 )
dt
2 dt
dt
d 2
d
(v ) = (v v) = 2(a v)
dt
dt

dr
d 1
1 dr
1
1
(r ) = 2
= 3 r
= 3 (r v) (using 13.2.3)
dt
r dt
r
dt
r
 r
 
dE
r 
m
= m(a v) + 3 (r v) = (a mv) + 3 mv = a + 3 mv = 0
dt
r
r
r

3.

4. Using

dx
dt

r =

dr
d

dy
dt

and =

we have

2
d
(r sin )
dt

2 
2
d dr
d dr
= r ( sin ) +
cos + r cos
+
sin
dt
dt
dt
dt

2
2

2
2
d
dr
d
dr
= r2 sin2
+
cos2 + r2 cos2
+
sin2
dt
dt
dt
dt

2

2
d
dr
2
=
+r
dt
dt
=

d
(r cos )
dt

2

L
mr 2




2
m
1
1
dr
2 + r2 2
E+
= m(r 2 + r2 2 ) =
r
2
2
d




2
2
1
L2 1 dr
dr
L2
L2
1
= m
+ 2 2 =
+ 2
2
d
m2 r 4
m r
2m r4 d
r

and therefore



2 
L2 1
m
1 dr
E=

+ 4
2m r2
r
d
r

5. Substitute
r=

a
,
1 + e cos

dr
d

2
=

a
(e sin )
(1 + e cos )2

2
=

(ae sin )2
(1 + e cos )4

into the right side of the equation and you will see that, with a and e2 as given, the expression reduces
to E.
REVIEW EXERCISES
1. f  (t) = 6t i 15t2 j,
2. f  (t) = 2e2t i +

2t
j,
1 + t2

f  (t) = 6 i 30t j
f  (t) = 4e2t i +

3. f  (t) = (et cos t et sin t) i + 2 sin 2t j,

2 2t2
j
(1 + t2 )2

f  (t) = 2et sin t i + 4 cos 2t j

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REVIEW EXERCISES
4. f  (t) = cosh t i (2t t2 )et j + sinh tk,

5.
0

[sin 2t i + 2 cos t j +

7.

f  (t) = sinh t i + (t2 4t + 2)et j + cosh t k

2


1 3
2
2
2
2t i + (t 1) j dt = t i +
t t j = 4i + j
3
3
0

6.

753



1
2
2
t k] dt = cos 2t i + 2 sin t j + t3/2 k = 3/2 k
2
3
3
0
8.

y
50

100

150

200

12

10

9.

10.





i + 4 sin t +
j
11. (a) r(t) = 2 cos t +
2
2
12. direction vector: d = (2, 4, 6);

(b) r(t) = 2 cos 2t i + 4 sin 2t j

r(t) = (1 + 2t) i + (1 + 4t) j + (2 + 6t) k,

13. f (t) = 13 t3 i + ( 12 e2t + t) j + 13 (2t + 1)3/2 k + C.

f (0) = i 3 j + 3k = C = i

7
2

j + 83 k; f (t) =

1

3t






+ 1 i + 12 e2t + t 72 j + 13 (2t + 1)3/2 + 83 k

14. f  (t) = f (t) = f (t) = f 0 et

f (0) = i + 2k = f 0 = i + 2k and so f (t) = et i + 2et k
15. f  (t) = (6 i + 12t3 j) + (8t i 12 k) = (6 + 8t) i + 12t3 j 12k
16. Note: f is not a vector function.

0t1

f (t) = et + 1 = f  (t) = et

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REVIEW EXERCISES

1
17. f (t) = (t + 2t ) i 2t + 2
t
2

j + (t t) k,

2
f (t) = (2t + 6t ) i 4t 3
t


j + (4t3 1) k

f (t) = t3 cos t + t2 sin t + 3t cos t = (t3 + 3t) cos t + t2 sin t

18. Note: f is not a vector function.

f  (t) = (t3 + 3t) sin t + (3t2 + 3) cos t + 2t sin t + t2 cos t = (4t2 + 3) cos t (t3 + t) sin t
19. r (t) = 2r(t) = r(t) = r0 e2t
r(0) = (1, 2, 1) = r0 = (1, 2, 1)
20. F (t) = e2t i + e2t j,

and

r(t) = (e2t , 2e2t , e2t )

F  (t) = 2e2t i 2e2t j,

Since F  (t) = 4F(t) for all t, F and F 

F and F
2t

2t

e i+e

F  (t) = 4e2t i + 4e2t j

are parallel.

will have the same direction for some value of t i there is a number k > 0 such that
j = k(2e2t i 2e2t j). No such value of k exists.

21. The tip of r(t) is P (1, 1, 1) when t = 0.

r (t) = (2t + 2) i + 3 j + (3t2 + 1) k, r (0) = 2 i + 3 j + k
Scalar parametric equations for the tangent line are: x = 1 + 2t, y = 1 + 3t, z = 1 + t.

22. r(/3) = ( 3/2, 1/2, /3)

r (/3) = (1, 3, 1)

r (t) = (2 cos 2t, 2 sin 2t, 1);

Scalar parametric equations for the tangent line are: x =

23. r1 (t) = (2, 1, 1) at t = 1;

3
2

t,

y = 12

3 t,

z=

+t

r2 (u) = (2, 1, 1) at u = 1. Therefore the curves intersect at the point

(2, 1, 1).
r1 (t) = (2 i + 2t j + k, r1 (1) = 2 i + 2 j + k;

r2 (u) = i 2u j + 2u k, r2 (1) = i + 2 j 2 k.

Since r1 (1) r2 (1) = 0, the angle of intersection is /2 radians

24. r(t) = 2t i + (1 t2 ) j t2 k,

r (t) = 2t i 2t j 2t k.

(2t i + (1 t2 ) j t2 k) (2t i 2t wj 2t k) = 4t3 ;

4t3 = 0 = t = 0

The curve and the tangent line meet at right angles at the point where t = 0; (0, 1, 0).
25. r(t) = t i + e2t j,
r (t) = i + 2e2t j,

r(/6) = i 32 3 j

r (/6) = 3 i + 32 j

26. r(t) = 2 sin t i 3 cos t j,

r(0) = j;
r (0) = i + 2 j

r (t) = 2 cos t i + 3 sin t j

3

8
6

4
2
1

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REVIEW EXERCISES
27. r (t) = t cos t i + t sin t j +

||r || =

3tk;

755

ds
= 2t
dt

r (t)
1
= (cos t i + sin t j + 3 k).

||r (t)||
2
1
1
1


T (t) = sin t i + cos t j; ||T (t)|| = .
2
2
2
T (t)
principal normal vector: N =
= sin t i + cos t j
||T (t)||

unit tangent vector: T =

28. r (t) = (a sin t i + a cos t j + b k.

r k
|b|
= constant.
=
||r || ||k||
a2 + b2

The cosine of the angle between r (t) and k is:

Therefore is a constant.
1
1 + 2t2
j 2tk; ||r (t)|| =
.
t
t
r (t)
2t
1
2t2
T(t) = 
= 2
i+ 2
j 2
k;
||r (t)||
2t + 1
2t + 1
2t + 1

29. r (t) = 2 i +

T (t) =

2 4t2
4t
4t
i
j
k;
2
2
2
2
2
(2t + 1)
(2t + 1)
(2t + 1)2

N(1) =

T (1)
||T (1)||

= 13 i

2
3

2
3

T(1) =

2
1
i+ j
3
3

T (1) = 29 i

4
9

2
3

4
9

k,

||T (1)|| =

2
3

A normal vector for the osculating plane is: (2 i + j 2 k) (i + 2 j + 2 k) = 6 i 6 j + 3 k.

Since r(1) = 2 i k, an equation for the osculating plane is
6(x 2) 6y + 3(z + 1) = 0 or 2x 2y + z = 3.

||r (t)|| = 2.

r (t)
1
1
1
1
T(t) = 
= ( sin t i sin t j 2 cos t k); T(/4) = i j k
||r (t)||
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
T (t) = ( cos t i cos t j + 2 sin t k); T (/4) = i j + k, ||T (/4)|| = 1
2
2
2
2

T (/4)
1
1
1
N(/4) =
= i j+ k
||T (/4)||
2
2
2

A normal vector for the osculating plane is: (i + j + 2 k) (i + j 2 k) = 2 2 i + 2 2 j.

2
Since r(/4) =
(i + j 2 k, an equation for the osculating plane is
2
"
"
#
#

2
2
2 2 x
+2 2 y
= 0 or x y = 0.
2
2

30. r (t) = sin t i sin t j

31. r (t) = 2 i + t


1/2

j;

L=
0

32. r (t) = et i et j

2k;

2 cos t k;

||r (t)||dt =

4 + tdt =

||r (t)|| = et + et ;


L=
0

38
3
ln 3

ln 3

8
(et + et )dt = et et
=
0
3

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REVIEW EXERCISES

33. r (t) = cosh t i + sinh t j + k; ||r (t)|| = cosh2 t + sinh2 t + 1 = 2 cosh t;

 1

1
L=
2 cosh t dt =
2 sinh t = 2 sinh 1.
0

34. r (t) = sin t i cos t j + sinh t k;

 ln 2

ln 2
3
cosh t dt = sinh t
=
0
4
0

||r || =

1 + sinh2 t = cosh t;

35. (a) r (t) = sin t i + cos t j + t1/2 k; ||r (t)|| = 1 + t.

 t
 t
t
2

2
2

s=
||r (u)|| du =
1 + t dt = (1 + u)3/2 = (1 + t)3/2
0
3
3
3
0
0

2/3
3
2
(b) t =
1 = (s); R(s) = cos (s) i + sin (s) j + [(s)]3/2 k
s+1
2
3


(c) R (s) = sin (s) i + cos (s) j + (s)1/2 k  (s)


1/3

2/3

3
3
2 3


||R (s)|| = (s) 1 + (s) =
s+1
s+1
=1
3 2
2
2

speed: s = ||v|| = 1 + 4 sin2 2t

acceleration: a = r (t) = cos t i sin t j + 4 cos 2t k; ||a|| = 1 + 16 cos2 2t

36. velocity: v = r (t) = sin t i + cos t j + 2 sin 2t k

37. r (t) = cos t i sin t j

Thus:

and r (0) = k = r (t) = sin t i + (cos t 1) j + k.

velocity v = sin t i + (cos t 1) j + k and speed ||v|| = 3 2 cos t.

r (t) = sin t i + (cos t 1) j + k

and r(0) = i = r(t) = cos t i + (sin t t) j + t k.

38. The acceleration vector remains perpendicular to the path means:

r r = 0.
r (t) = f  (t) i + 2f (t)f  (t) j,

r (t) = f  (t) i + [2f  (t)2 + 2f (t)f  (t)] j

r r = 0 = f  (t)f  (t) + 4f (t)[f  (t)]3 + 4f 2 (t)f  (t)f  (t) = 0

3 1/2
3
x , y  = x1/2 ;
2
4
3 1/2
|y  |
6
4x

=
=
9 3/2 =
[1 + (y  )2 ]3/2
x(4
+
9x)3/2
[1 + 4 x]

39. y  =

40. y  = 2 sin 2x,

y  = 4 cos 2x;

4| cos 2x|
[1 + 4 sin2 2x]3/2

41. x(t) = 2et , y(t) = e2t = x (t) = 2et , y  (t) = 2e2t = x (t) = 2et , y  (t) = 4e2t
=

|(2et )(4e2t ) (2e2t )(2et )|

1
e3t
=
=
2t
4t
3/2
2t
3/2
2t
[4e
+ 4e ]
2(1 + e )
2(e + 1)3/2

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REVIEW EXERCISES
y(t) = 12 t2 = x (t) = t2 ,

42. x(t) = 13 t3 ,
=

|t2 2t2 |
(t2

3
t4 ) 2

y  (t) = t = x (t) = 2t,

757

y  (t) = 1

1
3

|t|(1 + t2 ) 2

ds
= |r (t)| = 5
dt
3
9
4
3
9
T(t) = sin 3t i j + cos 3t k, T (t) = cos 3t i sin 3t k;
5
5
5
5
5

||T (t)||
9
=
=
ds/dt
25

43. r (t) = 3 sin 3t i 4 j + 3 cos 3t k,

ds
2t1/2 j + t k,
= ||r (t)|| = 1 + t
dt

1
2t
1
t
T=
i+
j+
k T (t) =
i+
1+t
1+t
1+t
(1 + t2 )

44. r (t) = 1 i +

||T (t)|| = 9/5

||T (t)|| =

1
;
2t(1 + t)

45. y  = sinh (x/a),

y  =

t t)
1
j+
k
(1 + t)2
(1 + t)2

2
2 (1/

1
||T (t)||
=
ds/dt
2t(1 + t)2

1
cosh (x/a);
a

|y  |
[1 +

3
(y  )2 ] 2

1
a
= 2
2
y
a cosh (x/a)

46. (a) Suppose ||v|| = c constant. Then ||v||2 = c2 = r r = c2 = 2r r = 0 = a v.

(b) T =

v
,
||v||

T =

v
a
|T |
|a|
=
since ||v|| is constant. =
=
||v||
||v||
|v|
|v|2

4
3
ds
47. r (t) = sin t i + sin t j + cos tk;
= ||r (t)|| = 1
5
5
dt
4
4
3
3
T = r (t) = sin t i + sin t j + cos tk, T (t) = cos t i + cos t j sin t k;
5
5
5
5

2
2
d s
ds
= 1;
aT = 2 = 0, aN =
=1
dt
dt
ds
= ||r (t)|| = 2 + t2
dt
1
1
T(t) =
(2 i + 2t j + t2 k), T (t) =
(4t i + (4 2t2 ) j + 4t k);
2
2+t
(2 + t2 )2

2
2
d2 s
ds
=
;
aT = 2 = 2t, aN =
= 2.
(2 + t2 )2
dt
dt

||T (t)|| = 1

48. r (t) = 2 i + 2t j + t2 k;

||T (t)|| =

2
2 + t2

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