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  • CHP 19

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    12 visualizações13 páginas

    CHP 19

    Enviado por

    dmsoares1989
    Chp_19

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Part 5: Maxwell’s Equations and Their Applications 19. Maxwell’s Equations ¢ Mazwell’s equations are the most general equations of the macroscopic electromagnetic field. Any engineering problem that includes electromagnetic fields is solved starting from these equations, although in some instances it may not be quite obvious. Maxwell's equations can be written in two forms, integral and differential Their integral form is fra = | 22.as, (9.1) ic fua-[ (+2 fP as= [ov (19.3) fipas The current continuity equation in integral for by all real currents and charges, fs 4 =- [fo (19.5) ‘+ The general boundary conditions are specialized forms of the above equations, connecting the electric and magnetic field vectors on the two sides of a boundary surface between two media, They read (the unit vector n is normal to the boundary surface, and is directe medium 1): (19.2) (19.4) important because it must be satisfied Ey tang = Ez tangs on the surface of a perfect conductor Etang = (19.6) 3 on the surface of a perfect conductor Daorm =a. (19.7) Dy scrmat — D2 normal CHAPTER 19: MaxWELL’s EQUATIONS aah FD tang ~ Ha tang = Js Xn; on the surface of a perfect conductor Heang = Js xn. (19.8) By normal = B normals on the surface of a perfect conductor Brormal (199) + Differential forms of Eqs. (19.1)-(19.5) ace obtained from the integral forms by means of the Stokes’s and divergence theorems. They have the form VxXE o. (19.10) vx s+ 2, (19.11) v-D=p, (19.12) V-B=0. (19.13) Vess (20.14) ‘© To these equations (as well as to their integral counterparts) it is necessary to add the relationships between vectors (1) D, E, and P, (2) B, H, and M; and (3) J and E. These relations are known as the constitutive relations: D=@E+P, P=PE), (29.15) B=y(H+M), M=M(B), (29.16) J= KE) (19.17) In linear media, D=B, B=pH, J=cE. (29.18) Quantities varying sinusoidally in time are called time-harmonie. For time-harmonie cur- rents and charges, end if the medium is linear, Eqs. (19.10)-(19.14) can be written with complex (phasor) quantities: 202 PART 5: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Vx B=-jwB, (19.19) Vx H=J+iD, (19.20) (19.21) V-B (19.22) ved (19.23) ‘The constitutive relations in that case become D=cE B=uk, Pa (19.24) Eq.(19.20), combined with J = oE and D = cE, provides the definition of a good conductor (o > we) and of @ good insulator (+ < we) in the case of time-harmonic fields end linear media. + Poynting’s theorem is the mathematical expression of the law of conservation of energy as applied to electromagnetic fields. It is obtained from Maxwell's equations and has the form e a Be Ae 5 [Bese [Fe+§ [Ge + buat ort flexes, (1925) where F; is the “impressed electric field” (representing sources), and » is the domain limited by a closed surface 5. According to the law of conservation of energy, fe x H)- dS = power transferred through S to region outside S. (19.26) Is The cross (vector) product (E x H) represents the power transferred by the electromagnetic field per unit area, and is known as the Poynting vector, P: PoExH (W/m?). (19.27) + Poynting’s theorem in complex form (linear media, sinusoidal time variation) reads (19.28) CHAPTER 19: MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 203 and the vector B=ExH (W/m?) (9.29) is the compler Poynting vector. * Electromagnetic potentials are auxiliary functions from which the field vectors are obtained with relative ease (most often by differentiation). The most common pair of potentials are the magnetic vector potential, A, defined by B=VxAz=culA, (19.30) and the electric scalar potential, V, defined by the equation ee 0A E=-VV -~ 3 = ~erad - > (19.31) ‘+ The Lorents potentials are a special case of these more general potentials, and are defined by the Lorentz condition, (19.32) ‘+ The Lorentz potentials can be expressed in terms of charges and currents only in near, homogeneous media. In a medium of parameters ¢, 4, and ¢ = 0, the expressions for the potentials in terms of charges and currents are Hiya tes RS Ra) oe Ving = fe [eae em Ze, (29.33) Ap tw Alr.= 5 if (19.34) In these equations, r is the position vector of the point where the potentials are being deter- mined, r! is the position of the volume element dv, and =r — 7", These expressions tell us that the potential at point r at a time t is not due to the elemental source at time f, but to that at an earlier time, (¢— R/c). In other words, the potentials propagate with a finite velocity, c= 1/V/@qy ies they are retarded in their reaching the field point. In a vacuum, c= ¢9, the velocity of light. * For time-harmonic sources of the electromagnetic field, the retarded potentials can be written as complex (phasor) quantities, Njo-iwRle V(r) de’, (19.35) 204 PART 5: MAXWELU’S EQUATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS (19.36) The retardation can be neglected provided that the largest dimension of the field domain we consider, dmax, is determined by the inequality wdmax/e < 1, oF dmax < in (19.39) If this is satisfied for an electromagnetic field, the field is said to be a quasi-static (nearly-static) field. QUESTIONS Q19.1. Why (and when) it is allowed to move the time derivative in the equation fras of Das Is ts to act on D only? — (a) There ore no restrictions whatsoever. (b) D must be time-verying. {c) § must be constant in time. Q19.2. Does Eq. (19.1) tell us that a time-varying magnetic field is the source of a time- varying electric field? Explain. — (a) Yes, because the integral on the left-hand side depends on the time variation of B. (b) No, because the sources of the electric field are only electric charges. (¢) No, because if B is time-varying, Eq. (19.1) does not require that E be also time-varying. Answer. Yes. If the magnetic field is time constant, the electric field veetor has only the component Which satisfies the relation Hdl = 0. If the magnetic field varies in time, the electric field vector has also a time-varying component which does not satisfy this equation (i.e., the induced electric field). Q19.8. Why would an electric field inside a perfect conductor produce a current of infinite density? Would such a current be physically possible? Explain. — Hint: recall the constitutive relation J = oE, and the expression for the density of energy in the magnetic field. Q19.4. Why surface currents are possible on surfaces of perfect conductors, when a nonzero tangential electric field there is not possible? Is this a current of finite volume density? — (a) The E-field cannot exists inside a perfect conductor, but a tangential E-field can czist on its very surface. (b) In e perfect conductor, no field is needed to create a current. (c) Surface currents exist because there can be no currents inside. Answer, Surface currents and chacges over perfect conductors are precisely # kind of shield preventing the field to enter a perfect conductor. Their distribution is such that their field exactly cancels the external field inside the conductor. Q19.5. Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a static electric field, assuming that the dielectric is linear, but inhomogeneous. — Hint: all lime derivatives are zero, there is no magnetic field. CHAPTER 19: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS 205 Q19.6. Write the full set of Maxwell's equations in differential form for the special case of static electric field produced by the charges on a set of conducting bodies situated in a vacuum, — Hint: use the answer to the preceding question and note thot in this case p = 0. Q19.7, Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a steady current flow in a homogeneous conductor of conductivity o, with no impressed electric field. — Convince yourself that the correct answer is: VxE =0, V-E = 0, V-J=0, J=cE. Q19.8. Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a steady current flow in an inhomogeneous poor dielectric, with impressed electric field Ej present. — Convince yourself that the correct answer is: Vx B= 0, V-D=p, VJ = 0, D=eE, J=0(E+ Ei). Answer. Vx B=0, V-D (E+ Ei) Q19.9. Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a time-constant magnetic field in a linear medium of permeability j, produced by a steady current flow. — Find three errors in the following answer: V x H = J+ AE/at, V-B = 0, B=nH+M. Q19.10. Write the full set of Maxwell's equations in differential form for the special case of a time-constant. magnetic field, produced by a permanent magnet of magnetization M (a function of position). — Find three errors in the following answer: Vx H = J, V-B= -dE/a, B= (H+ M). Q19.11. Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a time-constant magnetic field produced by both steady currents and magnetized matter, if the medium is not linear. — Convince yourself that the following onswer is correct: V x H = J, V+B=0, B= yo(H + M). Q19.12. Write the full set of Maxwell’s equations in differential form for the special case of a quasi-static electromagnetic field, produced by quasi-static currents in nonferromagnetic conductors. — Find three errors in the following onswer: V x (cE) = —OB/at, V x H = J+4D/at, V-D= pleo, V-H=0, V-J = —dp/dt, D= cB, B= pH. Q10.13. Write Maxwell’s equations in differential form for an arbitrary clectromagnetic field in a vacuum, no free charges being present. — Find three errors in the following answer: Vx B=—y0H/dt, Vx H= OB/at, V-E=p, V-H=0. Answer. Vx E = —y)9H/8t, Vx H = SB/0t, V-B=0, 9 H Q10.14. Write Maxwell's equations for an arbitrary electromagnetic field in a homegencous perfect dielectric of permittivity ¢ and permeability 4. — Find three errors in the following answer: V x B= —yoH/at, V x H = @dE/0t, V-E=p, V-H=0. Q10.15. Write the full set of differential Maxwell’s equations in scalar form in the rectangular coordinate system. Note that eight simultaneous, partial differential equations result. Write these equations neatly and save them for future reference. — Hint: use the expressions for curl and divergence in the rectangular coordinate system. Q19.16. Repeat question Q19.15 for the cylindrical coordinate system. — Hint: use the capressions for curl and divergence in the cylindrical coordinate system. 206 PART 5: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Q19.17. Repeat question Q19.15 for the spherical coordinate system. — Hint: use the eqpressions for curl and divergence in the spherical coordinate system. Q19.18, Write differential Maxwell's equations in scalar form for the particular case of an electromagnetic field in a vacuum (J = 0, p = 0), if the field vectors are only functions of the ‘cartesian coordinate = and of time t. — Hint: use the scalar equations you obtained in the onower to Q19.15. Note that the partial derivatives with respect to y and = are zero, that the medium is a vacuum, and that J=0 and p = 0. Q19.19, Write differential Maxwell's equations in scalar form for a good conductor, for the particular case of an axially symmetrical system with dependence of the field vectors only on the cylindrical coordinate r and time t, Assume that J = Jews and p =0. — Hint: use the scalar equations you obtained in the answer to Q19.16. Note that the partial derivatives with respect to cylindrical coordinates @ and = are zero, that the current density vector is assumed to have only the z-component, and that p= 0. Note also that, since the conductor is assumed to be good, the displacement current density, AD/At, should be omitted. Q10.20. Repeat question Q19.19 for B= Bzuz. — Hint: the procedure is the same, with one difference only. What is this difference? 19.21. Write differential Maxwell’s equations in complex form for an arbitrary electromag- netic field in a very good conductor, of conductivity @ and permeability 1. — Find three errors in the following answer: Vx B= —jw"pH, VX H = J+jeE, V-E=0, V-H = 0, J= oD. Q10.22. Write differential Maxwell's equations in complex form for a quasi-static clectro- magnetic field. — Find three errors in the following answer: V x EB = -8B/0t, Vx H J+ieD, V-D=pje, V-B=0, VJ =—jwp,D = eB, B= pH, J= 0B. ows Answer. VxE -jup, D = eB, B=uH, J= cE. jwB, UX H = J, VD =p, ¥- Q19.23. Write differential Maxwell’s equations in complex form for an arbitrary electromag- netic field in a perfect dielectric of permittivity « and permeability 1, no free charges being present. — Convince yourself that the following answer is correct: Vx E = —japH, Vx H = jock, V-E=0, V-H=0. Q19.24. Write the most general integral Maxwell’s equations in complex form. — Find three errors in the jollowing answer: fea ww fa 4s, frase [o+im-as, Is c Is 1 fir-as=t [ na, fip-as=o ni Ss Answer. [ressora feazu[oes fe lo s lo 8 CHAPTER 19: MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS 207 fipas [rs fa

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