4/1/2015

CompositeFailureCriteria

LaminateModeler

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CompositeFailureCriteria
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LaminateModeler>Theory>CompositeFailureCriteria

CompositeFailureCriteria

Failurecriteriaforcompositematerialsaresignificantlymorecomplexthanyieldcriteriaformetalsbecausecompositematerialscanbestrongly
numberofdifferentmodesdependingontheirloadingstateandthemechanicalpropertiesofthematerial.Whiletheorieswhichreflectdetailed
currentlybeingdeveloped,empiricalcriteriabasedontestdatahavebeenusedfordecades.ThesecriteriahavebeenincorporatedintheMSC.L
evaluationofthestrengthofastructureaccordingtothecurrentindustrystandards.TheusercanalsodefinecustomcriteriausingPCLfunction
applications.
Nomenclature

Failurecriteriacomparetheloadingstateatapoint(stressorstrain)withasetofvaluesreflectingthestrengthofthematerialatthatpoint(often
allowables).Bothloadingandstrengthvaluesshouldbereflectedinthesamematerialcoordinatesystem.Forunidirectionalmaterials,thisisty
fibres.However,forwovenandknittedfabrics,thisdirectionisnotobvious,andmightchangeasthematerialisformedtoshape.

Ingeneral,theloadisrepresentedbyafullstressorstraintensorhavingsixindependentcomponents.Byconvention,forlaminamaterialsthem
ofthewarpfibreswhiletheZaxisliesinthethroughthicknessdirectionofthesheet.NotethaninPatran,shearstrainsarestoredintensorrathe
anyexperimentalfailurestrengthsshouldreflectthis.

STRESS

x,y,z,xy,yz,xz

STRAIN

x, y, z,xy,yz,xz

Thestrengthofacompositecanbeexpressedbyanarbitrarilylargenumberofvalues,dependingonthecomplexityofthefailurecriterion.How
composites,areoftenassumedtobeorthotropicthethroughthicknessstressesorstrainsareignoredanditisassumedthatthereisnegligiblein
failuremodes.Thestrengthofthematerialcanthereforeberepresentedbysevenindependentvariables:

TX

tensilestrengthalongtheXaxis

CX

compressivestrengthalongtheXaxis

TY

tensilestrengthalongtheYaxis

CY

compressivestrengthalongtheYaxis

SXY

shearstrengthintheXYplane

SYZ

shearstrengthintheYZplane

SXZ

shearstrengthintheXZplane

IntheTsaiWucriterion,thesevalueshavebeensupplementedbyaninteractiontermwhichreflectstheinterdependenceoffailuremodesduet
materialdirections.

IXY

interactionbetweenXandYdirections

Notethattheabovevaluescanbeappliedtoeitherstressorstrain.

Theformofthefailurecriterionistypicallydescribedasamathematicalfunctionoftheabovevariableswhichreachesthevalueofunityatfail
FailureIndex=FI(load,strength)=1
ThestrengthofastructurecanbegivenasaStrengthRatio(SR),whichistheratiobywhichtheloadmustbefactoredtojustfail.(Notethatth
thereciprocaloftheFailureIndex.)Alternatively,theMarginofSafety(MoS),whereMoS=SR1,isused.
MaximumCriterion
Thiscriterioniscalculatedbycomparingtheallowableloadwiththeactualstrengthforeachcomponent.Mathematically,itisdefinedby:
FI=max(x/TX,x/CX,y/TY,y/CY,
abs(xy)/SXY,abs(yz)/SYZ,abs(xz)/SXZ)
Inthiscase,
SR=1/FI
HillCriterion

TheHillcriterionwasoneofthefirstattemptstodevelopasingleformulatoaccountforthewidelydifferentstrengthsinthevariousprincipal
FI=FXXx2+FYYy2+2FXYxy+FSSxy2
where

FXX=

1/(TXTX)
1/(CXCX)

FYY=

1/(TYTY)
1/(CYCY)

FXY=

1/(2TXTX)
1/(2CXCX)

FSS=

1/(SXYSXY)

Becausethisfailuretheoryisquadratic:
SR=1/sqrt(FI)

IntheLaminateModeler,theTsaiWucriterionforinplaneloads(representingfiberfailure)hasbeensupplementedbyamaximumloadtheory
(representingmatrixfailure):
FI=max(abs(yz)/SYZ,abs(xz)/SXZ)

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CompositeFailureCriteria
FI=max(abs(yz)/SYZ,abs(xz)/SXZ)
Inthiscase,
SR=1/FI
Foreveryply,theloweroftheMarginsofSafetyforfibreandmatrixfailureiscalculatedanddisplayed.
TsaiWuCriterion
TheTsaiWufailurecriterionisanunashamed,empiricalcriterionbasedonthesumofthelinearandquadraticinvariantsasfollows:

Fii+Fijij=1
whereFiandFijaredependentonthematerialstrengths.Fortherestrictionsoflaminamaterials,thisequationreducesto:
FI=FXx+FYy+FXXx2+FYYy2+2FXYxy+FSSxy2
where:
FX=1/TX1/CX
FY=1/TY1/CY
FXX=1/(TXCX)
FYY=1/(TYCY)
FXY=IXYsqrt(FXXFYY)=IXY/sqrt(TXCXTYCY)
FSS=1/(SXYSXY)
Becausethisfailuretheoryisquadratic,theStrengthRatio(SR)=1/FI.However,multiplyingthefailurecriterionbySRandrearranginggives
aSR2+bSR1=0
where
a=FXXx2+FYYy2+2FXYxy+FSSxy2
b=FXx+FYy
Therefore
SR=[b+sqrt(b2+4a)]/2a

IntheLaminateModeler,theTsaiWucriterionforinplaneloads(representingfiberfailure)hasbeensupplementedbyamaximumloadtheory
(representingmatrixfailure):
FI=max(abs(yz)/SYZ,abs(xz)/SXZ)
Inthiscase,
SR=1/FI
Foreveryply,theloweroftheMarginsofSafetyforfibreandmatrixfailureiscalculatedanddisplayed.
ExtendedQuadraticCriteria

ThesecriterionareidenticaltotheTsaiWucriterionexceptforthecalculationoftheinteractioncoefficientFXYwhichisderivedratherthano
Hoffman
FXY=1/(2TXCX)
Hankinson
FXY=0.5/(1/(TXCX)+1/(TYCY)1/SXY2)
Cowin
FXY=1/sqrt(TXCXTYCY)0.5/SXY2
UserDefinedCriterion

TheusercanwriteacustomPCLfunctiontogeneratefailureindicesandmarginsofsafetyaccordingtospecializedfailurecriteria.Forexample
beingdevelopedwhichincorporateamixtureofequationsdependingontheexpectedmodeoffailure.Thesecouldbeexpectedtooutperform
complexloadingstate,particularlywithinthicklaminates.

Tousethisfacility,theusershouldmodifythefunctionuser()withintheclassp3CM_create_res_fail_user.Asamplefunctionbasedonthecrit
illustratedbelow.Thefunctionhasinputvaluesofloadingstateandmaterialstrengthdata.Theoutputvaluesarethemarginofsafety,thecritic
Therequiredfunctionshouldbeeditedintoafilep3CM_create_res_fail_user.user.pcl.Thisfunctionmustthenbesubstitutedforthedefault
ModelerPCLlibrary.Todothis,saveabackupcopyoftheexistinglaminate_modeler.plb,andissuethefollowingcommandsinthecommand
!!LIBRARYADDlaminate_modeler.plb
!!COMPILEp3CM_create_res_fail_user.userINTOlaminate_modeler.plb
ThePCLsourcecoderequiredtoimplementthemaximumfailurecriteriafollowsasanexample:
CLASSp3CM_create_res_fail_user

FUNCTIONuser(res_array,mat_array,out_res_array)

REALres_array()
REALmat_array()
REALout_res_array()

REALsxx,syy,szz,sxy,syz,sxz
REALfxt,fxc,fyt,fyc,fs12,fs23,fs31
REALmargin,component,fi

REALfi11t,fi11c,fi22t,fi22c,fi12,fi23,fi31

/*
*Setinputvalues.
*/

sxx=res_array(1)

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CompositeFailureCriteria

sxx=res_array(1)
syy=res_array(2)
szz=res_array(3)
sxy=res_array(4)
syz=res_array(5)
sxz=res_array(6)

fxt=mat_array(1)
fxc=mat_array(2)
fyt=mat_array(3)
fyc=mat_array(4)
fs12=mat_array(5)
fs23=mat_array(6)
fs31=mat_array(7)

/*
*Checkthatfailurevaluesarereasonable.
*/

IF((fxt<=0.)||@
(fxc<=0.)||@
(fyt<=0.)||@
(fyc<=0.)||@
(fs12<=0.)||@
(fs23<=0.)||@
(fs31<=0.))THEN

user_message(Ack,4,LAMMODEL,Failurestrengthvaluesmustbe>0.0)
RETURN

ENDIF

/*
*Initialisevariables.
*/

margin=0.0
component=1.0
fi=1.0

sys_allocate_array(out_res_array,1,3)

out_res_array(1)=0.0
out_res_array(2)=1.0
out_res_array(3)=1.0

/*
*Calculatestrengthratiosforeachcomponent.
*/

fi11t=sxx/fxt
IF(fi<fi11t)THEN
fi=fi11t
margin=1./fi1
component=11
ENDIF

fi11c=sxx/fxc
IF(fi<fi11c)THEN
fi=fi11c
margin=1./fi1
component=11
ENDIF

fi22t=syy/fyt
IF(fi<fi22t)THEN
fi=fi22t
margin=1./fi1
component=22
ENDIF

fi22c=syy/fyc
IF(fi<fi22c)THEN
fi=fi22c
margin=1./fi1
component=22
ENDIF

fi12=mth_abs(sxy)/fs12
IF(fi<fi12)THEN
fi=fi12
margin=1./fi1
component=12
ENDIF

fi23=mth_abs(syz)/fs23
IF(fi<fi23)THEN
fi=fi23
margin=1./fi1
component=23
ENDIF

fi31=mth_abs(sxz)/fs31
IF(fi<fi31)THEN
fi=fi31
margin=1./fi1
component=31
ENDIF

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CompositeFailureCriteria

/*
*Setoutputvalues.
*/

out_res_array(1)=margin
out_res_array(2)=component
out_res_array(3)=fi

ENDFUNCTION

ENDCLASS

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