MINIMUM LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER

STRUCTURES
NOMBRE
LUIS EDUARDO TELLO VELEZ
MATERIA
ANLISIS ESTRUCTURAL II
CURSO
CUARTO INGENIERIA CIVIL
AO LECTIVO
2014-2015

BASIC REQUIREMENTS
BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES MUST BE BUILT IN ORDER TO SUPPORT
FORCES ACTING ON THEM SO THEY MUST SUPPORT FACTORED LOADS. IN
ADDITION THE MATERIAL THEY ARE MADE OF MUST WORK UNDER THEIR
ESTIMATED STRENGTH. STRUCTURES LIKE THESE, MUST WORK PROPERLY
UNDER THE EFFECT OF NOMINAL LOADS WHICH ARE EITHER ALONE OR
THEY CAN COMBINE SO THE STRESSES STAY UNDER THE ALLOWABLE
STRESS. STRUCTURES AND ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP THE WHOLE
STRUCURE MUST BE STIFF ENOUGH TO WITHSTAND EFFECTS LIKE
DEFLECTIONS, LATERAL DRIFT DUE TO LATERAL FORCES LIKE FORCES
CREATED BY EARTHQUAKES, VIBRATIONS THAT MIGHT THE WHOLE
STRUCTURE. THESE EFFECTS ARE SO IMPORTANT BECAUSE THE STRUCTURE
SERVICE DEPENDS ON HOW WELL THE STRUCTURE CAN WITHSTAND THESE
EFFECTS AND HOW ABOUT LIVING IN A DEFORMED STRUCTURES THAT
STANDS STILL AND IS STRONG ENOUGH?. CIVIL ENGINEERS MUST TAKE INTO
ACCOUNT ANOTHER EFFECTS LIKE SELF STRAINING FORCES THAT MIGHT
CHANGE THE WHOLE PERSPECTIVE OF THE STRUCTURE DUE TO
TEMPERATURE, SHRINKAGE, CREEP AND OTHER SIMILAR EFFECTS AND
SPECIALLY BEING CAREFUL ABOUT WIND AND EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS WHEN
SAFETY AND LIFE OF THE OCCUPANTS COME IN HANDY. THE NEED OF
BUILDING SAFER, MORE STABLES STRUCTURES MAKES CIVIL ENGINEERS SO
IMPORTANT SO TECHNOLOGY IS PLUS TO GET IT.
PURPOSE
THE PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT IS TO DETERMINE LOADS ACTING ON A
STRUCTURE LIKE BUILDINGS SO THEY STILL STAND EVEN IN CATASPROHIC
EVENTS AND STILL STIFF SO IF THEY DEFLECT, THE DEFORMATION IS UNDER
THE REGULARIZED DEFORMATION TESTED IN LABS BY EXPERTS.
NATURE OF OCCUPANCY
BUILDING ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE NATURE OF THE OCUPPANCY, SO
THAT MEANS HOW HAZARDOUS MATERIALS CAN BE HANDLED IN
CATASTROPHIC EVENTS. THEY ARE GROUPED IN FOUR CATEGORIES
RANGING FROM ONE TO FOUR. THE FIRST CATEGORY IS A NONTHREATENING- BUILDING THAT HAS A LOW HAZARD TO HUMAN LIFE IN THE
EVENT OF FAILURE. BUILDINGS ARE CLASIFIED IN CATEGORY TWO IF THE
AUTHORITY OF THE JURISDICTION DICTATES THAT THE BUILDING CAN
HANDLE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SO IT DOESNT THREAT HUMAN LIFE, BUT
THEY NEED THREE ELEMENT AT MINIMUM: A HAZARD ASSESSMENT, A
PREVENTION PROGRAM, AND AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN.

DESIGN
DESIGNING BUILDINGS ASCE (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS) IS
CLEAR TO REFER TO SECTIONS 2.3 AND 2.4. THESE FACTS AS WELL SEE
ARE USED TO DESIGN PROPORTIONING ELEMENTS OF A PARTICULAR
CONSTRUCTION WHICH WENT UNDER A STRICT CONTROL. THOSE
FACTORED LOAD ARE INCREASED IN CASE OF EVENTS TAKING PLACE AT A
CERTAIN TIME, SO BUILDING AND OTHER KIND OF STRUCTURES CAN
SUPPORT THEM, SO PLEASE HAVE A LOOK ON HOW WE FACTOR THOSE
LOADS. THE FIRST ONE IS DESIGNING ELEMENTS OF A STRUCTURE BASED
ON STRENGTH DESIGN. THIS KIND OF DESIGN HAS ADVANTAGES RATHER
THAN THE SECOND DESIGN METHOD WHICH IS CALLED BY THE NAME
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN. THE FIRST ONE DOESNT RESTRICT THE
STRESS INSTEAD, STARTS TO WORK WITH MATERIAL BETTER SO
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS ARE STIFFER. THE SECOND DESIGN METOD
RESTRICTS THE RESISTANCE OF THE ELEMENT THEREFORE WELL HAVE
BIGGER SECTIONAL AREA WHICH MAKES IT STRONGER AND SOMETIMES
ELEMENTAL STRUCTURES WONT HAVE THE NECESSITY TO HAVE STEEL TO
WITHSTAND STRESS DUE TO BENDING.
SO LETS ANALYZE THE METHODS THE FIRST ONE IS CALLED STRENGTH
DESIGN ON WHICH ASCE ESTABLISHES IT SHOULD BE AUTHORIZED WHEN
THE MATERIAL DESIGN STANDARD SAYS SO. SO THIS MAKES SENSE
BECAUSE FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FACTORING LOAD ARE DIFFERENT.
WELL NEED TO USE THESE STANDARDS MENTIONED BELOW WHEN THE
AUTHORIZED MATERIAL DICTATES SO.

D= DEAD LOAD
Di= WEIGHT OF ICE
E= EARTHQUAKE
F= LOAD DUE TO FLUIDS WITH WELL DEFINED PRESSURES AND MAXIMUM
HEIGHTS
Fa= FLOOD LOAD
H= LOAD DUE TO LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE, GROUND WATER PRESSURE

L= LIVE LOAD
Lr= ROOF LIVE ROAD
R=RAIN LOAD
S= SNOW LOAD
T= SELF-STRAINING FORCE
W= WIND LOAD
Wi= WIND ON ICE

THE EXCEPTIONS ARE

A) THE LOAD FACTOR IN 3,4,5 ARE REDUCED TO 0,5 WHEN THE LIVE
LOAD ON OCCUPANCIES ARE LESS OR EQUAL TO 100 PSF WITH THE
EXCEPTION OF GARAGES OR AREAS OF PUBLIC ASSEMBLY
B) THE LOAD FACTOR (H) MUST BE ZERO WHEN ITS COUNTERACTED BY
W OR E,

FOR THE SECOND DESIGN METHOD CALLED ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN ON

WHICH EFFECTS OF ONE OR MORE LOADS ACTING SHOULD BE CONSIDERED

DEAD LOADS
DEAD LOADS CONSIST OF THE WEIGHT OF THE MATERIALS INCORPORATED
INTO THE BUILDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WALLS, FLOORS, ROOFS,
CEILINGS, STIRWAYS, FINISHES AND OTHER INCORPORATED ARCHITECTURAL
AND STRUCTURAL ITEMS AND FIXED EQUIPMENT INCLUDING THE WEIGHT
OF CRANES. THE WEIGHT OF MATERIALS ALSO NEED TO TAKE INTO
ACCOUNT AND IN THE ABSENCE OF DEFINITE INFORMATION, THE WEIGHT
OF MATERIALS SHOULD BE AUTHORIZED BY THE AUTHORITY OF THE
JURISDICTION. THE WEIGHT OF FIXED EQUIPMENT LIKE ELECTRICAL
FEEDERS, HEATING AND VENTILATING SYSTEMS SHALL BE INCLUDED.

LIVE LOADS
LIVE LOADS ARE LOAD THAT APPEAR WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS IN SERVICE.
IT DOES NOT INCLUDE CONSTRUCTION AND ENVIROMENTAL LOADS. WE
MIGHT CALL LIVE LOADS LIKE WIND LOAD, ROOF LOADS, SNOW LOADS,
EARTHQUAKE LOADS AND FLOOD LOADS. LIVE LOADS MIGHT APPEAR IN A
STRUCTURE WHEN IT COMES TO ROOF LOADS FOR MAINTENANCE BY
WORKERS, EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL AND DURING THE SERVICE LIFE BY
MOVABLE OBJECTS LIKE PEOPLE.

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS

BUILDINGS MUST BE DESIGNED BY UNIFOMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS WHICH
ARE THE MAXIMUM LOADS THAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED WHEN THE
STRUCTURE IS IN SERVICE. IN ADDITION, CIVIL ENGINEERS MUST NOT USE
VALUE THAT GOES UNDER THIS CRITERIA THATS INCLUDED IN TABLE 4.1
THAT EXPLAINS THE UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD ACCORDING TO AN
OCCUPANCY.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASCE 7: MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS FOR BUILDINGS AND OTHER
STRUCTURES, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS
ACI 318S-08, THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE,