Assignment 1 Solutions

Problem 8.107

[Difficulty: 3]

Given:

Flow out of water tank

Find:

Volume flow rate using hole; Using short pipe section; Using rounded edge

Solution:
Basic equations

2
2
2
2
p
p

V1
V2
V2
L V2
1
2
+ 2 + g z1 + 2 + g z2 = h lT h lT = hl + h lm = f D 2 + K 2 Q = V A

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) at 1 and 2 is approximately 1 4) Vl << 5) L << so hl = 0

Available data

D = 25 mm

r = 5 mm

h = 5 m

Hence for all three cases, between the free surface (Point 1) and the exit (2) the energy equation becomes
2

g z1

V2
2

= K

V2

and solving for V 2

From Table 8.2 Khole = 0.5 for a hole (assumed to be square-edged)

Also, for a rounded edge

Hence for the hole

r
D

V2 =

5 mm
25 mm

= 0.2 > 0.15

2 9.81

m
s

Q = V2 A2

Hence for the pipe

V2 =

2 9.81

Q = 8.09

m
s

Q = V2 A2

V2 =

Hence the change in flow rate is

5 m

Q = 7.42

( 0.025 m)

2 9.81

m
s

5 m

( 0.025 m)
L
s

1
( 1 + 0.04)

4.77 3.97 = 0.8

L
s

Kround = 0.04

3
3m

Q = 3.97 10

Q = 3.97

L
s

m
V2 = 7.42
s

( 1 + 0.78)
m

(1 + K)

m
V2 = 8.09
s

( 1 + 0.5)
m

2 g h

Kpipe = 0.78 for a short pipe (rentrant)

so from Table 8.2

3.64 3.97 = 0.33

Hence the change in flow rate is

Hence for the rounded

5 m

V2 =

3
3m

Q = 3.64 10

Q = 3.64

L
s

The pipe leads to a LOWER flow rate

m
V2 = 9.71
s

Q = V2 A2

Q = 4.77

L
s

The rounded edge leads to a HIGHER flow rate

Problem 8.108

Given:

Data on inlet and exit diameters of diffuser

Find:

Minimum lengths to satisfy requirements

[Difficulty: 2]

Solution:
Given data

D1 = 100 mm

D2 = 150 mm

The governing equations for the diffuser are

h lm = K

V1

V1

= Cpi Cp
2

2
1

Cpi = 1

and

(8.44)

(8.42)
2

AR

Combining these we obtain an expression for the loss coefficient K

1

K= 1

Cp

(1)

AR
The area ratio AR is

D2
AR =
D1

AR = 2.25

The pressure recovery coefficient Cp is obtained from Eq. 1 above once we select K; then, with Cp and AR specified, the minimum
value of N/R1 (where N is the length and R1 is the inlet radius) can be read from Fig. 8.15
(a)

K = 0.2

Cp = 1

Cp = 0.602

AR
From Fig. 8.15

N
R1

= 5.5

R1 =

N = 5.5 R1
(b)

K = 0.35

Cp = 1

D1
2

R1 = 50 mm
N = 275 mm

1
2

Cp = 0.452

AR
From Fig. 8.15

N
R1

=3

N = 3 R1

N = 150 mm

Problem 8.135

[Difficulty: 3]