IcESP A Case Study on Alleviating Electric Transmission Congestion Using Dynamic Thermal Rating Methodology Muhammad Zafian, Muhammad Naeem Arbab, Imtiaz Ahmad Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan. Abstract— Electic transmission congestion has always been a longstanding concem faced by Power System Operators of Pakistan (PSOP) due to uncontrollable power demand growth and outdated electric transmission infastracture. For this reason, reliable and economic power supply is being ffequently interrupted in order to relieve congestion even when adequate power supply is available. A possible solution is upgrading and expanding transmission lines by Teconducting old lines, of, through construction of new ones. Bt the hhuge economic investment and the suffocating national economy ate pulling serious hurdles for such infrastracture improvement, More Importantly, only inffastructure improvement is not a solution because of the exponential demand growth and the increasing. need {or power utilization trom chesp energy sites and renewable energy sources. Hence, there is an urgent need for smart transmission systems that can monitor controlling factors ({e. weather parameters and conductor thermal condition) in realtime and estimate maxirsum allowable curent carying capacity (or ampacy) for optimal Tis paper presents an alternative solution based. on, Dynamic ‘Thermal Rating (DTR) to alleviate electric transmission congestion and to keep power system intact especially in contingencies. The detailed assessment of Power System of Pakistan (PSP) reveals conservative and static approaches employed in rating. ovethead transmission lines and fixing protection equipment's stings. AS a case study, 132KV transmission line in Lahore region of Pakistan was chosen Keeping in view meteorological dat availability and prevailing overloading issue in the area, The analysis discovers that Smart adaptations based upen varying weather congitions, like ambient temperature, wind speeds, wind direction, solar radiations as well as adjustable conductor temperature, provide a feasible scenario for dynamic rating of transmission lines. Aggregating all supposed conditions, addtional line's capacity can be increased up by 38.15% and 51.34% on average for day and night time respectively. Keywords— Congestion mitigation; dynamic thermal rating overhead conductors’ ratings; reliable power transmission; smart ‘transmission lines 1. Introduction and Related Work ‘Reliable and secure power supply to the valued consumers has been an overriding and longstanding concem faced by Power System Operators of Pakistan (PSOP), Besides uncontrollable power deficiency, transmission congestion is also adding to the prevailing power crisis, Bleetrie congestion occurs when transmission lines are unable this work was cried out a Univesity of Enginesring and Technology (VET), Peshawar, Pakistan ‘4. CONFERENCE PROC Muhammad Usman Karim Khan Chair for Embedded Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany, to carry the requisite power to end consumers. Consequently. consumers are cut off through forced load-shedding or planned outages to protect the system reliability and security. Infrastructure upgrading can lessen congestion, but the huge economic burden forms the barrier for sustainable energy supply. Therefore, an alternative solution is a need of the hour, For a possible altemative to relieve congestion, the predominant role of current overloading duc to conservative approaches employed in Power System of Pakistan (PSP) needs to be analyzed, According to [1], current overloading in PSP is a significant factor behind transmission congestion and power supply interruptions. Similarly, conservative approaches based on adverse climatic and conductor thermal conditions are integrated into rating of transmission lines and protection equipment's settings. Protection relays are bound to sense overloading condition whenever current exceeds their static settings. Instead, if relays” settings are made subject to actual climatic and conductor thermal conditions, adjustable ‘within permissible limits, itis highly likely that transmission lines can be eapacitated and adapted to counter the congestion contingencies, ‘Therefore, real time thermal rating of transmission lines is essential for optimal utilization of their current carrying capacity, Generally, two techniques are used to assess thermal rating of overhead transmission conductors; that are: the static rating and the Dynamic Thermal Rating (DTR). The former is based on worst case scenario (ie. low conductor operating temperature, low wind speed, high ambient temperature and high solar radiations) (2. The later, DTR, is dictated by real time monitoring of the actual ambient and conductor thermal conditions, that helps to maximize capacity of transmission lines [3]. Different methodologies have been devised based on conductor's data and ambient weather condition to determine ‘thermal rating of overhead conductors, such as [4], [5] and [6]. Furthermore, the research has also focused on various procedures and devices for optimal utilization of transmission lines. For example, in [7], the researchers have proposed to install a direct sag measuring device to minimize the curtailment of wind power connected to 7OkV network in south-east Belgium. They have determined that capacity can be increased up to 30% on average, and it rises up to 100% for ‘wind speeds greater than 4m’s perpendicular to the line. In [8], the authors have suggested an adaptive “Echo State Network™ for effective utilization of power lines under different weather conditions, and have used only temperatures and line current as inputs to make the assessment more attractive and costeffective, Offline power transfer capability evaluation of the Albanian transmission lines based upon meteorological information in the region has been done by [9]. The purpose was to alleviate congestion to counter generation and demand needs. Role of weather parameters in dynamic rating can also be found in [10] and (11), u Problem Formulation A. Current-Temperature Determination ‘Thermal limit of overhead conductors is a main factor in determining maximum allowable capacity (or ampacity) of conductors. Violating thermal limit can result in annealing of aluminum (a main element of Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) conductors), thus it decreases ground clearance and can cause thermal breakdown of conductor [12] Moreover, according to [4], conductor operating temperature (T.) is function of its material properties, diameter, surface conditions, ambient weather conditions and electric current Aggregating all these factors, DTR can be calculated by the following heat balance equation, given in [4} e+ 4, 4 me, Z = 4, + PRT) oO Here, q. and q, represent heat losses owing to convection and long wave radiation respectively, while q, and FR(T,) ate the heat gain due to solar radiation and Joule heating respectively. All these heat parameters are measured in W/m, The part, mC;, is measured in J/n?C and shows heat capacity of the conductor. For steady-state conditions, the ampacity of conductor is evaluated by setting d7vdt to zer0 (under supposition that conductor temperature is in equilibrium), Solution for current carrying capacity of conductor is explained in IEEE Standard 7387-2006 [4] for given weather conditions and steady state conditions. Our proposed analysis is also based on methodology suggested by [4]. B. Selection of Rating Parameters Judicious selection of rating parameters is central to this analysis, For this, rating parameters are classified into two types: dynamie parameters and fixed parameters, The former is an underlying factor behind DTR, while the latter is assumed conservative (explained later). The variability in dynamic parameters is subject to conductor thermal status and ambient conditions, while changes in fixed parameters are subject to geographical changes and conductor's type [4] Another important factor is the selection of appropriate transmission line. The reason is the unavailability of the detailed meteorological statistics of the areas and transmission lines of interest in Pakistan, Hence, 132KV Line interconnecting 220KV Grid Station New-Kotlakhpat and 132K Grid Station Defense was selected owing to its highly overloaded status during summer season every year (especially in month of July, 2013) and climatic data availability with favorable dynamics in the region. Assistance ‘4. CONFERENC IcESP in provision of geographical parameters, especially ambient temperature (T,), wind speed (V,,) and wind direction, was taken from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). The time resolution (or time step) for the recorded meteorological data was on average 20 minutes. Shorter time step is essential for correct DIR assessment [4]; however, 20 minutes is adequate duration to know behavior of metcorological parameters and analyze possibility of improved load handling of transmission lines in the selected region, }) Dynamic Parameters: Dynamic parameters play a predominant role in realtime rating (or DTR) of transmission lines. Certain parameters, which are being prioritized for DTR assessment, are related to the temperature changes and wind behaviors in the region due to their satisfactory role in ‘maximizing transmission lines” rating, as explained in (13) Ambient Temperature: According to IEEE standards 738™.2006 [4], for calculating the ampacity of bare overhead conductors, the ambient temperature has a significant impact on the thermal rating of conductors. The ambient temperature Variations for the month of July, 2013 in selected region are dopicted in Fig. 1. This figure illustrates that 40°C is the ‘maximum limit for ambient temperature that occurred during month of July, 2013. Due to tropical nature of the area, more extremities in temperatures can also be expected over other courses of time: On the other hand, the conservative ambient temperature used by PSOP to caleulate the thermal rating of conductors is ‘usually 40°C. Whereas, high ambient temperature of class 36- 40°C occurred only 10.84% of the time, as shown in Fig. 1 This suggests increase in capacity of transmission lines if their capacity i ufilized for lower ambient temperatures. ») Conductor Operating Temperature: Integrity of conductor is subject to its operating temperature changes; that is, conductors start annealing at some specific temperature ‘According fo [14], the onset of annealing of aluminum oceurs at 100°C. However, embedded with steel, as in ACSR, conductors’ strength is significantly increased. Annealing further depends upon the cumulative effect of aluminum temperature and operating time. Like other conductors, it ean tolerate high fault currents for shorter times. In [14], it is depicted by a figure that Aluminum can drop its 5% strength when operated for 2 hours at 150°C or S00 hours at 100°C. ‘Therefore, selecting an appropriate conductor temperature is @ prime consideration in rating of conductors NU Me ay sees Fig. 1. Ambien! temperature variations in the month of Lahore region of Pakistan uy, 2013, forAs per conductor data sheet of PSOP, operating temperature for rating of conductors is strictly static and lows, that is, its maximum value is $0°C. Selection of optimum value for conductor operating temperature is the choice made by PSOP keeping base the ground clearance, strength, etc. of ‘the conductor in the respective regions. Since, aluminum can tolerate higher values for shorter operating time, different capacitics for maximum allowable conductor temperature from 60°C to 100°C were chosen to assess the multiferious uprating possibilities in overloaded conditions d) Wind Speed: Wind speed is the most significant parameter in removing heat from conductor through convection [4]. Adequate wind flow over significant course of ‘ime is necessary in uprating of transmission lines. Fig. 2 and Fig.3 are illustrating wind speed variations and frequency of different wind speeds’ classes respectively, in the month of July, 2013 for Lahore region of Pakistan, Wind flow is highly uncertain and probability of its absence or low speeds is also high, as clear from Fig. 2. Nonetheless, occurrences of considerable wind speeds can be observed too for substantial periods, for which wind can play effective role in convective cooling. Statistics shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 manifest that frequency of wind speeds ranging from 1-5 m/s is 82.28%, and it reaches to about 88.5% if speed range is extended to 1-7 ms Contrarily, conservative value of 0 mvs or 0.61 mvs is commonly used by PSO? in transmission lines’ rating, Whereas, the region of inlerest experiences adequate wind flows during the summer season particularly in the month of July. Due to this reason, a suitable month (ic. July) is preferred to analyze the extra available capacity. ©) Wind Direction: Another major factor in convective cooling of overhead conductor is wind direction. Quite often, itis considered perpendicular in relative to conductor axis for best possible cooling effect, but the approach adopted is highly conservative. Decreasing effective angle of wind with conductors axis (<) results in reducing their capacity and increasing conductor operating temperature, Mote about effecis of wind direction can be found in [15 Wind Speed (m/s) Days {20 minutestime st ig, 2, Windspeed variations inthe mom of ay, region of Pakistan, ‘4 CONFERENCE PROCEEDING UcESP wing speed class Fig. 3. Frequency of different wind speeds’ clases in the month of July, 2013, for Lahore region of Pakistn To estimate more accurate ratings, we also considers role of wind’s actual direetions and their effective angle with the axis of conductor. To make it more clear, effective angles are shown in Fig. 4 for only 1" July, 2013. 2) Fixed Parameters: Fixed (or conservative) parameters are based on geographical and solar conditions as well as conductor's specifaction. They have usually fixed values for a given conductor type and a restricted region; though, negligible variations can occur in geographical and solar parameters if geography of a conductor is slightly varied, In ‘our case, their values are assumed fixed, as the length of the selected line is about Skm. All such values, which are necessary to find conductor ratings, are summarized below: Conductor's Data: © Conductor description: ASTM B232, ACSR, 954 45/7, Rail, Emissivity: 0.5; Solar absorptivi time; Number of conductors per phase: 1; Outside diameter: 29.59mm; AC Resistance: 6.177 x 10° Qim (at 25°C) and 7.38 x 10° im (at 75°C); + DC Resistance (at 20° 0.5 for day time and 0 for night 5.91 x 10% Qi, Fig 4.Wind efective angle (0) with conductor a duly, 2013, culated for 1"Solar and Geographic Data: Line Direction: South-West--North-Eest, i.e. Azimuth of the line: 45° (with respect to North}; Average Latitude: 31.71° North; Average Elevation above sea level: 220 m; Atmosphere: Industria: Altitude of the sun (at 1" July, 2013 (noon, 12:07 PM): 81.5; Azimuth of the sun (July, 2013): 62° Absorptivity and Emissivity increase from 0.2 to 0.9 and depends upon the atmospheric pollution and aging of the conductor. Absorptivity has generally a larger value than emissivity over the life of conductor [16], [17]. Since, the actual conditions of the conductor’s surface for this region cannot be figured out correctly; thus, the preferred rule of thumb is to select 0.5 for absorptivity and emissivity, or 0.9 for absorptivity and 0.7 for emissivity [4] m. Results Actua load variations of transmission lines in Pakistan ean hardly be monitored for any specified period. The reason is, as mentioned earlier, the shedding of load of the overloaded twansmission lines before reaching their rated thermal thresholds. Thus, in this case analysis, maximum allowable capacity of the transmission line (or static rating), for which it is designed, is used as a comparable entity to guess the extra available transmission capacity. For ASTM B232, ACSR, 45/7, Rail conductor, this maximum. threshold current (ot stati¢ rating) is 989 Amperes used by PSOP for ambient temperature (40°C), conductor operating temperature (50°C) and wind velocity (0.61 mv). In addition, as discussed in Section Il, actual elimatic and conductor thermal conditions provide favorable cases. t0 ‘maximize transmission lines capacity. Like, in Fig. 1, ambient temperature is below 40°C most of the time during month of July, 2013. Similarly, for more than 91% of the recorded readings, wind speed is greater than 0.61 mvs, as depicted in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Moreover, conductor operating temperature used for rating is highly conservative and low. As shown in [14], Aluminum starts annealing at 100°C and losses 5% strength when operated for 500 hours at this temperature Occurrence of such condition is extremely less probable, Firstly, itis due to the rapid load reductions during off-peak hours that occur daring morning and late night. Secondly, the favorable climatic conditions always Keep it below this threshold. Thus, conductor operating temperature greater than 50°C can be utilized and 100°C can be taken as a safe upper limit for shorter overloaded durations. In order to provide a clear and simplified, though meaningful, view, results are shown only for limited climatic and few conductor conditions, Assessments are divided into two periods: day time and night time, Essential parameters relating sun, which are described in [4], are taken into consideration in determining day time ampacity. Maximum ambient temperatures, that were recorded most of the time ‘4. CONFERENCE PROC IcESP during day and night period, were 40°C and 35°C respectively, These maximum values for ambient temperature are chosen presuming maximum possible constraint on capacity of transmission line. Additionally, conductor operating temperature used by PSOP for rating is 50°C. Therefore, cach period’s (day and night) result is drawn separatcly for conductor temperature of 60°C, 80°C and 100°C in Fig. 5, Fig, 6 and Fig. 7, respectively. Dependency on wind speed is selected from 0-7 m/s owing to the fact that about 98% of the recorded speed values lie in this speed range (also shown in Fig. 3). Keeping in view above possibilities, various ‘maximum possible eapacities based upon varying climatic and conductor conditions (named as conditional ampacity) are evaluated. ‘As can be scen fiom Fig. 5 to Fig.7, sclected dynamic parameters show major influence on conditional ampacity. Table I is showing approximated minimum wind speeds at different conditions that should occur so that conditional ampacity be able to crosses over static rating. Due to absence Of sun affects, improved load handling of transmission lines ccan be seen for night time. That is, conditional ampacity of transmission line crosses static rating at lower wind speeds and lesser effective angles (¢) for night time as compare to day period. Expectedly, conditional ampacity for wind speed (0 mis), effective angle (0°), conductor operating temperature (60°C) and day time illustrates most worst case (in Fig. Sa), while conversely is true for Fig. 7b presenting optimal scenario, Wind Speed (m/a] 0 State fating —Angle 0 Wings () Nigh time Fig, 5 Conditional ampacities for increasing wind speed at ‘vanous win effective angles and at conductor temperature (60°C),Wind 5p) (@)Day ume wind SpeedIm/#] (6) Nigh time Fig. 6. Conditional ampactes for increasing wind speeds ot various wind eeetive angles and at conductor tcmperature (80°C) IcESP It is also obvious from Fig. 5 to Fig. 7, if conductor temperature is allowed to reach 100°C, conditional ampacity of transmission line cross over static rating at negligible wind speeds and extremely small effective angles. Definitely, conductor temperature (100°C) must be avoided for larger operating durations, still transmission line can handle congested condition for significant periods. The reason is selected region experiences wind flow greater than 2 mvs for 77.45% of time which can lower conductor temperature through convective cooling, It is also clear from Table T that if conductor operating temperature is allowed to adjust itself (ic. between 60°C and 100°C) to the most favorable changing climatic conditions, significant improvernent in capacity can be achieved even at negligible wind speeds (ie. 0.1mvs), clear fiom Table I. Conversely, in worst conditions, wind speed ‘sreater than Tis is required to gain increase in capacity. Furthermore, according to [4], maximum ampacity should occur at maximum wind speed given that other rating conditions are constant, While utilizing ampacity for larger duration, probability of wind speed should also be high; so that wind can neutralize the negative effects of conductor annealing. Hence, range of wind speed is contracted to 0-Sm/s which owns frequency of 91.36%, Maximum extra available capacities for different proposed rating conditions is presented in Table Il. This table is showing extra available capacities as Tow as 0% (for worst conditions) and as high as 104.2% (For ‘optimal conditions). Similarly, under all supposed conditions given in Table Il, the increase in capacity is on average 38.15% und 51.37% for day time and night time respectively. Moreover, frequency of wind flow can decrease with increasing its speed value, which decreases capacity of line. However, adjustable conductor temperature can counter this discrepancy subject to overloading periods. That is, conductor temperature shall be inercased to safer limits, as explained in [14], for limited overloading durations and lesser wind speeds. TABLE I APPROXIMATED MINIMUM WIND SPEEDS AT WINCH CONDITIONAL _ANPAGITY CROSSES OVER STATIC RATING FOR DAY AND NIGHT AT VARIOUS ‘CoNDUCTOR TMPERATURES AND WIND EFFECTIVE ANGLES Fflestive Angle [Degree] 1, [a [as] e[os[m] 0 |zs[slas|o re ‘Min Wind Speed “Min, Wind Speed Day me for Night i @ [=a] es [aa [7p [eap ss [22] 9 pie w far fis fas faa za [ut for | os [os io [2a Pox [os fos [or fis] o7 [os | os fo. TABLE IL. Maxis Extra AVAILABGE CaPacrites FoR DAY AND Nt ‘AL VARIOUS CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURES, WIND EFPECHVE ANGLES AND IMaxIVun WIND SPEED OFS mis Wind Speed (m/s) (Nigh time Fig, 7. Conditional ampaciies for ineessing wind speeds at ‘ratios wind effective angles and a condutoremperture oo" ‘4. CONFERENCE PROC Effective Ange [Degree] t, [o [ess [ors] 0 [2s sles] UCL stax: Extra Available Capacity |~ Max. Extra Available Capacity for Das [6 ar Night 10w. Conclusion In this case study, applicability of dynamic thermal rating methodology to alleviate electric transmission congestion is analyzed. Impact of dynamic rating parameters, i, ambient temperature, conductor operating temperature, wind speed and wind direction, on current canying capacity of 132KV transmission line in Lahore region of Pakistan is discussed. It proposes smart, real time rating of the transmission ine based on actual weather conditions in the region and adjustable conductor operating temperatures. The analysis reveals possible extra-available ‘capacities under various weather and conduetor temperature conditions which can be utilized in order to relieve electric transmission congestion and power supply interruptions, ‘This work is, however, done for a single transmission line, vyet asserts possibility of smart rating of transmission lines in other regions of Pakistan as well, Detailed analysis of ‘ther regions of Pakistan would be addressed in our future work. References [1]. State of industry Report, Naina Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), Pakistan, 2013, [2] J. Heckenbergerova, P, Musil, and K, Filimonenkow, “Assvement of seasonal sae thermal ratines of oyehicad. transmission condor.” 2011 TREE DES General Meting, Son Diegn CA, USA, 18, July 2429, 201 [3] Guide for Selection of Weather Parameters for Bare Overhead ‘Conductor Ratings, pp.9~ 17, CIGRE Working Group 8212, 2006. 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