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Lnea de Influencia
Ejemplo1
Construir la lnea de influencia para:
a) Reaccin en A y en B
b) Cortante en el puntoC
c) Momento Flector en el punto C
d) Cortante antes y despus de B
e) Momento Flector en el punto B
Para la viga mostrada a continuacin.
C
A
B
4m
4m
4m
SOLUCIN
Reaccin en A
1
x
A
Ay
x
Ay
0.5
12
-0.5
By
8m
4m
Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,
+ MB = 0:
1
Ay = 1 x
8
Ay
1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
4m
-0.5
Reaccin en B
1
x
A
Ay
x
By
0.5
12
1.5
8m
+ MA = 0:
By
4m
B y (8) 1x = 0,
By
By =
1
x
8
1.5
1
0.5
x
4m
8m
12 m
Cortante en C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
A
Ay
4m
4m
By
4m
1
x
0 x4
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
x
4 < x 12
C
MC
VC
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
+ Fy = 0:
MC
VC
+ Fy = 0:
1
1 x 1 VC = 0
8
1
VC = x
8
1
1 x VC = 0
8
1
VC = 1 x
8
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
1
VC = x
8
A
Ay
4m
4m
VC
0.5
4m
1
VC = x
8
-0.5
By
1
VC = 1 x
8
4m
1
VC = 1 x
8
8m
12 m
-0.5
VC
4-
-0.5
4+
0.5
12
-0.5
Momento Flector en C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
A
Ay
4m
4m
By
4m
1
x
0 x4
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
x
4 < x 12
C
MC
VC
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
+ MC = 0:
MC
VC
+ MC = 0:
1
M C + 1(4 x) (1 x )(4) = 0
8
1
MC = x
2
1
M C (1 x)( 4) = 0
8
1
MC = 4 x
2
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
1
x
2
MC = 4
1
x
2
12
-2
4m
MC =
MC
4m
1
x
2
MC = 4
By
4m
1
x
2
2
8m
12 m
4m
-2
MC
MC =
A
Ay
1
x
A
Ay
By
8m
4m
Ay (8) + 1(8 x ) = 0,
+ MB = 0:
1
Ay = 1 x
8
Ay
1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
4m
-0.5
Reaccin en B
1
x
A
Ay
8m
Ay
By
4m
+ Fy = 0:
1
0.5
Ay + B y 1 = 0
B y = 1 Ay
8m
12 m
x
4m
By
-0.5
1.5
B y = 1 Ay
1
0.5
x
4m
8m
12 m
Cortante en C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
A
Ay
4m
4m
By
4m
1
x
0 x4
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
x
4 < x 12
C
MC
Ay 1 VC = 0
VC = Ay 1
VC
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
+ Fy = 0:
MC
VC
+ Fy = 0:
Ay VC = 0
VC = Ay
C
A
B
4m
4m
4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
4m
VC = Ay 1
-0.5
VC = Ay
VC
0.5
4m
-0.5
8m
12 m
-0.5
Momento Flector en C
0 x<4
4 < x 12
1
x
A
Ay
4m
4m
By
4m
1
x
0 x4
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
x
4 < x 12
C
MC
Ay (4) + 1( 4 x ) + M C = 0
M C = 4 Ay (4 x)
VC
A
1
Ay = 1 x
8
4m
+ MC = 0:
MC
VC
+ MC = 0:
Ay (4) + M C = 0
M C = 4 Ay
C
A
B
4m
4m
4m
Ay
1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
4m
M C = 4 Ay (4 x) M C = 4 Ay
-0.5
MC
2
8m
12 m
4m
-2
4m
x
4m
By
4m
1
MB
8m
Ay
VB
MB
Ay
8m
VB-
VB- = Ay
VB- = Ay-1
Ay 1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
VB-
4m
-0.5
x
-0.5
-1.0
-0.5
4m
4m
By
4m
MB
MB
VB+
4m
VB+
VB+ = 0
Ay 1
4m
VB+ = 1
0.5
8m
12 m
x
4m
VB+
-0.5
x
4m
x
4m
4m
1
MB
8m
Ay
By
VB
MB
8m
Ay
MB = 8Ay
MB = 8Ay-(8-x)
Ay 1
VB-
0.5
8m
12 m
x
MB
4m
-0.5
x
1
-4
P=1
C
B
x'
y = 1
P=1
y'
sB =
Ay
By
Ay (1) 1( y ' ) + B y (0) = 0
Ay = y '
1
L
P=1
C
x'
L
P=1
y'
A
Ay
sA =
y
L
1
L
y = 1
B
By
- Apoyo Fijo
C
B
b
a
L
B
A
RA
RA
1
b
L
- Apoyo Empotrado
A
B
a
b
L
RA
RA
1
x
P=1
Cortante
C
B
b
a
L
VC
y=1
P=1
yR
yL
Ay
sA =
1
L
y'
sB =
1
L
B
By
VC
y=1
VC = y '
Pendientes : s A = s B
- Apoyo Fijo
C
B
b
a
L
VC
VC
VC
1
1
Pendiente s B =
1
L
b
L
-a
1
Pendiente sA =
L
Pendiente en A = Pendiente en B
-1
- Apoyo Empotrado
A
B
a
b
L
VB
VB
VB
1
x
Momento Flector
P=1
C
B
b
a
L
= A + B = 1
P=1
h
MC
MC
y'
B
A
Ay
A =
h
a
1
M C ( A + B ) = y '
M C = y'
B =
h
b
By
h h
( + ) =1
a b
h( a + b)
= 1,
ab
h=
ab
( a + b)
- Apoyo Fijo
C
B
b
a
L
Rtula
B
A
MC
MC
MC
C = A + B = 1
ab
a+b
A =
b
L
A =
a
L
- Apoyo Empotrado
A
B
a
b
L
B
MC
MC
MB
1
x
-b
Cortante General
C
A
L/4
D
L/4
E
L/4
L/4
L/4
G
L/4
H
L/4
L
VC
VD
3/4
1
x
-1/4
2/4
1
VE
VB-
x
-2/4
1/4
x
1
-3/4
x
-1
A
L/4
VB-
D
L/4
E
L/4
L/4
L/4
G
L/4
H
L/4
L
x
-1
VB+
1
x
VF
1
x
VG
1
x
A
L/4
D
L/4
E
L/4
B
L/4
F
L/4
G
L/4
H
L/4
L
MC
3L/16
= sA + sB = 1
A = 3/4
B = 1/4
4L/16
MD
= sA + sB = 1
A = 1/2
ME
B = 1/2
3L/16
A = 1/4
= A + B = 1
B = 3/4
A
L/4
D
L/4
E
L/4
B
L/4
L/4
L/4
L/4
L
MB
x
3L/4
MF
2L/4
MG
1
x
L/4
Ejemplo 2
Construir la lnea de influencia para:
- La Reaccin en A, C y E
- El Cortante en D
- El Momento Flector en D
- El Cortante antes y despus del apoyo C
- Momento Flector en el punto C
A
B
2m
Rtula
2m
C
2m
E
4m
SOLUCIN
B
A
2m
RA
RA
C
2m
2m
E
4m
A
2m
2m
2m
E
4m
RC
8/6
RC
4/6
x
2m
2m
E
2m
4m
RE
1
2/6
RE
x
-2/6
VD
A
2m
2m
VD
2m
4m
4/6
2/6
VD
x
=
sE = 1/6
sC = 1/6
-2/6
sE = sC
-1
Rtula
B
2m
MD
2m
VD
2m
4m
MD
E
4m
1
VD
RE
VD = 1 -RE
VD = -RE
x
4m
RE
1
2/6
RE
x
-2/6
VD
4/6
2/6
x
-2/6
MD
MD
D
2m
2m
2m
4m
(2)(4)/6 = 1.33
D = C+E = 1
2
MD
C = 4/6
-1.33
2/6 = E
Rtula
B
2m
MD
2m
VD
1
E
2m
4m
MD
RE
MD = 4RE
4m
1
VD
x
4m
RE
MD = -(4-x)+4RE
1
2/6
RE
x
-2/6
MD
8/6
x
-8/6
VCL
A
B
2m
D
2m
VCL
2m
4m
VCL
x
-1
-1
2m
1
RA
RA
VCL = RA - 1
D
2m
E
4m
MB
MB
VCL
RA
VCL
VCL = RA
x
VCL
x
-1
-1
VCR
A
B
2m
D
2m
VCR
2m
1
VCR
0.333
4m
0.667
x
B
2m
2m
2m
4m
1
MC
MC
VCR
VCR
RE
VCR = -RE
VCR = 1 -RE
RE
1
2/6=0.33
RE
x
-2/6 = -0.333
1
VCR
0.333
0.667
x
MC C MC
B
2m
2m
D
2m
E
4m
MC
1
-2
B
2m
2m
2m
4m
1
x'
MC
MC
VCR
6m
VCR
RE
MC = 6RE
6m
M C = 6 RA x'
RE
1
2/6=0.33
RE
x
-2/6 = -0.333
MC
1
-2
Ejemplo 3
Construir la lnea de influencia para:
- Las reacciones en A y en C
- Cortante en D, E y F
- Momento Flector en D, E y F
2m
2m
Rtula
2m
E
2m
2m
2m
SOLUCIN
D
A
2m
RA
RA
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
1
0.5
x
-0.5
-1
RC
2m
2m
2m
2m
0.5
RC
2m
2m
1.5
VD
A
VD
2m
2m
VD
2m
2m
2m
2m
0.5
x
-0.5
-1
VE
A
VE
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
0.5
1
VE
2m
=
-0.5
-0.5
-1
VF
A
VF
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
VF
=
D
MD
2m
MD
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2
MD
1
x
D = 1
-1
-2
2m
ME
B ME
2m
ME C
2m
2m
(2)(2)/4 = 1
2m
2m
E = 1
x
B = 0.5
C = 0.5
-1
-2
2m
2m
C ME
2m
2m
2m
ME
2m
MF
F = 1
-2
Ejemplo 4
Determinar la mxima reaccin del apoyo B, el mximo valor del cortante en el punto
C y el mximo momento positivo que puede desarrollarse en C, para la viga mostrada
sujeta a las siguientes cargas:
- Una carga viva concentrada de 8000 N
- Una carga viva uniformemente distrubuda de 3000 N/m
- El peso propio de la viga (carga muerta) de 1000 N/m
A
C
4m
B
4m
4m
SOLUCIN
8000 N
3000 N/m
1000 N/m
A
4m
B
4m
4m
RB
1.5
0.5
1
0.5(12)(1.5) = 9
(RB)mx
3000 N/m
3000 N/m
8000 N
1000 N/m
A
4m
B
4m
4m
VC
0.5
0.5(4)(0.5) = 1
-0.5
(VC)mx
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
0.5(4)(-0.5) = -1
-0.5
8000 N
3000 N/m
1000 N/m
4m
MC
4m
4m
2
+(1/2)(8)(2) = 8
x
(1/2)(4)(2) = 4
-2
(MC)mx positivo