Let charge +q at A and -q charge at B.

We want to find potential at P due to this to point charge.

Now usinf the superposition principle the potential at p
is
V ( p)=

q
1
1
(

)
4 0 |r +| |r -|

r -= r+ + d
now by vector law
now from vector law c =a + b then

|c|2=|a|2 +|b|2+ 2 a . b

r+ .
d
|
d|2
2
2
2
2

|
|

=
r

+
d

r
=
r
+
d
+
2
r
.
d
=
r
(
1+
+
2
)
|
|
|
|
|
|
+
+
+
2
2
so - +
|r+| |r+|

now if d<<r then

r .
d

r .
d

2
2
|r-| =|r+| ( 1+ 2 + 2 ) so |r-|=|r+| ( 1+2 + 2 )
|r+|
|r+|

so

1
=
|r-|

r .
d

|r+| ( 1+2 + 2 )
|r+|

r . d
1
( 1 + 2 )
|r+|
|r+|

r .
d
r . d
r+ .
d
q
1
1
q
q
[

( 1 + 2 )] =
[ 1( 1 + 2 )] =
2
4 0 |r +| |r+|
4 0|r +|
4 0 |r+|
|r+|
|r+|
r+ . p

V ( p)=

1
4 0 |r+|2

V ( p)=

now

r^
r^
q
( + 3 - 3 )
4 0 |r +| |r -|

r+ .
d
r+ . d 32
r+ .
d 3
1
1
1
1
2
=
(
1+
2
)
=
=
(
1+
2
)
|r-| =|r+| ( 1+ 2 2 ) =
3
3
2
3
3
2
|r+|
|r-| |r+|
|r+|
|r-| |r+|
|r+|

V ( p)=

r .
d
q
1
1
[

( 1 + 2 )]
4 0 |r +| |r+|
|r+|