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Technology training
(Part 1)
Outline
Part 1
LTE/SAE OVERVIEW
Standardi
zed
3GPP R99
1999
Commerc
ial
2000
Major features
Bearer services
64 kbit/s CS
384 kbit/s PS
Location services
Call services: compatible with
GSM
3GPP R5
2002
2006
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN
Improvements in GERAN
HSDPA
3GPP R6
2004
2007
3GPP R7
2007
2008
Enhanced L2
64 QAM , MIMO
VoIP over HSPA
CPC - continuous packet
connectivity
FRLC - Flexible RLC
3GPP R8
2008
2010
4 R8
3GPP
(LTE)
2008
2010
3G continues to evolve
Standardized through 3GPP
3G gracefully evolves into 4G
starting from R7 and R8
Date rates
LTE Releases
Release
3GPP R8 (LTE)
3GPP R9 (LTE)
Standardiz
ed
2008
Commerci
al
2010
Major features
Multi antenna support
Channel dependent scheduling
Bandwidth flexibility
ICIC (Intercell Interference Coordination)
Hybrid ARQ
FDD + TDD support
2009
2010
LTE requirements
Capabilities
System performance
Deployment related aspects
Architecture and migration
Radio resource management
Complexity, and
General aspects
Capabilities
System performance
Performance
measure
DL target
relative to
base line
UL target
relative to
baseline
Average
throughput per
MHz
3-4 times
2-3 times
2-3 times
2-3 times
Spectrum
efficiency
(bit/sec/Hz)
3-4 times
2-3 times
Spectrum flexibility
Real time
services (ms)
LTE to WCDMA
500
300
LTE to GSM
500
300
Complexity
Downlink OFDM
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing
OFDM = Parallel transmission on
multiple carriers
Advantages of OFDM
Disadvantage of OFDM
Disadvantage
10
DL
Scheduler takes
the advantage of
time-frequency
variations of the
channel
11
ARQ reduces
required
Eb/No
One shared
channel simplifies
the overall
signaling
MIMO support
MIMO = Multiple Input Multiple Output
Use of multiple TX / RX antennas
Three ways of utilizing MIMO
Outline of spatial
multiplexing idea
RX diversity/TX diversity
Beam forming
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO with space time
coding)
13
One possible
implementation of
ICIC. Cell edge
implements N=3. Cell
interior implements
N=1.
SAE-Architecture
Core network,
RAN
Interfaces
S1-AP S1 Application
SCTP Stream Control Transmission
Prot.
IP
Internet Protocol
Note: LTE control plane is almost
the same as WCDMA (PDCP did
not exist in WCDMA control
plane)
LTE protocol X2
Control
plane
User plane
Channel structure
Channels defined on Uu
Logical channels
Transport channels
Formed by MAC
Characterized by how the data are
organized
Physical channels
18
Formed by RLC
Characterized by type of information
Formed by PHY
Consist of a group of assignable radio
resource elements
Uu interface
19
Logical channels
User data
20
Multicast data
LTE Channels
Transport channels
BCH Broadcast CH
PCH Paging CH
LTE Channels
PHY Channels
LTE Channels
22
Type 1: used for FDD transmission (may be full duplex or half duplex)
Type 2: used for TDD transmission
Radio
frame :
Type 1
Radio
frame :
Type 2
23
Different configurations
allow balancing between
DL and UL capacity
Allocation is semi-static
Adjacent cells have same
allocation
Transition DL->UL
happens in the second
subframe of each halfframe
Allocatable resources
LTE radio resource = time-frequency chunk
Resource Block (RB) =
12 carriers in one TS
(12*15KHz x 0.5ms)
25
Time domain
1 frame = 10 sub-frames
1 subframe = 2 slots
1 slot = 7 (or 6) OFDM
symbols
Frequency domain
1 OFDM carrier = 15KHz
Bandwidth flexibility
26
UE States
UE tracking
27
3GPP Specifications
RAN 1
RAN2
RAN3
RAN4
RAN5
36.2xx series
36.3xx series
36.4xx series
36.1xx series
36. 5xx series
Example specs
organization
28
PHY layer
Layers 2 and 3
S1 and X2 interfaces
Core performance requirements
Terminal conformance testing
Section review
1. What are 3GPP broadband
cellular technologies?
2. What releases of 3GPP standard
contains LTE?
3. What were target DL and UL
throughputs for LTE?
4. What does SAE stand for?
5. What are components of the CS
part of the LTE core network?
6. What is the access scheme used
on the DL?
7. What is the role of fast scheduler
on LTE DL?
8. What is the smallest allocateable
resource in LTE DL?
29
Part 2
30
Overview
31
Overview of OFDM/OFDMA
LTE Downlink transmission
Overview of DFTS-OFDM
LTE Uplink transmission
Multi-antenna transmission
Transmission of
single carrier in
mobile terrestrial
environment
32
Multi-carrier transmission
Channel fading over smaller frequency bands flat (no need for equalizer)
Divide high rate input data stream into many low rate parallel streams
At the receiver aggregate low data rate streams
33
Note: orthogonality
between carriers in time
domain allows closer
spacing in frequency
domain.
34
OFDM transmitter/receiver
35
Guard time
36
Duration of the OFDM symbol is chosen to be much longer than the multi-path
delay spread
Long symbols imply low rate on individual OFDM carriers
In multipath environment long symbol minimizes the effect of channel delay spread
To make sure that there is no ISI between OFDM symbols guard time is inserted
Cyclic prefix
37
38
Part 3
LTE DOWNLINK
TRANSMISSION
40
LTE OFDM
Parameter
Bandwidth
(MHz)
Value
1.4
10
Frame
/subframe
duration
10/1 ms
Subcarrier
spacing
15KHz
Useful symbol
part
66.7us
15
20
FFT size
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
Resource blocks
15
25
50
75
100
Number of used
subcarriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
Cyclic prefix
length
Normal: 5.1us for first symbol in a slot and 4.7us for other symbols ,
Extended: 16.7us
OFDM
symbols /slot
For coherent demodulation terminal needs channel estimate for each subcarrier
Reference signals used for channel estimation
There are three type of reference signals
Every DL subframe
Across entire DL bandwidth
Support multicast/broadcast
Four port TX
One port TX
45
Shifts for
single port
transmissi
on
46
UE Specific RS
47
Coding scheme
PHY
Channel
Modulation
CFI (Channel
format Indicator)
PCFICH
QPSK
HI (HARQ
information)
Repetition 1/3
PHICH
BPSK
DCI (Downlink
control
Information)
Convolutional 1/3
with rate matching
PDCCH
QPSK
Services to upper
layers
49
Transport
channel
Coding scheme
PHY
Channel
Modulation
DL-SCH
Turbo 1/3
PDSCH
BCH
Convolutional 1/3
PBCH
QPSK
PCH
Turbo 1/3
PDSCH
QPSK
MCH
Turbo 1/3
PMCH
50
PCFICH
Processing of PCFICH
51
PHICH
Processing
of PHICH
52
PDCCH
53
DL scheduling assignments
UL scheduling grants
Power control commands
PDCCH DCIs
54
DCI formats of
PDCCH
# of bits
Form
at
Purpose
UL PUSCH grant
44
55
1A
44
1A
44
1B
49
1C
31
1D
49
MIMO DL grant
76
2A
68
44
(FDD)
PDSCH
55
Modulation
Coding
Transport block size
Antenna mapping (TX diversity, beam forming,
spatial multiplexing)
SS = Synchronization Signal
56
SS = Synchronization Signal
57
PBCH
59
PCH
DRX and
paging
60
Mapping
of PCCH
Section review
1. Explain the main idea behind
OFDM?
2. How is OFDMA different from
FDMA?
3. What is the role of cyclic prefix
(CP) in OFDM?
4. What are DL reference signals?
5. How are cell specific reference
signals linked to cells physical
identity?
6. What is the role of PCFICH?
7. What is the role of PHICH?
8. What is the channel used for user
data and higher layer signaling?
61
9. What is SCH?
10. What portion of the time-frequency
resources is occupied by SCH?
11. What is the duration of LTE
frame?
12. How many subframe are in LTE
frame?
13. What is the time duration of one
LTE time slot?
DFTS-OFDM
Lower PAPR than OFDM (4dB for QPSK and 2dB for 16-QAM)
Orthogonality between the users in the same cell
Low complexity TX/RX due to DFT/FFT
Disadvantage:
Outline of the
DFTS-OFDM
62
Note: In DFTS-OFDM,
M<N
63
Note 1: Mapping
between output of the
OFDM and carriers is
performed by MAC
scheduler
Note 2: Spectrum
bandwidth may be
allocated in dynamic
fashion
Localized DFTS-OFDM
64
Distributed DFTS-OFDM
66
DM-RS
67
SRS
68
PUSCH
PUCCH
Scheduling request
ACK/NACK/DTX for DL-SCH transmission
Feedback on DL channel quality (CQI/PMI/RI)
70
PUCCH formats
PUCCH format
Modulation
Purpose
Bits/subframe
On/off keying
Scheduling requests
N/A
1a
BPSK
1b
QPSK
QPSK
CQI/PMI/RI
20
2a
QPSK+BPSK
CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK
for SIMO
21
2b
QPSK+QPSK
CQI/PMI/RI+ACK/NACK
for MIMO
22
Note 1: There are 2 formats: Format 1 (1, 1a and 1b) and Format 2
(2, 2a and 2b)
Note 2: PUCCH power offset depends on the PUCCH format
71
PUCCH Format 1
Note: Format 1
is repeated in
two
corresponding
slots in the
subframe
72
PUCCH Format 2
Used for
DL HARQ ACK/NACK for MIMO/SIMO
Scheduling request
CQI/PMI and RI information
Processing of CQI
report
PRACH
74
UL time frequency
resources for PRACH
Section review
1. Why is OFDM not suitable for UL
transmission?
2. What is PAPR?
3. What is DFTS-OFDM?
4. What are two types of UL
reference signals?
5. Why is there need for sounding
reference signals?
6. How often can a mobile configured
to send SRS signals?
7. What is PUSCH?
8. What is PUCCH?
9. What are PUCCH formats?
75
Part 3
MULTIPLE ANTENNA
TECHNIQUES
76
TX diversity
Beam forming or SDMA
Spatial multiplexing
Uplink MIMO
77
Reception/transmission diversity
Beam forming
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO antenna
processing)
Downlink MIMO
Downlink
MIMO
Uplink MIMO
Note: UL MU MIMO
avoids use of
multiple PAs at the
UE
DL transmit diversity
Two implementations
CDD
CDD TX
diversity
STTD
78
SFBC TX
diversity
TX Diversity - CDD
TX Diversity 2 TX SFBC
SFBC in case of 2
TX diversity
r2 n h1
r h*
2 n 1 2
sn
80
h2
h1*
1
2
h1 h2
a2 n
a * Hs n
2 n 1
h1*
*
h2
h2
h1
r2 n
r
2 n 1
TX Diversity 4 TX SFBC
SFBC in case of 4
TX diversity
Note 1: 4 TX SFBC diversity may
be seen as two 2 TX SFBC
diversity transmissions
multiplexed in time
81
Spatial multiplexing
Capacity benefit of SM
MIMO
C
N S
N L log 2 1 R
BW
NL N
N L min N T , N R
NT
NR
- number of TX antennas
- number of RX antennas
12.00
10.00
Example: 2 by
2
h
h
r 11 12
h21 h22
82
8.00
6.00
s1 n1
s n
2 2
s1
1r s1 H 1n
Wr
H
s
s
2
2
C/W (1,1)
4.00
C/W (1,2)
2.00
C/W (2,2)
0.00
10
0 20
S/N (dB)
Two types
Open loop (used high speed scenarios)
Feedback
PMI (Pre-coded
matrix indicator)
CQI (Channel
quality indicator)
RI (Rank
indicator)
83
Closed loop
spatial
multiplexing
84
Antenna configurations
85
Transmissi
on modes
Description
Comments
Transmit diversity
Multi-user MIMO
Section review
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is MIMO?
What is receive diversity?
What is transmit diversity?
What is beam forming?
What is SDMA?
What is spatial multiplexing?
How much is capacity of link
increased using spatial
multiplexing?
8. What is CQI?
9. What is RI?
10. How is RI used by the scheduler?
87