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2010 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon2010), Nov 29 - Dec 1, 2010, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Models for Three-Phase


Load Flow Analysis
Syafii, Student Member IEEE
Electrical Power Engineering Dept,
Univrsiti Teknologi Malaysia
/Electrical Engineering Dept,
Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
Email: syafii@ft.unand.ac.id

Khalid Mohamed Nor,


Senior Member IEEE
Electrical Power Engineering Dept,

Electrical Engineering Dept,


South Valley University,
Aswan, Egypt
Email: mabdelakher@ieee.com

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia


Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Email: khalidmn@fke.utm.my

The objective of this paper is to improve Photovoltaic


model and study the effect when they are connected in
distribution networks. The study includes both voltage profile
and system losses. The paper is organized such that Section 2
presents the PV model, section 3 presents the three-phase load
flow method, Section 4 shows the system under study, Section
5 gives comprehensive results and the effect of grid-connected
PV on both the voltage profile as well as system losses, and
finally the conclusions are drawn in Section 6.

Abstract The paper presents grid connected Photovoltaic (PV)


models for three-phase distribution load flow analysis. The
models comprises of single-diode PV model with and without the
effect of the series and parallel resistances, I-V nonlinear
question, IV database and single-phase PV modeled as singlephase real power injection. The three-phase load flow program
with Photovoltaic models has been tested using IEEE 13 node
feeder. The solution of the base case is compared with the radial
distribution analysis package (RDAP) before used to analyze
distribution networks. The analysis is carried out with various
photovoltaic mathematical models. The simulation results show
that the grid-connected three-phase photovoltaic system in
distribution network can improve the voltage profile as well as
reduce the total system losses. However, single-phase PV DG
model does not always guarantee voltage improvements.

II.

INTRODUCTION

Distributed generations using renewable energy sources,


such as wind, solar photovoltaic and hydro power have
received considerable attention in recent years. Gridconnected solar photovoltaic (PV) continued to be the fastest
growing power generation technology, with production has
been increasing by an average of more than 20 percent each
year since 2002 [1]. At the end of 2009, the cumulative global
PV installations surpassed 21,000 MW [2]. Therefore, there is
a need to improve specific DG model to cover grid-connected
photovoltaic energy sources.
Photovoltaic (PV) system directly converts sunlight into the
most valuable form of energy known as electricity. The electric
power produce at the terminals of a PV device may directly
feed small loads such as lighting systems and DC motors.
Photovoltaic system requires electronic converters to control
output voltage and current as well as the power flow in gridconnected systems application. The impact of grid-connected
PV system can be analyzed using three-phase load-flow
program. The power system model in the program needs an
extension with PV models.

978-1-4244-8946-6/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODEL

Another source of distributed generator is the photovoltaic


systems, which are commonly known as solar panels. Solar
panels are made up of discrete PV cells connected together to
be PV modules and PV arrays that convert light radiation into
electricity. The PV cells produce direct-current (DC)
electricity, which must then be inverted for use in an AC
system. The systems can be used as single phase source or
three phase source and thus can have the unbalancing impact
on the grid connected system.
The solar radiation varies according to the orbital variations.
The total solar radiation output from the sun in all frequencies
at a distance R from the sun centre [3] is equal to:
(1)
S = 4R2 Q(R)
If the radiation flux per unit area at a distance R represented
by Q(R) and the earth approximately 150x106 km away from
the sun. Hence, the total solar output is about 3.8 x 1026 W.
Since, the surface area of the earth is 4r2; the amount of solar
radiation per unit area on a spherical planet becomes as 340
W/m2 [3]. Therefore the solar energy has a large potential for
future renewable energy sources.
Photovoltaic equivalent circuit consists of a current source
driven by sunlight in parallel with a real diode and resistance
(Rp) series with resistances (RS) shown in Fig. 1. The output
power and voltage varies according to sun radiation.

Keywords-Three-Phase Load Flow; Photovoltaic Models;


Distributed Gneration

I.

Mamdouh Abdel-Akher,
Member IEEE

544

where n : number of cells


The power output of the PV system can be found by
multiply I and V.
The Monte Carlo techniques for photovoltaic generators
model in Probabilistic distribution load flow report in [6]. The
power output of the PV system (P ) is given by :

Figure 1. Equivalent circuit for photovoltaic cell

. .
The ideal equivalent circuit of PV cell consists of a current
source in parallel with a diode. Ideally the voltage-current (VI)
equation of PV cell [1,4] is given by:

I = I pv ,cell I 0 ,cell (e

qV

akT

1)

Where IPV,cell is the current generated by the incident light


(directly proportional to the sun irradiation), I0,cell is the
reverse saturation of the diode, q is the electron charge
(1.60217646 x 1019 C), k is the Boltzmann constant
(1.3806503 x 10-23 J/K), T is temperature of the p-n junction
and a is the diode ideality constant.

III.

Fig. 2 shows the V-I curve and Ppv-V curve originated from
(2). General photovoltaic model using voltage and current of
equivalent PV module to calculate the output power [5] as
state below:
.

(3)

are short circuit current and open circuit


Where and
voltage at reference temperature; and are temperature
coefficient;
More specific formulation provided in [1] :

(7)

THREE PHASE LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

A. Sequence Three-Phase Load Flow Problems


The sequence three-phase load flow requires power system
models in terms of their sequence components. The three-phase
power system models represented by sequence admittance
matrices of three sequence network. The sequence admittance
matrices comprise of positive-, negative- and zero- sequence
decoupled bus admittance matrices. Then, these sequence
admittance matrices used to solve the three sequence network
in the iteration scheme. The process is repeated until certain
preset permissible tolerance reached

q (V + IRS )
1
I = I SC I 0 e kT
1
(V + I RS ) (4)
R
P

The voltage across individual cell can be found from :


V= Vd I RS

Three-phase load flow is required when solving unbalanced


distribution system. There are many causes of unbalanced
condition in a distribution networks. Regarding reference
frame, three-phase load flow algorithms can be categorized
into two groups. The first group solves using phase component
approach and the second used sequence component approach.
However the sequence component has some advantages such
as the size of the problem is effectively reduced in comparison
to phase components approach [9] and easy to handle
unbalanced power system components [11].
This project research will develop grid-connected PV
models by improve existing three-phase power flow object
components software already developed in [9]. The object
oriented programming methodology has an ability for
updating or adding new algorithm without affecting other
components inside the software [12] such as an extension for
fault analysis algorithm presented in [13].

Figure 2 Characteristic I-V curve of Photovoltaic

Where : AC is the array surface area [m2]; is the


efficiency of the PV system in realistic reporting conditions
(RRC) [7]; T and T are parameters that depend on inclination
, declination , reflectance of the ground , latitude , hour
angle , sunset hour angle , day of the year [8].
Some of the previous PV models used for individual or
stand alone PV generation analysis. For grid-connected PV
models analyzed using single phase load flow formulation for
balanced distribution network studies only. The extend gridconnected PV models in the latest unbalanced load flow [9,10]
make possible to analyze their impact in unbalanced
distribution networks. Brief explanation of these models is
given in the next section.

(2)

P=V.I=

. .

(5)

When photovoltaic are wired in series the Vmodule calculated


by:
Vmodule = n (Vd I RS)
(6)

The state variable of three-phase voltage updated using the


result of three decomposed sub-problem in the iterative

545

scheme. The positive-sequence network has been solved using


the standard Newton-Raphson method and whereas the
negative- and zero-sequence are represented and solved using
two nodal voltage equations. The specified values of sequence
networks for three decomposed sub-problem calculated by
combining the current injection due to loads, distributed load,
capacitor bank and system unbalanced. The available of new
component need to model in theirs sequence component. This
sequence component model reused by existing three-phase load
flow component and its power system models [9].

Model 2
Single-diode PV/
Maximum power
output model

Ipv Calculate from :


1
ln
1

Model 3
Single-phase PV

a= 1+ln(Iph/I0);
b= a/(a+1);
P obtain from Vpv*Ipv
PV model as real Power injection
P = Pl-Ppv.

B. Photovoltaic DG Mathematical Model


In sequence three phase power flow program, every power
system component need to convert to sequence components
using A matrix (8). The A matrix is defined as the symmetrical
components transformation matrix:

Model 4
IV curve
database

P obtain from VI Curve for given V


V is specified

Model 5
(PQ bus)

Ipv and I0 calculate from:

1 1
A = 1 a 2
1 a

1
a
a 2

(8)

q (V + IRS ) 1
I = I PV I 0 e kT
1
(V + I RS )

RP

where a =1.0 120

P obtain from Vpv*Ipv

The result is sequence model of the component that can be


included in three phase power flow algorithm as new class
library. By used sequence component model, balanced gridconnected photovoltaic can be modeled in unbalanced system.
The sequence component model allows using the balanced
three-phase load flow specifications for generators. Normally
at a terminal generator bus, both the positive sequence voltage
and the total power leaving the terminal of the actual threephase bus are specified. The positive sequence voltage
magnitude at the terminal bus is the same as the positive
sequence network of the generator, and hence, the positive
sequence voltage magnitude of the positive sequence network
of the generator is specified. The total power specified at the
terminal bus is mainly due to the positive sequence network of
the generator since there is no induced EMF in both the
negative- and zero-sequence networks. Consequently, the
specified power of the positive sequence network of is known.
In this paper, the sequence components three-phase power
flow algorithm and power system model in [9] are used for
developing grid-connected PV model. The new class library to
model PV DG have been add in object oriented power system
model [9,10] using C++ programming.

For grid-connected PV DG, the specified voltage and power


can be calculated using mathematical model as shown in Table
1. By knowing of injected power, the PV DG can modeled as
complex power injection bus or PQ model with Q limit.
IV.

DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST SYSTEM

The modified IEEE 13 node test feeder Fig. 3 used for PV


DG test cases. The cases presented PV DG model as PQ node.
A PV DG with five different model shows as in Table 1
connected at new node 672 via step down transformer with
connected to node 671 of original node and original node 634.
This IEEE 13 node [14] used to validate the improved
algorithm for analyzing grid-connected different PV models.

TABLE 1. PHOTOVOLTAIC DG MODEL

Photovoltaic
Model
Model 1
Single-diode PV
model
including/without
Rs and Rp

Mathematical Model c
I Calculate from :
I = I pv ,cell I 0,cell (e
I = I PV I 0

q (V + IRS )
e kT

qV

akT

1) watts or

1
1
(V + I RS )
RP

Figure. 3 IEEE 13 node test feeder with PV connected

P obtain from V*I for given V


V is specified

The solution of the IEEE 13 node is compared with the

546

solution calculated using the radial distribution analysis


program (RDAP) .
V.

RESULTS

First test is carried out to validate the improved generator


model in three-phase distribution load flow with RDAP
software [15]. The loads are the same as the original data
except that the distributed load is removed. This is for the sake
of comparison between proposed method and the RDAP as the
distributed load is modeled differently in the two methods. In
this test, the IEEE 13 node is solved using sequence threephase power flow algorithm and the RDAP software. The
solution of the IEEE 13 node feeder is given in Table 2.
The result from the developed program closely match with
RDAP result without PV DG grid-connected as shown in Table
2 for Colum 2 and 3. The other Colum shows that PV DG
connected have improved voltage profile of IEEE 13 node
system. The PV DG sizes also give effect on voltage
improvement. However, for single-phase PV DG model does
not always guarantee voltage improvement such as for phase b
of using model 3 have been decreased as shown in Fig.3 for
phase b. The dummy nodes have voltages equal to the upstream
nodes voltage since the current flow through the dummy lines
is zero for all phases in the program. The missing phase in
unbalanced lateral showed empty in the result of Table 2 and
Fig. 3, because no actual voltage node available here.
TABLE 2 THREE PHASE VOLTAGE PROFILE

634

RDAP
Without
PV DG
Ppv=0

672

Ppv=0

Node

Without
PV DG

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Ppv=0

Ppv=876.2

Ppv=270

Ppv=240(A)

Ppv=189

Ppv=0

Ppv=442.9

Ppv=272

Ppv=0

Ppv=378

Model 4

650

632

0.9559

0.9557

0.9647

0.9597

0.9644

0.96

633

0.9528

0.9524

0.9641

0.9573

0.9653

0.9573

634

0.9271

0.9267

0.9585

0.9381

0.9621

0.9362

645

Figure 3. Three-phase voltage profile for 13 node test feeder.


TABLE 3 SYSTEM LOOSES

PV Models

Ppv
(kW)

Losses
(kW)

Without PV

119.6

0.9277

Model 1

1319.1

82.32

646

671

0.9232

0.9226

0.9346

0.9285

0.9313

0.9294

672

0.9232

0.9226

0.944

0.9344

0.9313

0.9375

680

0.9232

0.9226

0.9346

0.9285

0.9313

0.9294

684

0.9214

0.9209

0.9329

0.9267

0.9295

611

Model 2

542

94.79

652

0.9154

0.915

0.9269

0.9208

0.9236

0.9217

692

0.9232

0.9226

0.9346

0.9285

0.9313

0.9294

Model 3

240

109.18

675

0.9161

0.9154

0.9276

0.9214

0.9242

0.9223

Model 4

567

94.54

The system losses are evaluated without and with PV


models connected. The effect of proposed PV DG model on
line losses is given in Table 3 for all cases. The result shows
that the losses are reduced when the total size of PV DG
increased from 240 kW to 1319.1 kW. Therefore, the PV DG
size give more effect in network loss reduction.

The simulation results presented that the integration of PV


DG into an existing distribution network can improve the
voltage profile as well as reduces the total system losses.
Among the PV DG models, model 1 which act as PQ node
have better performance relate to voltage profile and loss
reduction. However, for single-phase PV DG model does not
always have a voltage improvement.

547

VI.

CONCLUSION

The paper has presented grid-connected PV DG model as


three-phase source for three-phase distribution load flow and
analyzed their effect when they are connected in distribution
networks. In this paper, the PV DG was modeled as PQ node
with Q limit and as PQ node with have five different type of P
calculation. The model was tested and analyzed using a 13
node IEEE distribution feeder. The simulation results show that
the integration of grid-connected PV into an existing
distribution network can improve the voltage profile as well as
reduces the total system losses. However, for single-phase PV
DG model does not always guarantee voltage improvement.

[6]

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[11]

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