DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

BY ACHMAD AMINUDDIN

FUNCTIONS
INGESTION:
taking food into the mouth.
SECRETIO:
release of water,acid, buffer, and enzymes
into the lumen of the GI tract.
MIXING AND PROPULSION:
churning and propulsion of food through the
GI tract.

CONTINUATION
DIGESTIO:
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
ABSORPTION:
passage of digested products from the GI
tract into the blood and lymph.
DEFECATION:
the elimination of feces from the GI tract.

ORAL REGION
INCLUDES :
THE ORAL CAVITY
TEETH
GINGIVAE
TONGUE
PALATE
THE REGION OF THE PALATINE
TONSILS

ORAL CAVITY
CONSIST OF
THE ORAL VESTIBULE
THE ORAL CAVITY PROPER

IS WHERE FOOD IS INGESTED AND

PREPARED FOR DIGESTION
THE TEETH AND SALIVA FASILITATE THE
FORMATION OF A MANAGEABLE FOOD
BOLUS

THE ORAL VESTIBULE

IS THE SLIT LIKE SPACE BETWEEN THE
LIPS AND CHEEKS SUPERFICIALLY.
COMMUNICATES WITH THE EXTERIOR
THROUGH THE ORAL FISSURE ( ORIFI
CE OF MOUTH )
THE SIZE OF THIS OPENING IS CONTRO
LED BY THE ORBICULARIS ORIS M.

THE ORAL CAVITY PROPER

BOUNDARIES
LATERAL AND ANTERIOR
THE MAXILLARY AND MANDIBULAR ALVEOLAR ARCHES
HOUSING THE TEETH.

POSTERIOR
THE TERMIAL GROOVE OF THE TONGUE.
PALATOGLOSSAL ARCHES.

THE ROOF
THE PALATE.

POSTERIORLY COMMUNICATES WITH

THE OROPHARYNX.

ORAL VESTIBULE
CONTAIN
ORBICULARIS M.
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR LABIAL M.
VESSELS AND NERVES.

ARE COVERED BY
SKIN.
MUCOUS MEMBRANE

PHILTRUM.
THE VERMILLION BORDER.

THE GINGIVAE
COMPOSED OF FIBROUS TISSUE COVE
RED WITH MUCOUS MEMBRANE.
FIRMLY ATTACH TO THE ALVEOLAR
PROCESSES OF THE JAWS AND THE
NECKS OF THE TEETH.

TEETH
SET IN THE ALVEOLI OF THE UPPER AND LOWER
JAWS.
CHILDREN HAVE 20 DECIDUOUS ( PRI MARY ) TEETH.
THE FIRST TOOTH USUALLY ERUPS AT 6 TO 8 MONTH
OF AGE AND THE LAST TOOTH BY 20 TO 24 MONTH
OF AGE.
THE PERMANENT TEETH NORMALLY 16 INEACH JAW,
3 MOLARS, 2 PREMOLARS,1 CA NINE AND 2
INCISORS, USUALLY IS COMPLE TE BY THE
MIDTEENS EXCEPT FOR THE 3rd MOLAR, WICH USUAL
LY ERUP DURING THE LATE TEENS OR EARLY
TWETIES

TEETH
CONSIST OF,
THE CROWN
PROJECTS FROM THE GINGIVA

THE NECK
THE PART OF THE TOOTH BETWEEN THE
CROWN AND ROOT.

THE ROOT
IS FIXED IN THE ALVEOLUS BY A FIBROUS
PERIODONTAL MEMBRANE.

COMPOSITION OF THE TOOTH

DENTIN is covered by
ENAMEL over the crown
CEMENT over the root
PULP CAVITY, contain

CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
BLOOD VESSELS.
NERVES.

ROOT CANAL transmits the nerves and vessels to

and from the pulp cavity

SALIVA
SALIVARY AMYLASE
source ; salivary glands.
substrates : starches ( polysacharides ).
products : maltose ( disaccharide ).
maltotriose ( trisaccharide ).
a-dextrins.
LINGUAL LIPASE
source : lingual glands in the tongue.
substrates : triglycerides ( fats and oils ) and
other lipids.
products : fatty acids and diglycerides.

PALATE
THE HARD PALATE
SEPARATES THE AMTERIOR PART OF THE
ORAL CAVITY FROM THE NASAL CAVITY.

THE SOFT PALATE

SEPARATES THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE
ORAL CAVITY FROM THE NASOPHARYNX
SUPERIOR

THE PALATINE TONSIL

LIES IN A TONSILAR SINUS ( FOSSA ),
BOUNDED BY,
PALATO GLOSSAL ARCH.
PALATOPHARYNGEAL ARCH.
TONGUE.

PHARYNX
EXTENDS FROM THE CRANIAL BASE TO
THE INFERIOR BORDER OF THE CRICOID
CARTILAGE ANTERIORLY AND THE
INFERIOR BORDER OF THE C6
VERTEBRA POSTERIORLY.
INTERIOR OF THE PHARYNX
- NASOPHARYNX.
- OROPHARYNX.
- LARYNGOPHARYNX

ESOPHAGUS
A MUSCULAR TUBE THAT EXTENDS FROM
THE PHARYNX TO THE STOMACH
DESCENDS THROUGH THE POSTERIOR
MEDIASTINUM, ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS IN THE
DIAPHRAGM JUST JUST TO THE LEFT OF
MEDIAN PLANE AT THE LEVEL OF VT 10 ,
ENTER THE STOMACH THROGH CARDIAL
ORIFICE TO THE LEFT OF MID LINE AT THE
LEVEL OF THE 7 TH LEFT COSTAL CARTILAGE
AND VT 11

DEGLUTITION
THE MOVEMENT OF FOOD FROM THE MOUTH
INTO THE STOMACH.
FACILITATED BY THE SECRETION OF SALIVA
AND MUCUS AND INVOLVES THE
MOUTH,PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGU
THREE STAGES;
- the voluntary stage, the bolus is passed in
to the oropharynx.
- the pharyngeal stages.
- the esophageal stage.

STOMACH

A FOOD BLENDER.
RESERVOIR.
CHIEF FUNCTION , ENZYMATIC DIGESTI
ON, GASTRIC JUICE CONVERTS A MASS
OF FOOD IN TO A LIQUID MIXTURE
CHYME THAT PASSES IN TO
DUODENUM.

STOMACH
HAS 4 PARTS AND 2 CURVATURES,
CARDIA.
FUNDUS.
BODY.
PYLORIC PART.
LESSER CURVATURE.
GREATER CURVATURE.

FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH

MIXES SALIVA, FOOD AND GASTRIC JUICE TO
FORM CHYME.
SERVES AS RESERVOIR FOR FOOD BEFORE
RELEASE INTO SMALL INTESTINE.
SECRETE GASTRIC JUICE, WHICH CONTAIN
HCl ( kills bacteria and denatures protein ),
PEPSIN ( begins the digestion of proteins ),
INTRINSIC FACTOR ( aids absorption of vit.
B12 ), AND GASTRIC LIPASE ( aids digestion of
triglycerides ).
SECRETES GASTRIN INTO BLOOD.

VISCERAL REFERED PAIN

SMALL INTESTINE
EXTENDS FROM THE PYLORUS TO THE
ILEOCECAL JUNCTION.
THE PRIMARY SITE OF ABSORPTION OF
NUTRIEN FROM INGESTED MATERIAL.
CONSIST OF DUODENUM, JEJUNUM
AND ILEUM.

DUODENUM

SUPERIOR PART.
DESCENDING PART.
HORIZONTAL PART.
ASCENDING PART.

JEJUNUM AND ILIEUM

6 7 METERS.
JEJUNUM , two fifth.
ILEUM , three fifth.
THE MESENTERY
ATTACHES THE JEJUNUM AND ILEUM TO THE
POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL.
THE ROOT OF THE MESENTERY, EXTENDS FROM
THE DUODENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION ON THE LEFT
DIDE OF V.L. 2 TO THE ILEOCOLIC JUNCTION AT
THE RIGHT SACROILIAC JOINT ( 15 CM LONG ).

LARGE INTESTINE
CONSIST OF
CECUM.
COLON
ASCENDING.
TRANSVERSE.
DESCENDING.
SIGMOID.

RECTUM.
ANAL CANAL.

COLON CAN BE
DISTINGUISED FROM SMALL
INTESTINE,

TENIA COLI (excep appendix and rectum ).

HAUSTRA.
OMENTAL APPENDICES.
CALIBER.

CECUM
THE FIRST PART OF THE LARGE
INTESTINE.
INTRA PERITONEALLY.
HAS NO MESENTERY.
THE ILEUM ENTER THE CECUM ,
ILEOCECAL ORIFICE.
ILEO CECAL VALVE.

APPENDIX
EXTENDS FROM THE POSTEROMEDIAL
ASPECT OF THE CECUM, INFERIOR TO
THE ILEOCECAL JUNCTION/
HAS THE MESOAPPENDIX.
USUALLY RETROCECAL.
ITS BASE MOST OFTENLIES DEEP TO
Mc. BURNEY POINT.

THE ASCENDING COLON

FROM THE CECUM TO THE RIGHT
COLIC FLEXURE.
RETROPERITONEAL ( 25 0/0 has a short
mesentery ).

THE TRANSVERSE COLON

THE LARGEST AND MOST MOBILE.
FROM THE RIGHT FLEXURE TO THE
LEFT COLIC FLEXURE.

DESCENDING COLON
RETRO PERITONEALLY.
FROM THE LEFT COLIC FLEXURE IN TO
THE LEFT ILIAC FOSSA.
IN THE ILIAC FOSSA HAS A SHORT
MESENTERY ( 33 0/0 ).

THE SIGMOID COLON

S SHAPED LOOP.
FROM THE ILIAC FOSSA TO THE THIRD
SACRAL.
HAS ASIGMOID MESOCOLON.
THE ROOT OF THE SIGMOID COLON
HAS AN INVERTED V SHAPED
ATTACHMENT.

RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL

THE FIXED TERMINAL PART OF THE
LARGE INTESTINE.
CONTINUOUS INFERIORLY WITH THE
ANAL CANAL.