5 1 2 A SR Diseasecardsf

Activity 5.1.
2: Disease Cards
Tuberculosis (TB)
Type of Infectious Agent
Bacteria
Name of Infectious Agent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Symptoms of Disease
The symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the

bacteria are growing. Usually, TB bacteria grow in the lungs where
they cause a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, pain in the
chest, and coughing up blood or the phlegm from deep inside the
lungs. Other symptoms include weakness, fatigue, weight loss, no
appetite, chills, fever, and sweating at night.
Skin test, blood test, chest X-ray, and sputum culture.
Diagnosis of Disease
Transmission of Disease
TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB

bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the
lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby
may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
Treatment of Disease
Antibiotic treatment with isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), or

rifapentine (RPT).
Strep Throat
Bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes
Symptoms of Disease
General symptoms include throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red and

swollen tonsils that often have white patches or streaks of pus on
them, tiny red spots on the soft or hard palate, swollen and tender
lymph nodes in the neck, fever, headache, rash, and fatigue.
Throat culture, rapid antigen test, and/or rapid DNA test.
Streptococcal bacteria are highly contagious. They can spread

through airborne droplets when someone with the infection coughs
or sneezes, or through shared food or drinks. You can also pick up
the bacteria from a doorknob or other surface and transfer them to
your nose or mouth.
Oral antibiotic treatment with penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, or

azithromycin.
Syphilis
Bacteria
Treponema pallidum
Symptoms of Disease
Primary syphilis small sore on genitals

Secondary syphilis Rash that begins on trunk and covers entire
body and may be accompanied by wart-like sores in the mouth or
2013 Project Lead The Way, Inc.
Principles of Biomedical Science Activity 5.1.2 Disease Cards Page 1
genital area. Muscle aches, fever, sore throat and swollen lymph
nodes are also common.
Latent syphilis No symptoms
Tertiary or late syphilis Brain, nerve, eye, heart, blood vessel, liver,
bone, and joint damage.
Blood test for presence of antibodies, fluid culture from sores, or

spinal tap.
Spread through contact with an infected person's sore during sexual

activity. The bacteria enter your body through minor cuts or
abrasions in your skin or mucous membranes. Syphilis is contagious
during its primary and secondary stages, and sometimes in the early
latent period. It is also spread through direct unprotected close
contact with an active lesion or through an infected mother to her
baby during pregnancy or childbirth.
Antibiotic treatment with penicillin.

Giardiasis
Protozoa
Giardia lamblia parasite
Symptoms of Disease
A gastrointestinal disease with water, sometimes foul-smelling

diarrhea that may alternate with soft, greasy stools, fatigue,
abdominal cramps and bloating, belching gas with a bad taste,
nausea, and weight loss.
The infection is diagnosed with a stool sample.
Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before

the microscopic parasites are passed in stool, they become encased
within hard shells called cysts, which allows them to survive outside
the intestines for months. Once inside a host, the cysts dissolve and
the parasites are released. Infection occurs when you accidentally
ingest the parasites. This can occur by swallowing contaminated
water, by eating contaminated food, or through person-to-person
contact.
Administration of medications specific to giardia infection (including

metronidazole, tinidazole, nitazoxanide, and paromomycin).
Malaria
Protozoa
Plasmodium parasite
Symptoms of Disease
Malaria causes damage to red blood cells which can cause serious
and sometimes fatal complications. The disease is characterized by
recurrent attacks with moderate to severe shaking chills, high fever,
profuse sweating as the body temperature falls, headache, nausea,
vomiting, and diarrhea.
Blood test for the parasite.
Microscopic parasites transmit the disease from person to person. A

mosquito becomes infected by feeding on a person who has malaria
and then transmits the malaria parasites to the next person the
mosquito bites. Malaria can also be transmitted from mother to
unborn child, through infected blood transfusions, and by sharing
infected needles.
Administration of antimalarial drugs.

Cryptosporidiosis
Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum parasite
Symptoms of Disease
A gastrointestinal disease whose symptoms include watery diarrhea,

dehydration, weight loss, stomach cramps or pain, fever, nausea,
and vomiting.
The infection can be diagnosed with an acid-staining test which

identifies cryptosporidium under the microscope or a stool culture.
The infection begins when you ingest the parasite which then travels
to your intestinal tract and settles into the walls of your intestines.
You can become infected with cryptosporidium by touching anything
that has come in contact with contaminated feces. Methods of
infection include swallowing or putting something contaminated in
your mouth, drinking contaminated water, swimming in contaminated
water and accidentally swallowing some of it, touching your hand to
your mouth if you had comes into contact with a contaminated
surface, or having close contact with other infected people or
animals.
Administration of anti-parasitic drug, anti-motility agents to slow

down the movements of the intestines, and fluid replacement
therapy.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Prion
CJD Prion
Symptoms of Disease
CJD is marked by rapid mental deterioration, usually within a few

months. Initial signs and symptoms typically include personality
changes, anxiety, depression, memory loss, impaired thinking,
blurred vision, insomnia, difficulty speaking, difficulty swallowing, and
sudden jerky movements. As the disease progresses, mental
symptoms worsen and people eventually lapse into a coma.
Doctors commonly use an EEG, MRI, spinal fluid tests, and/or tonsil
biopsies to diagnose the disease.
CJD disease is caused by an abnormal version of a kind of protein

called a prion. Normally the proteins are harmless, but when theyre
misshapen they become infectious and can cause major problems on
normal biological processes. Most people with CJD develop the
disease for no apparent reason, but others who develop the disease
have a family history of the disease or test positive for a genetic
mutation associated with CJF. A small number of people have
developed CJD after being exposed to infected human tissue during
a medical procedure. This happens because standard sterilization
methods do not destroy abnormal prions.

No effective treatment exists for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or any of

its variants.
Ascariasis
Helminth
Ascariasis worm
Symptoms of Disease
After the ascariasis eggs are ingested, they hatch in the intestines
and sometimes migrate through the bloodstream or lymphatic
system into the lungs. An intestinal infection can cause abdominal
pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or blood stools, and/or fatigue.
A lung infection can cause persistent cough, shortness of breath,
and/or wheezing.
Infection is identified by stool tests, blood tests, and/or imaging

tests.
A person must come into contact with soil mixed with human feces
that contains ascariasis eggs.
Administration of anti-parasite medications.

Trichinosis
Helminth
Trichinella roundworm
Symptoms of Disease
When a person swallows trichinella larvae encased in a cyst, the

digestive juices dissolve the cyst, releasing the parasite into the
body. The larvae then penetrate the intestine, where they mature
into adult worms and mate. At this stage, symptoms include
diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malaise. Later the adult female
worms produce larvae that penetrate the intestinal wall, enter the
bloodstream, and burrow into muscle or other tissue. This causes
high fever, muscle pain and tenderness, swelling of the eyelids or
face, weakness, headache, and sensitivity to light.
Initial diagnosis relies on physical examination of the classic signs

and symptoms, blood samples, and a muscle biopsy.
People get trichinosis when they eat undercooked meat such as

pork, bear, walrus, or horse that is infected with the immature
form (larvae) of the trichinella roundworm.
Administration of anti-parasite (anti-helminthic) medication.

Tapeworm
Helminth
Tapeworm
Symptoms of Disease
Intestinal infections cause nausea, weakness, loss of appetite,

abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss and inadequate absorption of
nutrients from food. Invasive infections result in fever, cystic masses
or lumps, allergic reactions to the larvae, bacterial infections, and
neurological symptoms including seizures.

Stool sample analysis, blood test, and/or imaging exam.
Consumption of food or water contaminated with feces from a

person or animal with tapeworm or ingestion of larvae cysts in meat
or muscle tissue of an animal with a tapeworm infection.
Administration of oral medications that are toxic to the adult

tapeworm (including praziquantel, albendazole, and nitazoxanide).
Common Cold
Virus
Rhinovirus
Symptoms of Disease
Symptoms include: runny or stuffy nose, itchy or sore throat, cough,

congestion, slight body aches or a mild headache, sneezing, watery
eyes, a low-grade fever, and mild fatigue.
Physical examination.
The virus enters your body through your mouth or nose. The virus
can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick
coughs, sneezes, or talks. But it also spreads by hand-to-hand
contact with someone who has a cold or by using shared objects,
such as utensils, towels, toys, or telephones. If you touch your eyes,
nose, or mouth after such contact or exposure, you're likely to
"catch" a cold.
There is no cure for the common cold. Over-the-counter cold

treatments do not treat the cold but can sometimes relieve
symptoms. These include pain relievers, decongestants, and cough
syrups.
Flu
Virus
Influenza
Symptoms of Disease
Symptoms include fever, aching muscles (especially in the back,

arms, and legs), chills and sweats, headache, dry cough, fatigue
and weakness, and nasal congestion.
Physical examination.
Flu viruses travel through the air in droplets when someone with the
infection coughs, sneezes, or talks. You can inhale the droplets
directly, or you can pick up the germs from an object such as a
telephone or computer keyboard and then transfer them to your
eyes, nose, or mouth.
Bed rest and hydration is usually the only treatment needed.

Antiviral medications can be prescribed if taken soon after
symptoms begin. These drugs may shorten the illness by a day or
so and help prevent serious complications.
Rotavirus
Virus
Rotavirus
Symptoms of Disease
Symptoms begin with a fever, followed by three to eight days of

watery diarrhea and vomiting. The infection can cause abdominal
pain as well. In adults who are otherwise healthy, a rotavirus
infection may cause only mild signs and symptoms or none at all.
Diagnosed via a physical exam. Stool sample may be analyzed to

confirm the diagnosis.
Rotavirus is present in an infected person's stool several days

before symptoms appear and for up to 10 days after symptoms
subside. The virus spreads easily through hand-to-mouth contact
throughout this time even if the infected person doesn't have
symptoms. Not washing your hands after using the toilet or changing
a childs diaper can cause the virus to spread to anything you touch,
including food, toys, and utensils. If another person touches your
unwashed hands or a contaminated object and then touches his or
her mouth, an infection may follow. Sometimes rotavirus spreads
through contaminated water or infected respiratory droplets coughed
or sneezed into the air.
There is no treatment for a rotavirus infection. The infection usually

resolves within three to eight days. Primary treatment involves the
prevention of dehydration.
Histoplasmosis
Fungus
Histoplasma capsulatum
Symptoms of Disease
Several types of histoplasmosis exist. The mildest form produces no

signs or symptoms, but severe infections can be life-threatening.
Symptoms of the infection include fever, chills, headache, muscle
aches, dry cough, and chest discomfort. Sometimes the infection
causes joint pain and a rash.
Inspection of lung secretions, blood or urine, biopsied lung tissue,

and/or bone marrow.
Histoplasmosis is caused by the reproductive cells (spores) of the

fungus. The histoplasmosis fungus thrives in damp soil that's rich in
organic material, especially the droppings from birds and bats The
spores are extremely light and float into the air when dirt or other
contaminated material is disturbed, so infection is most commonly
transmitted during cleanup or demolition projects and to farmers and
landscapers.
Treatment usually isn't necessary if you have a mild case of

histoplasmosis. But if your symptoms are severe or if you have the
chronic or disseminated forms of the disease, you'll likely need
treatment with one or more antifungal drugs.
Ringworm (Tinea corporis)
Fungus
Dermatophytes
Symptoms of Disease
A circular rash on the skin thats red and inflamed around the edge
and healthy looking in the middle; slightly raised expanding rings of
red, scaly skin on the trunk or face; and/or a round, flat patch of itchy
skin.
Skin scrapings or samples from the infected area are taken and
looked at under a microscope.
Ringworm is contagious and can be spread in the following ways:

direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person; touching an
animal with ringworm; contact with objects or surfaces that an
infected person or animal has recently touched or rubbed against; or
contact with infected soil.
Administration of a prescription-strength topical antifungal or oral

medication.
Athletes Foot (Tinea pedis)
Fungus
Dermatophytes
Symptoms of Disease
Symptoms include itching, stinging, and burning between the toes;

itching, stinging, and burning on the soles of the feet; itchy blisters;
cracking and peeling skin, especially between the toes and on the
soles of the feet; excessive dryness of the skin on the bottoms or
sides of the feet; and/or toenails that are thick, crumbly, ragged,
discolored, or pulling away from the nail bed.
Skin scrapings or samples from the infected area are taken and
viewed under a microscope.
Athlete's foot thrives in thick, tight shoes that squeeze the toes
together and create warm, moist areas between them. Damp socks
and shoes and warm, humid conditions also favor the organisms'
growth. The fungus is transmitted by sharing clothes or shoes with
someone who has the fungal infection or walking barefoot in public
areas where the infection can spread.
Administration of antifungal medication.
All information contained on disease cards was obtained from
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/diseasesindex/diseasesindex ( 1998-2012 Mayo

Foundation for Medical Education and Research)


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Activity 5.1.

Name of Infectious Agent

The symptoms of TB disease depend on where in the body the

TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB

Antibiotic treatment with isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), or

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

General symptoms include throat pain, difficulty swallowing, red and

Throat culture, rapid antigen test, and/or rapid DNA test.

Streptococcal bacteria are highly contagious. They can spread

Oral antibiotic treatment with penicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, or

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Primary syphilis small sore on genitals

Blood test for presence of antibodies, fluid culture from sores, or

Spread through contact with an infected person's sore during sexual

Antibiotic treatment with penicillin.

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Giardia lamblia parasite

A gastrointestinal disease with water, sometimes foul-smelling

The infection is diagnosed with a stool sample.

Giardia parasites live in the intestines of people and animals. Before

Administration of medications specific to giardia infection (including

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Blood test for the parasite.

Microscopic parasites transmit the disease from person to person. A

Administration of antimalarial drugs.

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Cryptosporidium parvum parasite

A gastrointestinal disease whose symptoms include watery diarrhea,

The infection can be diagnosed with an acid-staining test which

Administration of anti-parasitic drug, anti-motility agents to slow

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

CJD is marked by rapid mental deterioration, usually within a few

CJD disease is caused by an abnormal version of a kind of protein

methods do not destroy abnormal prions.

No effective treatment exists for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or any of

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Infection is identified by stool tests, blood tests, and/or imaging

Administration of anti-parasite medications.

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

When a person swallows trichinella larvae encased in a cyst, the

Initial diagnosis relies on physical examination of the classic signs

People get trichinosis when they eat undercooked meat such as

Administration of anti-parasite (anti-helminthic) medication.

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Intestinal infections cause nausea, weakness, loss of appetite,

neurological symptoms including seizures.

Stool sample analysis, blood test, and/or imaging exam.

Consumption of food or water contaminated with feces from a

Administration of oral medications that are toxic to the adult

Type of Infectious Agent

Name of Infectious Agent

Symptoms include: runny or stuffy nose, itchy or sore throat, cough,

There is no cure for the common cold. Over-the-counter cold