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Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

CHAPTER 13
Recognizing Different Sports Injuries
OVERVIEW

Individuals working with athletes can try their best to prevent injury, but due
to the nature of sports, injuries will eventually occur. These injuries can be
classified as either acute or chronic with further classification depending on the
specific structures involved. Acute injuries include fractures, dislocations,
contusions, sprains, and strains. Overuse, or chronic injuries include stress
fractures, tendinitis, and bursitis.
Each of these types of injuries must go through a healing process. The three
stages of this process are the same for every injury, but the time it takes for each
injury will vary depending on the type and severity. Little can be done to increase
the amount of time it takes to go through these stages. However the healing
environment can be improved so that the body can do its job.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying Chapter 13, the student will be able to:
Differentiate between acute and chronic injury.
Describe acute traumatic injuries including fractures, dislocations and
subluxations, contusions, ligament sprains, muscle strains, muscle soreness, and
nerve injuries.
Describe chronic overuse injuries involving tendinitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis,
osteoarthritis, and myofascial trigger points.
Explain the various phases of the healing process.

KEY TERMINOLOGY
Acute injury - Immediate injury cause by a trauma
Articular cartilage - The layer that covers the joint surfaces of long bones
Avulsion Fracture Separation of a bone fragment from its cortex at an
attachment of a ligament or tendon
Callus New bone formation over a fracture site
Chronic injury - An injury that results from overuse caused by repetitive activity
Closed fracture - Classification of a fracture in which there is little or no
displacement of broken bones
Comminuted Fractures Consist of three or more fragments at the fracture site
Contusion Another name for a bruise
Dislocation - Occurs when at least one bone in a joint (articulation) is forced
completely out of its normal position and must be manually or surgically reduced
Greenstick Fracture Incomplete beaks in bones that have not completely ossified
Impacted Fractures Compression of a long bone that causes one part of the bone
to telescope on the other part of the bone
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2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

Linear Fractures The bone splits along its length.


Mechanoreceptors Nerves located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints that
provide information about joint position
Muscle Guarding Involuntary muscle contractions that occur in response to pain
following musculoskeletal injury
Myositis Ossificans Calcium deposits found in muscle tissue due to repeated
trauma
Open fracture Displacement of the fractured ends so that the bone actually
breaks through surrounding tissues including the skin
Neuritis Chronic nerve problem
Oblique Fracture Similar to spiral fractures, occur when one end receives a
sudden torsion or twisting and the other end is fixed or stabilized
Osteoarthritis - Degeneration of the articular cartilage in a joint
Osteoblasts - Bone forming cells found throughout the periosteum
Osteoclasts - Cells that function to reshape bone in response to stress and strain
Spiral Fracture Fractures that present with a S-shaped separation in the bone
Sprain - Damage to ligaments
Strain - Damage to contractile tissue including muscles and tendons
Stress fractures - Classification of a fracture that results from overuse rather than
an acute trauma, commonly located in the bones of the legs and feet
Subluxation - Occurs when a bone in a joint (articulation) is forced partially out of
its normal alignment; however it goes right back into place without intervention.
Tendinitis - An overuse problem involving inflammation of a tendon
Tenosynovitis - An overuse problem involving inflammation of the tendon sheath
Transverse Fracture Fractures that occur in a straight line, more or less at right
angles to the bone shaft
Trigger point - An area of tenderness in a tight band of muscle

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What are the
2. What are the
prevented?
3. What are the
4. What are the

structures found in a joint? How can they become injured?


types of muscle soreness? What causes them? How can they be
differences between acute and chronic injuries?
stages of the healing process? What happens in each stage?

CLASS ACTIVITIES
1. Allow the class to view various illustrations and images of the differences in the
types of tissues and how their locations may lead to injury.
2. Have an orthopedic physician come and talk about the different types of injuries
and what some possible complications are if they not correctly treated.
3. Obtain blinded samples of X-rays from a radiologist to demonstrate the different
types of fractures. Present them to the class to see if they can identify the
fracture.

WORKSHEET ANSWERS
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2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

Matching
1. l
2. e
3. h

4. g
5. f
6. a

7. j
8. i
9. k

10. d
11. b

Short Answer
12.Acute onset and delayed onset
13.Tension, compression, bending, twisting (torsion), and shear
14.A callus is formed by osteoblasts over the fracture site. Osteoclasts reshape the
bone until it looks and functions as it did prior to injury.
15.When a dislocation occurs, one of the bones that form the joint is forced out of
its normal alignment and must be reduced manually or surgically. When a
subluxation occurs, one of the bones is partially forced out of its alignment;
however the joint spontaneously reduces without any other intervention.
16.Grade 1 - some stretching and separation, Grade 2 - some tearing and
separation, Grade 3 -total tearing.
17.Inflammation initiates the healing process.
Listing
18.
Diaphysis
19.
Epiphysis
20.
Articular cartilage
21.
Periosteum
22.
Osteoblasts
23 -26.
Any of the acute injuries mentioned.
27 -30.
Any of the chronic injuries mentioned.
Essay
31-38.See Fig. 13-3 (page 210), Includes: greenstick fractures, transverse fractures,
spiral fractures, oblique fractures, impacted fractures, linear fractures,
comminuted fractures, and avulsion fractures
39-44.See page 217 - 219
Inflammatory response phase: begins immediately after injury. This is the
most critical phase of the healing process. During this phase, phagocytic
cells clean up the mess created by the injury. During this phase, the injured
area is characterized by redness, swelling, tenderness, increased
temperature and loss of function. Usually lasts 2-4 days following initial
injury.
Fibroblastic repair phase: proliferation and regeneration activity leads to scar
formation and repair of the injured tissue. Period of scar formation =
fibroplasia, begins within the first few hours following injury and may last for
as long as 4-6 weeks.

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2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

Maturation-remodeling phase: Is a long term process. This phase features


realignment or remodeling of the scar tissue according to the tensile forces to
which that is subjected. With increased stress and strain, the collagen fibers
that make up the scar realign in a position of maximum efficiency parallel to
the lines of stress. May require several years to become complete.
NAME ______________________________
SECTION__________

CHAPTER 13 WORKSHEET
Recognizing Different Sports Injuries
MATCHING: Match the following terms with the appropriate response.
______ 1. Closed fracture
______ 2. Open fracture
______ 3. Stress fracture
______ 4. Sprain
______ 5. Strain
______ 6. Mechanoreceptors
______ 7. Myositis ossificans
______ 8. Muscle guarding
______ 9. Crepitus
______10.Neuritis
______11.Callus

a. Nerves that provide information


about joint position
b. New bone formation over a fracture
site
d. Chronic nerve problems
e. A portion of a broken bone breaks
through the skin
f. An injury to muscles and tendons
g. An injury to ligaments
h. This condition results from overuse
and is localized to weight bearing
bones
i. Involuntary contractions in
response to pain
j. Calcium formation found in muscle
tissue due to repetitive trauma
k. A crackling sound
l. Little or no displacement of broken
bones

SHORT ANSWER: Answer the following questions with a brief response.


12.

What are the two types of muscle soreness?

13.

When applied, what types of forces can lead to a fracture?

14.

How does a fracture heal?

15.

What is the difference between a dislocation and a subluxation?

16.

What are the different grades of injury?


IM-13 | 4

2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

17.

Why is inflammation important?

IM-13 | 5
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

Chapter 13 Recognizing Different Sports Injuries

LISTING: List the structures that make up bone.


18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
List four types of acute injuries.
23.
24.
25.
26.
List four types of overuse injuries.
27.
28.
29.
30.
ESSAY:
31-38.Describe the different types of fractures.

39-44.What are the stages of the healing process and what occurs in each stage?

IM-13 | 6
2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

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