NONVERBAL REASONING : AN INTRODUCTION Logical reasoning test is also known as Mental Ability Test or General intelligence test. This test, ‘as @ whole, measures the ability of our mind to solve any problem. It evaluates our manner of thinking and arriving at conclusions at our personal level. Though the thinking ability of logical reasoning and intelligence varies from person to person, it should be remembered that the more 18 person uses his reasoning ability, the higher is his level of intellect. Nonverbal reasoning is a part of Abstract Reasoning where no verbal language is used. It examines the mental and psychological Jevet of the candidates. Words and letters (in English and Hindi) are seldom used in this. Hence, it does not require knowledge of words, their meanings and its usage. It tests your ability to argue, reason and think to arrive at a conclusion quickly and accurately with the help of figures, patterns and symbols. A candidate is expected to think upon various characteristics of figures/lines/drawings/symbols and determine their relationship to answer the questions based on them. The most important point to remember in solving nonverbal questions is to follow @ logical procedure. It requires abilities like memory-power, mental reflection, ability to grasp characteristics and arrive at visual conclusions. Nonverbal reasoning tests judge a person's power of memory, thinking ability, ability to identity similarity and differences and come to a conclusion quickly on the basis of given figures, patterns and symbols. Before actually solving questions on nonverbal reasoning, let us clarify a few fundamental facts of terms used in it, Element :- A particular symbol, component or design in the given diagram is known as anelement. Erame or Figure :- A diagram which contains an element or group of elements is known as frame or figure. Thus, if we take seven elements like “$” , “€*, “#", “+”, “x”, and “@" and make a design containing all of these in a square, itis called a frame. is + aI le x ¢ In order to clearly identify the elements in a frame, we divide the frame into Horizontal segments. Hence we say ‘$' is at top left corner, ‘¢’ is at Top-Right-corner, ‘+’ is at Top-middle, ‘@" is at Bottom-left-corner, ‘#" is at bottom-right corner, ‘x’ is at bottom middle and @ is at centre and so on. This segmentation is useful when the number of elements are mor Sometimes, it is easier to identify the elements based directions. Let us revise the basic geographical directions. NORTH NORTH WEST, NORTH EAST WEST EAST ‘SOUTH WesT! ‘SOUTH EAST SOUTHMOVEMENT/ROTATION Objects or elements in a frame move in different ways. The movement of deviation of figures, line segments, diagrams, symbols, designs can be shown as follows :- (1) LHS —> RHS and LHs < RHS ABC ar) GFE Ian element moves from’ A’ 10 "8" (2) uP uP Loe fo, DOWN DOWN. itis said that the element has covered a distance equal to half a side. if an element moves from ‘A’ to °C’ or'E’ to ‘C’, ithas covered a distance equal to one side. ‘When it has moved fram ‘A’ to ‘D’, ithas moved by 1 1/2 sides and when it moves trom'A’ toe’, it has moved by two sides and so on. This movement or rotation or shift of an element on its axis, or around 2 paint can be either in clockwise or anticlockwise direction, When the element rotates or moves from Left to Right, it is termed.as ‘clockwise rotation’ and when it moves from Right to Lett, it is termed as ‘anticlockwise rotation’. Movement of element from ‘A’ to ‘B’ and that from °B'10'A’ are exampies.of movement in clockwise and anticlockwise directions respectively. ‘The following diagrams exhibit the rotation of elements, both clockwise and anticlockwise. Clockwise Rotation :- Initial Position Initial Position cree Final Position 48° Clockwise 90° Clockwise Rotation Rotation Initial Position Initial Position’ Oe Final Position 48° anticlockwise 90° anticlockwise Rotation RotationOAT OR Om mn H | ee Observe the following angles of Rotation :~ . 20! 136° 4° : : 180” x 225° 318° 270° Remember one important thing in this, Clockwise rotation in Degrees = 360 - Anticlockwise Rotation in degrees 45° Clockwise Rotation = 315° Anticlockwise Rotation 90° Clockwise Rotation = 270° Anticlockwise Rotation 135° Clockwise Rotation = 225° Anticlockwise Rotation and so on See the following examples, where element ‘X’ moves in the anticlockwise direction through 45° in each successive figure as we proceed from left to right. xp * - I x : x ay (2). (3) (4) ©) © ” ® Observe the clockwise rotation in the following example :- Sb glee Le a) @) 3) @ 6) (6) ” (8) Rotation about the vertical plane and horizontal plane {tis difficuit for a beginner to understand the basic difference between the rotation of an element about a vertical plane and a horizontal plane. Rotation about the vertical plane or Mirror Image :- Ina mirror image , the right part of an object appears at the left side and vice-versa, but the upper and lower parts remain constant. Observe the following vertical rotation aIl.S ~ (oie mirror object. mirror image imageIn this rotation, the figures or a design overturns, by which the lower and upper parts interchange positions and the left and right parts remain constant. L Observe the following examples VV Peso + cet ae Zee vow We frequently come across the rotation of alphabets and digits about their vertical plane and horizontal plane respectively. Observe the following rotations of digits and alphabets. Note: V.P = Vertical plane (mirror image) H.P = Horizontal plane (water image) 1234567869 vR tse ee2aryee HPo4 5 3-42 e 3 BB vR ASOGIIOHILAIM HP VBCDEEGHIUKTW NOPQRSTUVWXYZ vP MOVTOReTUVWXYS . HP UObGHeLAAMXAS Please note the following observations :- (1) Five alphabets ‘H’, ‘I’, 'N’, ‘O' and plane, give similar result. on rotation about their vertical plané and horizontal (2) Seven alphabets like ‘C’, ‘D look same as they are. “O' and x’, after rotation about their horizontal plane, (3) Two digits zero (0) and eight (8) have their water image exactly like them. $ same as the water image of number nine (4) The mirror image ot number six ‘6‘ \ i 6 6 EN Oey 0 em ane Mirror images and water images of fow designs are given for your observation. Vertical Plane Horizontal Plane 9 Oo oO o @ i) WP . tiv) /o U & g ov aw.. : w) ae hb @ oO a) win LP 4b The most commonly-used nonverbal tests are series, analogies and classifications. They also include arranging figures in proper sequence, pattern completion, spotting the hidden figures and finding the similar pattern. We will discuss questions appearing on series first. Series Completion In these types of questions, two sets of figures pose the problem. The sets are called probiem figures and answer figures. Each problem figure changes in design trom the preceding one. The answer figure set contains four oF five figures marked 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. You are required to choose the correct answer figure, keeping in mind all the possible changes in the figures (whether it is movement, rotation or deviation). Each frame of the problem figure generally continues to change trom left to right in a specific order, This specific order provides a clue to get the required answer. The best method to adopt to get the answer is Elimination process. In this; generally we choose the answer figure after analysing each and every element, {rom frame to frame, considering its change in movement, direction and rotation. Tod SMP eS ‘You must remember the folowing points about series while choosing the correct answer figure. (1) Addition of elements. (2) Deletion of elements. (3) Rotation of elements clockwise or anticlockwise. (4) Linear movement of elements half side, one side, one and a half side and so on. (8) Combination of operations: Addition plus rotation, Addition and deletion, Deletion plus rotation ete. (6) Replacement of elements.1) 2) 3) 4) ‘Types of questions on series = [hn Gi In each successive figure, one arrow is added, pointing down in first two figures and then pointing up in next two figures. At the same time, the direction of pre-existing arrows Is reversed. The answer is (5) Deletion - In this type, in each successive or alternate figures, the number of line segments or dots or sides are deleted. e.g, Problem Figures ‘Answer Figures AIA\A|AlA rplrxrle aja a 2) @ ay 6) In each subsequent figure, 1/2, 1, 1 1/2, 2 and 2 1/2 sides are deteted in a specitic order in an anticlockwise manner. So, the answer is (1) Problem Figures ‘Answer Figures QqQ oo 8 O @ yo ae oy OF O uw s rE & k ba * le be 1 2 3 4 5 In each subsequent figure, one new line segment is added at an angle of 45° in the clockwise direction. In alternate figures, the small citcle is shaded half and the shaded part moves 80° in the clockwise direction. In the remaining two figures, only oné-fourth part at the bottom left is shaded. So, in answer figure which is (3), the number of line segments‘will be 6 and the circle is shaded like in problem figure (2) or (4). Hence; the answer is (3). vement of designs ;- In this type, a particular figure in a frame rotates in the clockwise or anticlockwise direction in each successive figure. It may be combined with movement of some other elements in a frame. €.9. Problem Figures Answer Figures 7) Pe 7B) 7] eS we yy sO) Be ® a» >ETON OR ey ein ree { 5) 8 a In each successive figure, the! arrow moves one side in the clockwise direction after alternately rotating through 45° clockwise and 96° anticlockwise. The other design moves 1/2 side in the anticlockwise direction in each subsequent figure. When the sequence is continued, the answers (4) iy t ns. Jn each subsequent figures, the element moves a certain distance and one’ of the elements is repiaced by a now element, Answer Figures QBVWAES a 2) @) BAe Each element moves forward in a clockwise direction and a new element appears in the right sector, replacing the previous element. The answer is (5). Finding the missing figure in the series. In questions of this type, generally the third or fourth figure is to be found out. e.g. Problem Figures Answer Figures CS 1AlQQ|ElP/alo| 2) In each successive figure, the atrow reverses its direction and moves 45°, 90° in the clockwise direction in alternate figures. So, figure 2 should be there in place of the question mark Now pattern :- Sometimes, we have different types of questions on series in which there are seven figures'ina row. The first and the last figure is nat numbered! and the middle five figures are numbered (1). (2). {3), (4) and (5), The answer figure lies in these live-numbered figures. You have to Sind two figures ‘out of these five, who need to interchange tneir positions so that we get @ continuous series. The -number of the earlier figure is the answer e.g A @ @ (2) 3) (4) (5) ®) In this, we can see that the number of lines are increasing by one in each successive figure. Afso, the lines are vertical and horizontal in the alternate figure. ‘So, it we interchange the positions of figure (2) with figure (5); we will get @ continuous series, In this case, the answer is (2). tl iMa) (2) Similar type of question is also asked in a different way as given below. Each of the following series consists of seven figures, two of which at the ends are unnumbered. One of the five numbered figures does not fit into series. Find out the figure f a =]a=%]=~0 & x|a ofa Jo x ox ° As a ca @) 4) 6) Answer of above question is (5) In each subsequent figure, one new element is added, also atl elements are shifted 1/2 side in anticlockwise direction in each successive figure. Element 'S! present in figure (5) is absent in the last unnumbered figure. Therefore answer is (5). ° x ¥ ac on* ANALOGY :- Analogy constitutes a part of Abstract Reasoning test. It is defined as similarity or process of reasoning from parallel cases. It is also known as relationship test. In this. the problem figure consists of two sets. The first set has two frames marked (1) and (2) or (A) and (B) (sometimes ‘separated by the sign of colon (:) and the second set which is separated by the sign «:). also has two frames marked (3) and (4) or (C) and (D) (sometimes separated by the sign :} The (igures in the first set bear a certain analogy or relationship with each other. The same relationship is feflected in the third figure of the second set. The fourth figure is either blank or contains a question mark (2). You have to choose [rom the Set of answer figures marked (A). (B), (C) and (D), one figure bearing the same analogy as in the first figure, to fill the blank column or feplace the question mark. Analogical questions can be classified as follows. Rotative Relationship :- Where various elements in the diagram (dots, arrows, circles, squares, triangles) rotate in a certain specitic directions example: clockwise and anticlockwise, once Clockwise and then anticlockwise and vice-versa, from lelt to right or right.to left. or alternately to left and right and so on, e.g Problem Figures ‘Answer Figures ODE ROAR (A) (8) (cy (0) a (2) @) @) 8) Figure (B) is abtained from (A) after the rotation of figure (A) through 180° in the clockwise Girection. In the samo manner, alter rotation of (C) through 180° inthe clockwise direction, (0) obtained, which is the same as (3) Quantitative Relationship :- The elements in the frames increase or decrease in a specific order. They may increase consecutively or decrease or alternately inctease/decrease. e.9. Problem Figures Answer Figures @| |G 2 @'@ A) (6) (p) a) (2) @) (4) (5) > 4 > 2 33) (4), » In figure (A), there are two small circles outside the large circle and one plus sign inside the large circle. #2 figure (B), the number of small circles become half and the number of plus signs double. Since in figure (C), there are four small circles outside the large circle and two plus signs inside the large circle, keeping in view the analogical relationship between (A) and (B), in answer figure (OD), there should be two small circles (reducing by half) and four plus signs (Increasing to double). Hence, (4) is the answer. Positional Analogies :- In these analogies, the position of the elements change or interchange in a specitic direction/order. Problem Figures ‘Answer Figures A? Oe @ (A) (B) (c) (0) (1) @ (3) (4) (8) In figure (A), there is a circle inside the square and in tigure (B), there is a square inside the circle. This means that the two geometrical figures interchange their positions. The position of the dot is changed from outside-figure in (A) to inside figure in (B). Both the figures have horizontal lines. Based on this relationship, figure (5) fits well in place of the question mark. Structural Analogies :- In these analogies, the structure of the elements change or interchange in a specific direction / order. 0.9. Problem Figures Answer Figures “as, als | ZPS a Py@y “® 8) © = © 2 © © 8 The dotted rectangle in figure (A) is completed in figure (B). Also the diagonal lines inside the dotted rectangle are complete and those in the complete figure are dotted. The smail circle and shaded dot move in the anticlockwise direction from (A) to (B). Based on the same relationship, in the answer figure, we should have a complete square with dotted diagonals and the shifting of ‘x’ and ‘o' in the anticlockwise direction. So, the answer figure (2) is the answer. Questions on analogy can alsd be asked in two different ways as given below In each of the following problems, a related pair of figuresis given followed by five numbered pairs of figures. Four out of five pairs have similar relationship as that of the original pair. Select a pair that does not have a relationship similar to that in the original pair.2) ” 210: un>n| L U u €. > >>cc¢| Anuu > nunu t >| u oH 6 @o @-u 1a 6) The answer for this is (1) It is observed that the first and third elements from top rotate by 90° clockwise while the second and fourth elements from top rotate by 90° anticlockwise. In each of the fotiowing problems, a related pair of figures is given followed by five numbered pairs of figures. Select a pair that has a relationship similar to that in the original pair. hd 1 a UIT ZI Z[ 273812120974 mo ,@w t @t 1 au 1 @) ul The answer for this is (4). It can be seen that figure (I!) in each pair is obtained after rotation of figure (1) through 180° in clockwise directions. Classification ~~ in these questions, generally there is a group of five figures marked serially from (1) to (8) or (A) to E. Out of these five figures, four are similar in some way and one is different. Thus, it is a process of finding the odd man out in a specific class of figures. In these types of questions, only ‘one set of figures is provided, which serves the purpose of both problem figures and answer figures. In order to find out the odd figure, you should carefully observe the movement or rotation of the main design and other changes in the subsidiary designs. Classification questions can be categorised as follows :- jotation of De - In the course of rotation, the design maintains a definite relation with the angles. During rotation, the figure maintains its original shape and follows a certain pattern. 0.9.NEON omen ge OO ee Ke ikMin 6) @ (5) Except figure (3), all the other figures can be obtained trom any other by rotating the figure. Also, inal the other figures, the angle between the two arms of the figure is 90°, while in figure (3), it is an acute angle. : 2) Sides of figures :- In this type, the given geometrical figures may form a group on the basis of similar rotation, movement or orientation. e.g. In the following figures, the answer is figure 1 because in all the ottier figures, two identical geometrical figures intersect each other. JB SIA A SO (1) (2) 3) 4). 3) Number of Designs :- One of the given figures differs trom the others in the number of elements. €.9. For the following set of figures, fig.(5) is the answer because in this, the number of dots outside the figureis even. The rest of the figures have odd number of dots, PEASE 7» ® ® © & In each of the following questions, in four out of five figure {}) is related to figure (Il) in some Particular way. Find the figure in which the figure (1) is not so related to figure (It. [MIL fat] fe] =e | : row ot ew @ W r @iu 1 6) ' “Answer for this question is (A) iad