TOEFL Reading Passage : Critical Thinking

Tiger Behaviour Movement

Line 1

1. Tigers are territorial and usually solitary in nature. Their social system is

connected through visual signals, scent marks and vocalisations.

2. Tigers are usually solitary in nature, interacting briefly only for mating (5) purposes and
occasionally to share their kill. However, there has been a few rare instances documented
Line 5 which tigers have collaborated on a hunt, similar to a pride of lions.
3. The size of tiger territories varies greatly by locality, season and prey density (the
amount of prey in a given area). In areas with high prey (10) densities, tiger territories tend to
be smaller in size because ample prey may be found in smaller vicinity. For male tigers in
Ranthambhore India; the prey concentrations are high and male tigers have territories that
Line 10 range in size from 5 to 150 km2 (2 to 60 mi2). In Siberia the prey concentrations are
much lower and male tiger territories range in size (15) from 800 to 1200 km2 (320 to 480
mi2). Seasonality in terms of prey migrations, food availability and weather may also affect
prey populations and therefore the size of tiger territories.
Social Behavior
Line 15 4. Males have larger territories than females. An adult male's territory will usually
overlap several females' territories. The larger area contains (20) more than enough food,
water and shelter resources, but is larger to accommodate more females' territories. Therefore,
females are the most coveted resource for males.
5

Aggression amongst adult male tigers can be influenced by the number of tigers in a

given
Line 20 area (density) and whether there is a social (25)disruption in which males are
competing to take control of a territory. The intensity of aggression increased when there are
high tiger densities for a given area because there is more competition of resources and mating
opportunities. Resident male territory-holders may be challenged by other young males for
possession of the territory (30) or the young males may challenge each for ownership if the
Line 25 resident male has vacated or dies. The strongest male will take possession of the
territory. These times of social disruption may also cause aggression between females.

Tigresses' territories are smaller than that of males but focus on vital resources

required for rearing young.

4

Tigresses usually occupy territories adjacent to or take over parts of their mother's

territory.
Question
1. The word vocalisations in line 3 is closet in meaning to
a. sounding
b. silence
c. standing
d. Stay
2. The word there in line 5 refers to
a. Nature
b. Kill
c. Tiger
d. Lion
3. How do the male tiger territory?
a. Create sign-posts to advertise their territory.
b. Male tigers territory will usually overlap several females territories.
c. Marking or spraying the urine, feces located on areas of the body.
d. Fight with other tiger.
4. The word Aggression in the line 23 is closet in meaning to.
a. discarding
b. harvest
c. molestation
d. sacrifice
5. It can be inferred from the passage that territories (line) are
a. place
b. female tiger
c. area
d. location
6. The word collaborated in line is closest in meaning to.
a. communicate
b. competitive

c. team up
d. snatch
7. What does the author mention about the intensity of aggression increased.
a. The size of tiger is getting bigger.
b. The vigor of the spass getting higher.
c. Tiger will increased
d. In the future tiger will extinct.
8. The word disruption in line 25, is closet in meaning to
gap
a. interruption
b. break
c. disturbance
9. What is the young male tiger do after win the challenge
a. kill other male
b. rights owned the area of loser
c. make the sign that this was it land
d. find female tiger
10. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Today tiger was only in the zoo

Sciencetists know that tiger cannot territory by itself
Tiger always live alone
Tigers are territorial and usually solitary in nature

(1) Natural farming is an ecological farming approach established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913
2008), a Japanese farmer and philosopher, introduced in his 1975 book The One-Straw
Revolution. Fukuoka described his way of farming as (shizen nh) in Japanese. It is
also referred to
(5) as "the Fukuoka Method", "the natural way of farming" or "do-nothing farming". The title refers
not to lack of effort, but to the avoidance of manufactured inputs and equipment. Natural farming is
related to fertility farming, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, agroforestry, ecoagricultureand
permaculture but should be distinguished from biodynamic agriculture.
(10)The system exploits the complexity of living organisms that shape each particular ecosystem.
Fukuoka saw farming both as a means of producing food and as an aesthetic or spiritual approach
to life, the ultimate goal of which was, "the cultivation and perfection of human beings. He
suggested that farmers could benefit from closely observing local conditions. Natural (15)farming is
a closed system, one that demands no human-supplied inputs and mimics nature.
Fukuoka's ideas challenged conventions that are core to modern agro-industries, instead
promoting an approach that takes advantage of the local environment. Natural farming differs from

conventional organic farming, which (20)Fukuoka considered to be another modern technique that
disturbs nature.
Fukuoka claimed that his approach prevents water pollution, biodiversityloss and soil erosion,
while providing ample amounts of food.
Question
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. How to plant the tree
b. What is the agricultural in Thailand
c. The agricultural of the Japanese philisopher
d. Framing in Japan
12. What is cultivation in line 13 means?
a. agriculture
b. improvement
c. planting
d. tradition
13. Why dont Fukuoka promoting an approach that takes advantage of local environment
a. It is idea challenged conventions that core modern agro-industries
b. Fukuoka said that its a natural way to planting
c. Because itt not the good way
d. this way have alot of risk.
14. Whats exploit in line 10 closing in meaning to
a.
b.
c.
d.

explode
find out
invention
venture

15. The word He in line 15 refers to

a. Japanese people
b. Barack Obama
c. Fukuoka
d. Plant
16. What is the goal of Fukuoka
a.
b.
c.
d.

The cultivation and perfection of human beings.

To plant 1,000 trees.
Increas the product.
Consume the product.

17. The word sustainable in line 7 closing in meaning to

a. still
b. continue
c. develope
d. Stable
18. Why the title refers not to lack of effort
a.
b.To avoidance of manufactured inputs and equipment.
c.
d.
19. What is the idea for Fukuoka to create the town?
a. //Know how to preserve the nature.
b. Find the way not to destroy the nature.
c. Know the way of soil erosion.
d. Solve water pollution problem.
20. What is the Fukuoka method?
a. The way to lack support
b. Related to non fertility farming
c. // How to support the effort.
d. Related to support the equipment and inputs.

Criminal law: an overview

(1)Criminal law involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been
classified as a crime. Civil cases, on the other hand, involve individuals and organizations seeking
to resolve legal disputes. In a criminal case, the state, through a prosecutor, initiates the suit, while
in a civil case the victim brings the suit. Persons convicted of a crime may be

(5)

incarcerated, fined, or both. However, persons found liable in a civil case may only have to give up
property or pay money, but are not incarcerated.
A "crime" is any act or omission (of an act) in violation of a public law forbidding or commanding
it. Though there are some common law crimes, most crimes in the United States are established by
local, state, and federal governments. Criminal laws vary significantly

(10) from state to state.

There is, however, a Model Penal Code (MPC) which serves as a good starting place to gain an
understanding of the basic structure of criminal liability.
Crimes include both felonies (more serious offenses -- like murder or rape) and misdemeanors (less
serious offenses -- like petty theft or jaywalking). Felonies are usually crimes punishable by
imprisonment of a year or more, while misdemeanors are

(15) crimes punishable by less than a year. However, no act is a crime if it has not been previously
established as such either by statute or common law. Recently, the list of Federal crimes dealing
with activities extending beyond state boundaries or having special impact on federal operations,
has grown.
All statutes describing criminal behavior can be broken down into their various elements. (20)Most
crimes (with the exception of strict-liability crimes) consist of two elements: an act, or "actus reus,"
and a mental state, or "mens rea". Prosecutors have to prove each and every element of the crime to
yield a conviction. Furthermore, the prosecutor must persuade the jury or judge "beyond a
reasonable doubt" of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged. In civil cases, the plaintiff
needs to show a defendant is liable only by a "preponderance of the (25)evidence," or more than
50%.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
a. How the United States Constitution effects of crimes.
b. Meaning of crime.
c. Criminal behavior.
d. Civil case.
22. Which of the following can be inferred about criminal law.
a.
b. // individual amd organizations seeking to resolve legal disputes.
c.
d.
23. Why does the United States government have the criminal law?
a. To decrease percent of judge.
b. To decrease percent of crime.
c. To decrease percent of people.
d. To decrease percent of police.
24. Which of the following best describes of the crime?
a. a foolish act
b. a grave offense especially against morality.
c. someone do something good for themselves.A
d. an illegal act for which someone can be punished by the government

25. The author mentions crime in order to?

a. give examples.
B. give definition.
c. describe about crime.
d. explain about meaning.
26. The word boundaries in line 17 is mean?
a. Something that indicates a border or limit.
b. The limit area.
c. the collection of all points
d. Soldiers guarded the frontier.
27. According to the passage, which of the following was true?
a. The crime will be free after arrested for one year.
b. The police will earn a profit after catch a crime
c. Crimes include murder and rape.
d. The judges dont have to jude the crime.
28. According to the passage, which of the following was a case of crimes.
a. Rape
b. abortion
c. steal a snack
d. fight between ant.
29. The phrase in violation of in line 7 closet meaning to
a. //The act or an instance of violating or the condition of being violated.
b.
c.
d.
30. Which of the following is not mention
a. Crime have to go in jail.
b. Crime is a bad guy
c. Crime is a good guys.
d. Crimes have to catch by police

Casting
(1)Casting

is taken care of by Casting Directors, who are very good at finding actors who
match the directors specifications. Obviously the director makes the final choices, but the
preliminary selection which is the most time-consuming and tedious part is done by
casting directors, who are, frankly, worth every penny they charge. They know (5)literally
thousands of actors and can quickly find the right actor former a role. They also tend to
follow the careers of actors, knowing that, a decade or more down the line, a currently

unemployable actor will be hot property, having developed his skills and maturity. I heard
this stuff straight from the horses mouth! I have had the pleasure of meeting many casting
directors and I find them very pleasant and smart. Actors (10)probably loathe them, but as
a director I absolutely love them.
Locations
Finding appropriate locations can be a real pain. In Los Angeles finding locations is a
nightmare if you need something like a spacious office and cannot afford $10,000 per day
in location rent. Good mdeals can always be found, but its tough. In my experience the
best way to get a good a good deal on fancy locations is to contact an honest film
(15)location agent and explain your situation. As always in independent movie making, if
they like you they will help you, and if they dont you are out of luck.
Script breakdown
The script breakdown is the process in which every single item needed for the movies
shoot is identified. This includes locations, props, effects absolutely everything. You need
a real movie producer to do this. Dont learn this lesson the hard way!
31. Which of the following is Not mentioned in the passage.
a. How to casting an actor.
b. How to select location.
c. How to direct a film.
d. How to breakdown the script
32. The word" " in line 3 is closest in meaning to
a. primary
B. early
C. first
D. prior
33. According to the passage, what is "worth every penny" means?
A. Get a lot of actors
B. Get little money
C. // Get a lot of money
D. Get enough money
34. The word " literally " in line 5 closest meaning to
A.entirely
B.genuinely
C.actully
D.physically

35. What is the duty of casting directors to the actors?

A. Consuming
B // good selecting
C. Tedious part
D. Final choice
36. The word " probably " in line 10 is closest meaning to
A.maybe
B. sometimes
C.haply
D.somewhat

37. What does the author's purpose want to tell you?

A. How to select the casting
B. How to follow the careers and actors
C. // How to do the casting.
D. How to develope his skill and maturity
38. What is the main point of seconds paragraph(location)
A. How to choose location
B. How to find location
C. How to rent the location
D. How to use the location
39." you " in line 18 refers to
A. the director
B. the reader
C. the publisher
D. the writer
40. According to the passage what is the qualification of casting directions?
A. Be good at finding the final choices.
B. Be pleasant and smart.
C. Tend to follow the careers.
D. // Be good at looking the appropriate actors.
Earth, our home planet, is the only planet in our solar system known to harbor life. All of the things
we need to survive are provided under a thin layer of atmosphere that separates us from the
uninhabitable void of space. Earth is made up of complex, interactive systems that are often
unpredictable. Air, water, land, and lifeincluding humanscombine forces to (5)create a
constantly changing world that we are striving to understand.
Viewing Earth from the unique perspective of space provides the opportunity to see Earth as a
whole. Scientists around the world have discovered many things about our planet by working
together and sharing their findings.
Some facts are well known. For instance, Earth is the third planet from the sun and the fifth

(10)largest in the solar system. Earth's diameter is just a few hundred kilometers larger than that of
Venus. The four seasons are a result of Earth's axis of rotation being tilted more than 23 degrees.
Oceans at least 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) deep cover nearly 70 percent of Earth's surface. Fresh
water exists in the liquid phase only within a narrow temperature span (32 to 212 (15)degrees
Fahrenheit/ 0 to 100 degrees Celsius). This temperature span is especially narrow when
contrasted with the full range of temperatures found within the solar system. The presence and
distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere is responsible for much of Earth's weather.
41. What is the main point of the first paragraph?
A. Earth isnt the only planet in our solar system.
B. Earth is made up of complex.
C. Earth is our home.
D. Earth have atmosphere.
42. According to the passage, what is the Earth composed of?
A. Air
B. Water
C. Land
D. // All of the above.
43. According to the passage, what is the result of Earth's rotating
A. Water vapor
B. // four seasons
C. Solar system
D. The Earth's diameters.
44. The word " perspective " in line 6 is closest in meaning to
A. view
B.vista
C.landscape
D. point of view
45. According to the third paragraph, what is the qualitification of the scientists do about their jobs?
A. Sharing the idea.
B. Working together
C. Find the fact together
D. Letter a and b are correct
46. The word " narrow " in line 14 refers to
A. cramped
B.limited
C.parochial
D.strait
47. According to the passage, what make the effect to the Earth's weather.
A. Water
B. Air
C.//Water vapor
D. Land

48. The word " especially " in line 15 is closest in meaning to

A.specifically
B.particularly
C.furthermore
D. preferably

49. The discussion of Earth in the first paragraph is organized according to the..
A. Atmosphere
B. Solar system
C. //Our home planet
D. Thin layer
50. Which of the following stucture is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A.Air
B.land
C.water
D. light