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  • Efeito Da Musica

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    8 visualizações6 páginas

    Efeito Da Musica

    Enviado por

    JUNINHU_PRIME
    Artigo interessante

    Direitos autorais:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Baixe no formato PDF ou leia online no Scribd
    Sinalizar o conteúdo como inadequado
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    {SPORTS MED PHYS FITNESS 2008:45:425-30 Effects of music during exercise on RPE, heart rate and the autonomic nervous system S. YAMASHITA |, K. EWAI |, T. AKIMOTO 2, J, SUGAWARA 3, I. KONO 4 Aim. The purpose ofthis study was Coin ‘Ship between the influence of music on RPE during sub-max- imal exercise and on the autonome nervous system before and after sub-maximal exercise. Methods. Heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRY) and rates of physical fatigue (RPE) during exercise at 60% and at 40% Fama With and without musie were measured. The exercise profocor consisted ot a3-min seated rest control perio fl {owed by a 30-min submaximal eyeling exereise and a 35min recovery period. Autonomie-nervous activity was measured before and after exercise. During exercise, RPE was recorded every 3 min and HR was recorded for every minute. evulis. Although RPE did not differ during exercise at 60% this vale was lower during exereie at 40% VOaqan inthe presence, than in the absence of a favorite plece musle (®<0.05). HR, HFA and LEAHEA of HRY significantly dit fered with exercise intensity inthe absence (P0.05), but not in the presence of mus Conclusions. These Endings suggested that music evokes a “dis traction effect” during low intensity exercise, but might not influence the autonomie nervous system. Therefore, when Jog fing or walking at compaatively low exercise intensity, lis tening to a favorite piece of music might decrease the influ. ence of stress caused by fatigue thus inereasing the “comfort? level of performing the exerd Key worns: Music - Heart rte variability - CDM analysis, B setts music stabilizes emotion 19 and reduces sttess,¢ it is thought to have psychological influ- ences and is therefore applied clinically.’ ‘Address reprint requests to: $. Yamashita, toaraki Prefectural University of Health Sclenses, 4669-2 Ami, Inashik Ibaraki 300-0394 Japan. Email: yamashita@ipu.ae,jp VeL46-No.3 ‘THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS ‘Center for Humanity and Sciences Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Am fapan Deparment of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences The University of Tyo, Tokyo, Japan Institute for Htanan Science and Biomedical Engineering National insure of Advanced industrial Science and Tectiolog, “Tsukuba, Japan “insite of Leal and Sport Sciences University of Tauduba, Tuk ‘One study has found that music decreases ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during exercise at moder- ate intensity.6 On the other hand, Schwartz eral? found that RPE did not differ regardless of the presence or absence of music during exercise at 75% VO2mae Furthermore, Nethery * reported that RPE decreases while listening to music during exercise at 50% VOznae but not at 80% VO>y,.,- Thus, music influences RPE, during exercise at low, but not at high intensity. ‘Another study has uncovered a high correlation between RPE and heart rate (HIR).? However, Copeland et al.'° reported that HR when listening to soft/slow music during exercise becomes low compared to when listening to loud/upbeat music, On the other hand, Schwartz et al.” has suggested that there is no differ- ence in HR whatever music is listened to. Thus, there is no consistent view regarding the effects of listening to music on HR during exercise. Its not clear whether HR is influenced by listening to music during exercise, although effects of listening to music on RPE during, exercise are affected by exercise intensity. 23 Moreover, it is widely known that the autonomic nervous system is involved in control of HR. That is, increased sympathetic neural activity plays a role in controlling the rate and contractility of the heart and in the caliber of resistance and capacitance vessels in the systemic circulation. Decreased parasympathetic neur- al activity functions in controlling the rate and con- ttactility of the heart, Increased intensity of physical activity results in an overall increase in the activity of the sympathetic nervous system and a decrease in that of the parasympathetic neural system.1" In other words, the autonomic nervous system appears to adjust the HR during exercise. ‘Music also appears to affect the autonomic nervous system.'? Furthermore, Yanagihashi er ai.!3 suggested the relevance of HR variability as an index of the auto- nomic nervous system and emotional changes caused by sound stimulus, and that the high frequency com- ponent of HR variability is a better tool with which to assess comfort. Therefore, physiological reactions should result from changes in the autonomic nervous system triggered by music. Incteasing numbers of people listen to music through headphones or earphones while exercising, jogging or walking due to recent m ‘opment of lightweight, portable audio devices. Thus, from the viewpoint of both recreational and high per- formance exercise, the physiological influence of music during exercise should be clarified. However, the relationship between the influence of music on RPE, during sub-maximal exercise and on the autonomic nervous system before and after sub-maximal exer- cise remains obscure. The present study examines the influence of music on RPE and on the autonomic nerve system, Materials and methods Subjects Bight healthy adult males provided written informed consent to participate in all procedures associated with the study, Mean values for age, height and weight were 21 years (SD, 0.9 years), 172.om (#SD, 6.1 cm) and 69.3 kg (SD, 5.5 kg), respectively. Mean values for absolute maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and rel- ative VOring, Were 3404.6 mL/min (SD, 292.2 mL/min) and 49.2 mL/kg/min (SD, 5 mL/kg/min), respectively. 26 THE JOURNAL OF SPOR [MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS [EFFECTS OF MUSIC DURING ENERCISE ON RPE, HEART RATE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ‘Tass L—Beats per minute (bpm) In favorite musical pieces chosen Dy subjects, Beatport ‘bom zommoom> MeansSE Measurement of maximum oxygen uptake On the first day of testing, maximal oxygen uptake (WO yx) Was assessed using a continuous protocol on a Combi Aerobike800 electronically braked cycle ergometer. A ramp protocol was designed for each indi- vidual. The initial workload of 50 W was increased by 20 W per minute until the subject reached exhaustion. Gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath. Maximal ‘oxygen uptake was determined when an increase in workload elicited no further increase in VO», Music preferences ince musical appreciation is a personal issue and related to relaxation state,? each individual selected a type of music that they liked for the experimental exer cise. This is referred to as “favorite music” (M) and. the absence of music is described as N in this study. All the subjects chose pop music as their favorite music. The. number of beats per minute (bpm) of the musical pieces chosen is shown in Table I. When exercising with their personal choice of music, the participants wore head- phones (SE-F70, Pioncer, Tokyo, Japan) linked to CD. radio cassette deck (ZS-DI, Sony, Tokyo, Japan). The headphones were not wom under N conditions. The presence or absence of music was randomly applied. Measurement protocol The exercise protocol consisted of a 30-min seat- ed rest (control) period followed by a 30-min sub- maximal cycling exercise (232C model 50, Combi, Tokyo, Japan) and a 35-min recovery period. Autonomic-nervous activity was measured before and after exercise. During exercise, we recorded RPE Seprmber 2006 [EFPECTS OF MUSIC DURING EXERCISE ON RPE, HEART RATE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. every 3-min and HR every minute. Under M condi- tions, participants listened to music during a rest period from 20-min until S-min before starting sub- maximal exercise on an ergometer at a frequency of 60 rpm for 30-min. The exercise intensity at 40% WOrmas and At 60% VOsmex Was Considered to be low (L) and medium (H), respectively, based on the rel- ative loading dose computed by extrapolation from the primary regression line of VO, and load from the ‘VOrng, Obtained from each participant. Submaximal exercise proceeded under conditions of low or high intensity, with or without music, Data analysis: ‘We recorded HR by electrocardiography. We obtained RR interval time series data at a resolution of 1 ms using chest leads and an R-R interval monitor (LRR-03,, GMS, Tokyo, Japan) from the start of seated rest until the end of 30 min of exercise. The R-R interval data were converted into instant HR values and the aver- age value per minute was used as an index of HR. Electrocardiographie R-R interval time series data were recorded at a resolution of | ms under 15 respiratory controls per minute using the R-R interval monitor: The R-R interval time series cata sent to a personal computer (PC9801, NEC, Tokyo, Japan) were ana- lyzed by complex demodulation (CDM) "!5 that can ‘measure time-dependent changes in the amplitude of components within a specific frequency domain. ‘Autonomic regulation of the heart is reflected as the amplitude of the low (LF) and high (HF) frequency components of HR variability (HRV). The resampling rate for CDM analysis was 1 s. The LF and HE com- ponents of the R-R interval were analyzed at reference frequencies of 0.09 and 0.3 Hz, respectively. The low- pass comer frequencies were set at 0,05 and 0.16 Hz for the LF and HF components, respectively, so that the fre quency bands for demodulating the LF and HF com- ponents were 0.04-0.14 Hz. and 0.14-0.46 Hz, respec- tively. The amplitude of the HF (high frequency ampli tude, HFA) was considered an index of parasympa- thetic activity, and the ratio of the amplitude of LF (low frequency amplitude, LFA) to HFA (LFA/HFA) was considered as an index of sympathetic activity. As a result of the sampling in CDM analysis, FIFA and LFA ‘were computed every second and the average value for I min was used as an index. The average values of HFA, LFA and LFA/HIFA for 15 to 20 min after start- ing seated rest were taken as the baseline (100%). The Vol 46-No.3 YAMASHITA average value for 20 to 25 min after starting seated start with music under M conditions and that per minute after exercise was computed as a rate of change from the baseline, Measurements were taken during the after- noon between 14:00 and 19:00 h, when autonomic ner~ vous activity was comparatively stabilized to minimize the influence of diurnal variations. In addition, partic pants were advised not to consume substances con- idered to affect autonomic nervous activity such as alcohol, caffeine and medication for 24 h before the experiment and to sleep sufficiently. Statistical analysis ‘We assessed HR, RPE and HRV at rest and during exercise using a 2-factor (2x2) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures on both factors, followed by Fisher's PLSD posthoc test with P<0.05 as the criterion of significance, The two factors were the presence or absence of music and exercise inten- sity (40% and 60% VO.) Results Change in RPE ‘The RPE during exercise at 60% VOnax did not sig- nificantly differ in the presence or absence of music igure 1), whereas that at 40% VOana, Was signifi- cantly lower under M (9.632.3) than N conditions (12,3842,6) at 18 min after exercise. Moreover, the difference was also similarly significant later (Figure 2). HR The HR during exercise was significantly higher than before exercise and influenced by exercise inten- sity. However, the influence of music on HR was not significant. On the other hand, the influence of exercise intensity on the HR persisted after exercise stopped. ‘The influence of music on the HR was unremarkable during exercise and absent at rest (Figure 3). Influence on autonomic activity INFLUENCE OF MUSIC ON AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY DURING. REST ‘The rate of change in HFA was not significantly affected by music between 20 and 25 min of seated rest (Figure 4), THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS aa ‘YAMASHITA RPE EFFECTS OF MUSIC DURING EXERCISE ON RPE, HEART RATE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 2004 120) 160) 40) 120) 100 0 ol & RPE. eM oN p69 BS iB ‘Mes Figure L.—Changs of RPE during excreissitensity of 60% VO With mise i, ad without muse 8). Das pois we represen ean m0 RPE. Figure 2—Changes of RPE dung exercise at intensity of 40% VOsmax ‘with usc QM, and without masie(N)- Data pins ae represented as mean, (280), *P<0,08 between M and N, ‘Music did not appear to affect the rate of change in LFAJ/HEA after between 20 and 25 min of starting the seated rest (Figure 5). AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY AFTER BXERCISE ‘The rate of change in HFA significantly differed with respect to exercise intensity, but was unaffected by music. In addition, the rates of change of HFA after exer- 28 ‘THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS Erez geese are ee mae gee Ret ——— xerciee —L—Racovery—! Minuces LM LN aM RN Figare3—Changes of heat rae (HID dng et exerse with mai and twithout mse, covery period. Data pots se ropesened as ean (350) eae ny a i Vana ha Srcive at mesly of 60% VOsnax without isi: L, Mz exercise ot Inveneity of 082 VO,max wih msi: LN: exerlse st tensity af 4% VOsmer without mie 129) Bo 0 40 20 ° Sof crane 8 Baie OS CT Recovery nutes nM PRN LM OLN Figure Relative changes of HFA in the HRV during rest and resovery Psd from exercise wih music, and without masie. Dela points are repre- {ented st means (28D), H, M:excrelveat intensity of €0% VOxmnax with mnusie; H, Ne exereive at nteneity of 60% VOsmax without muti: L, MC ‘xereise at intensity of 40% VOsmax with muse; L, N:exerelse at incr ‘Sly of40se VOymax without masie. cise were significantly lower than pre-exercise values (Figure 4). In the same manner, exercise intensity altered the rate of change of the values for LFA/HFA, bbut music had no effect. Moreover, the rate of change Seperior 2006 [EFFECTS OF MUSIC DURING EXERCISE ON RPE, HEART RATE AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM, T estine 5 PeoauwA Tw Rest Recovery Minutes [ —ERN LM OLN . ive changes of LFA inthe HRV durin et and recovery petiod from wih music, and without muse. Data points re representee smeans (25D). H, M: exercise ar intensity of 0% VOsmnax with muse H, Ne exersge a ntesiy of 0S VOsmak without mie Ly Mi exec Se at intensity of 40% VOsmpax with use; L, Ns exercise a imensity of 4308 VOymak without mati in LEA/HFA was significantly higher after, than before exercise (Figure 5). Discussion This study investigated the effect of listening to one’s “favorite music” during exercise upon RPE and auto- nomic cardiac activity. We found that when participants listened to music during and after exercise, differences in autonomic activities were affected by exercise inten- sity but not by music. Moreover, music affected HR uring and after exercise even when exercise intensity hhad no effect and although the effect by exercise inten- sity was seen. In addition, music decreased the RPE luring exercise at 40% VOga4., bul not at 60% Vr According to the “parallel processi Rejeski,!¢ sensory areas can process ties of information, The simultaneous stimulus of music and cognition of fatigue caused by exercise are both recognized as sensory information. Thus, i ing to music appears to relax the cognition of fatigue ue to exercise, However, during exercise at high inten- sity, the cognition of fatigue may be more predominant than that of music, whereas the reverse is true during low-intensity exercise. These notions are in agreement with previous findings.'. Therefore, our findings Vol 46-No.3 ‘THE JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE AND PHYSICAL FITNESS, YAMASHITA, suggested that listening to music during low intensity exercise causes a “distraction effect”. In addition to HR, RPE closely correlates with phys- ical intensity, physiological intensity, or blood lactate lev- el. However, music did not affect HR in the same ‘manner as RPE in the present study. Other studies have not addressed how music during exercise influences HR. Compared with that of exercise, the stimulus of music might be insufficient to affect HR. The effect of music on the autonomic nervous sys- tem during exercise was unremarkable regardless of the tested conditions. Moreover, HIR immediately increased after starting exercise and decreased immediately thereafter. Furthermore, HFA which is an index of parasympathetic activity became significantly lower afer, compared with before exercise, and LFA/HFA, which is an index of sympathetic activity, became sig- nificantly higher after, than before exercise. These findings suggest that the parasympathetic nervous sys- tem is responsible for increasing the HR during the early stages of exercise.20 Mitchell |! reported that in addition to parasympa- thetic nerves, the activity of the cardiac sympathetic nerves increases at the start of exercise, Furthermore, the rapid reduction in the HR soon after exercise sug- gests regulation mainly by the parasympathetic sys- tem. The results of the present study agree with this notion, We also found that exercise intensity was @ powerful influence upon the activity of the autonom- ic nerves after exercise under all tested conditions. Thus, we considered only that exercise exerted a more powerful physiological effect than music. ‘Umemura er al suggested that sympathetic nervous activity can be controlled by classical music and increases in response to rock music. They suggested that the genre of music therefore tends to differential- ly influence autonomic nervous activity. We did not find any influence of music on the autonomic nervous sys- tematrest, Although the subjects in the present study listened to different types of music the genre was the same, and so negated the possibility of different musi- ceal genres having variable effects. ‘Music might synchronize with the motion of differ- ent sides of the body.23 but it is not clear what kind of fluence the difference in bpm has on RPE and auto- nomic cardiac activity. Furthermore, sound stimuli com- prise very complex information in terms of pitch, vol- lume, tone and source. Music is also highly complex, con- sisting of melody, rhythm and harmony. Due to such complexity, the physiological response to music and 29 YAMASHITA how music affects responses to exercise might not be simple. Thus, the mechanism of how music influences. the body during movement is difficult to determine, ‘Therefore, further studies of the effect of music dur- ing exercise should be studied in terms of electroen- cephalography, breathing, and stress hormones. Moreover, the reliability and validity of the exper mental procedures should be determined. Conclusions The present results cannot be directly applied to sport since this study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. However, when jogging, or walk- ing at comparatively low exercise intensity, listening, toa favorite piece of music might decrease the influ- ence of stress caused by fatigue, thus increasing the “comfort” level of performing the exercise. References |. Bouteher SH, Trenske M. The effects of sensory deprivation and music on perecived exertion and afex during exer, Spots Exe Psychol 1990;12:167-76 Stratnn VN, Zalancwsks AH. The eeationship hetween musi degre of inking, and selt-reported relaxation. 7 Muste Tae 1984, 2849 53. KhalfaS, Kabel P, Jean-Pierre B, Manon R. Bvent-clatedskiacon-

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