6HULLGHGLVWULEX LHDIUHFYHQ HORU

SERII SIMPLE (date negrupate)

0

ULPLPHGLL

0HGLDDULWPHWLF
0HGLD DULWPHWLF

HVWH UH]XOWDWXO VLQWHWL] ULL vQWU R VLQJXU  H[SUHVLH QXPHULF  D WXWXURU

QLYHOXULORU LQGLYLGXDOH REVHUYDWH RE LQXW  SULQ UDSRUWDUHD YDORULL WRWDOL]DWH D FDUDF

QXP UXOWRWDODOXQLW

LORU

x=

unde:
xi

xi
i =1

UHSUH]LQW QLYHOXULOHLQGLYLGXDOHDOHYDULDELOHL

UHSUH]LQW YROXPXOFHQWUDOL]DWDOYDULDELOHL

UHSUH]LQW QXP UXOXQLW

x
i =1

3URSULHW

a)
b)

GDF 

x1=x2=...=xi=...=xn=xc ,
x min < x < x max

(x
i =1

d)

GDF 

observate.

c)

LORU

atunci

x = xc

x) = 0

x= xi # a , atunci x = x # a , de unde x = x a

teristicii la

e)

xi
x
, atunci x = , de unde x = x h ,
h
h
respectiv :
GDF 

x" =

GDF 

x" = xi h , atunci x = x h

, de unde x =

x
h

Formule de calcul simplificat al mediei aritmetice:

n

x=

(x

# a)

a
n
n
xi

i =1 h
x=
h
sau
n
n
xi a

h
i =1
x=
h+ a
n
i =1

x=

(x h)
i =1

:h

0HGLDDUPRQLF
0HGLD DUPRQLF  

xh  VH GHILQHWH FD ILLQG LQYHUVD PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FDOFXODW

inverse ale termenilor aceleLDLVHULL
n
xh = n
1

i =1 x i
0HGLDS

 GLQ YDORULOH

WUDWLF

0HGLD S WUDWLF 

( x p )  HVWH DFHD YDORDUH FDUH vQORFXLQG WHUPHQLL VHULHL ULGLFD L OD S

WUDW QX

PRGLILF VXPDS WUDWHORUORU

xp =

x
i =1

2
i

0HGLDJHRPHWULF
0HGLDJHRPHWULF 

x g UHSUH]LQW

DFHDYDORDUHFXFDUHGDF VHvQORFXLHVFWR LWHUPHQLLVHULHL

LVHIDFHSURGXVXOORUYDORDUHDODFDUHVHDMXQJHHVWHHJDO FXSURGXVXOWHUPHQLORUUHDOL

xg = n

x
i =1

3ULQORJDULWPDUHVHRE LQH

lg x g =

lg x
i =1

QWUHPHGLLOHSUH]HQWDWHH[LVW XUP WRDUHDUHOD LHGHRUGLQH

xh < xg < xa < x p

9DORULPHGLLGHSR]L LHVDXGHVWUXFWXU

Mediana (Me) UHSUH]LQW

 YDORDUHD FHQWUDO  D XQHL VHULL VWDWLVWLFH RUGRQDWH FUHVF WRU VDX

GHVFUHVF WRUFDUHvPSDUWHWHUPHQLLVHULHLvQGRX S U LHJDOH

n +1
unde nUHSUH]LQW
2

Locul Me =

QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUVHULHL

Valoarea medianei:
GDF QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUVHULHLHVWHLPSDUn=2p+1):

GDF QXP UXOWHUPHQLORUHVWHSDU

Me =

n=2p):

Modul (Mo) HVWH YDORDUHD FDUH VH UHSHW

Me = x p + 1
x p + x p +1
2

 GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH PDL HVWH

FXQRVFXWvQOLWHUDWXUDGHVSHFLDOLWDWHLVXEGHQXPLUHDGH

dominanta seriei.

,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

a)

,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

Amplitudinea abVROXW (Aa VH FDOFXOHD]

minim (xmin) al caracteristicii:
Aa = xmax - xmin
$PSOLWXGLQHD UHODWLY

 FD GLIHUHQ

D YDULD LHL 

YDULD LHLLQLYHOXOPHGLXDOFDUDF

A% VH FDOFXOHD]
teristicii:

 vQWUH QLYHOXO PD[LP 

xmax L QLYHOXO

FD UDSRUW vQWUHDPSOLWXGLQHD DEVROXW  D

Aa
100
x

A% =

Abaterile individuale absolute (di)

VH FDOFXOHD]  FD GLIHUHQ

 vQWUH ILHFDUH YDULDQW 

vQUHJLVWUDW LPHGLDDULWPHWLF DDFHVWRUD

d i = xi x

i = 1, n

Abaterile individuale relative (di%) VH FDOFXOHD]

mediu al caracteristicii:
d
x x
d i % = i 100 = i
100
i = 1, n
x
x

 UDSRUWkQG DE

aterile absolute la nivelul

Q DQDOL]D YDULD LHL GH PXOWH RUL QH OLPLW P OD D FDOFXOD DEDWHULOH PD[LPH vQWU

-un sens sau

altul.
b)

,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHD PHGLH OLQLDU

(d ) 

VH FDOFXOHD]  FD R PHGLH DULWPHWLF  VLPSO  GLQ DEDWHULOH

WHUPHQLORUVHULHLGHODPHGLDORUOXDWHvQYDORDUHDEVROXW 

d=

x
i =1

$EDWHUHD PHGLH S

sau abaterea standard ( )  VH FDOFXOHD]

WUDWLF

 FD R PHGLH S WUDWLF 

din

DEDWHULOHWXWXURUYDULDQWHORUVHULHLGHODPHGLDORUDULWPHWLF 

(x

i =1

x)2

&DOFXOD LSHQWUXDFHHDLVHULHFHLGRLLQGLFDWRULYHULILF UHOD LD

>d

Q OLWHUDWXUD GH VSHFLDOLWDWH VH DSUHFLD]  F  SHQWUX R VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH FX WHQGLQ

 FODU  GH

QRUPDOLWDWHDEDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU HVWHHJDO FXGLQYDORDUHDDEDWHULLPHGLLS WUDWLFH

Dispersia YDULDQ D XQHL FDUDFWHULVWLFL ( 2 )  VH FDOFXOHD]

S WUDWHORUDEDWHULORUWHUPHQLORUID

 FD PHGLH DULWPHWLF  VLPSO  D

GHPHGLDORU

Formulele de calcul sunt:

n

2 =

(x
i =1

x)

2
i

sau

&RHILFLHQWXO GH YDULD LH

n
x
xi

2 = i =1
i =1
n
n

(v VH FDOFXOHD]

 FD UDSRUW vQWUH DEDWHUHD PHGLH S WUDWLF  L QLYHOXO

mediu al seriei:

100
x
Coeficientul GHYDULD LHVHPDLSRDWHFDOFXODLGXS
d
v = 100
x
v=

6(5,,'(',675,%8

UHOD LD

,(81,',0(16,21$/(GDWHJUXSDWH

,QGLFDWRULGHIUHFYHQ H

)UHFYHQ HOH UHODWLYH

IUHFYHQ HORU

( ni* 

VH RE LQ UDSRUWkQG IUHFYHQ D ILHF UHL JUXSH 

( ni ) :
i =1

ni* =

ni

sau

n
i =1

ni*(%) =

ni

100

n
i =1

ni) la totalul

)UHFYHQ HOHFXPXODWH VH QRWHD]  FX

Fi sau Fi*

 vQ IXQF LH GH IHOXO IUHFYHQ HORU LQFOXVH vQ

calcul (absolute sau relative):

i

F i = n j ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,..., k ;

F i* = n *j ; i = 1 , 2 , 3 ,... k ;

respectiv

j =1

j =1

ULPLPHGLL

0HGLDDULWPHWLF
&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

x=

xi ni
i =1

ni
i =1

3URSULHW

a)

L

PHGLD VH vQFDGUHD]  vQ LQWHUYDOXO FX IUHFYHQ D PD[LP  VDX vQ XQXO GLQ FHOH GRX 

intervale nvecinate.
k

b)

(x
i =1

x ) ni = 0
k

c)

GDF 

( xi

# a )ni

i =1

x = xi # a , atunci x =

= x#a

ni
i =1

d)

GDF

x =

xi
, atunci x =
h

xi
ni

i =1 h
k

n
i =1

x
h

i
n

UHVSHFWLYGDF 

x = xi h , atunci x =

(x
i =1

h) ni

n
i =1

3URSULHW

LOH GH OD SXQFWHOH F L G VHUYHVF OD

= hx

calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice.

6HXWLOL]HD] vQDFHVWVFRSIRUPXOHOH

x=

(xi

# a )n i

i =1

ni
i =1

xi
h n i

i =1
k

x=

ni
i =1

, respectiv

x=

( x i h )n i
i =1

ni
i =1

 xi a
ni
h
i =1
k

x=

h + a ,

ni
i =1

unde:
a - mijlocul unui intHUYDOGHRELFHLFHQWUXOLQWHUYDOXOXLFXIUHFYHQ DFHDPDLPDUH
h -P ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLGDF VHULDDUHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH
e)

GDF  vQWU R VHULH VH UHGXF SURSRU LRQDO WRDWH IUHFYHQ HOH PHGLD FDOFXODW  SH ED]D QRLORU

IUHFYHQ HU PkQHQHVFKLPEDW 

ni
c =x
ni
c

$FHDVW  SURSULHWDWH VHUYHWH OD FDOFXOXO PHGLHL FX DMXWRUXO IUHFYHQ HORU UHODWLYH

n acest caz c = ni :

x = xi ni* sau x =

x n
i

*
i (%)

100

0HGLDDUPRQLF

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

xh =

n
i =1

x
i =1

ni

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

xh =

)RUP

1
1 *
ni

i =1 xi

sau

WUDQVIRUPDW

xh =

100
1 *
ni (%)

i =1 xi
k

DPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

xh =

x n
i =1

1
xi ni

i =1 xi

=x

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

xh =

1
1
xi ni*

i =1 x i
k

sau

xh =

100
1
xi ni*(%)

i =1 xi
k

0HGLDS

WUDWLF

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

xp =

i =1
k

2
i

n
i =1

ni
i

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

xp =

i =1

2
i

ni*

sau

xp =

x
i =1

2
i

ni*(%)

100

0HGLDJHRPHWULF

xg =

ni
i =1

x in i

i =1

Prin lRJDULWPDUHVHYDRE LQH

k

lg x g =

n
i =1

lg x i

n
i =1

QWUHPHGLLOHSUH]HQWDWHH[LVW XUP WRDUHUHOD LHGHRUGLQH

xh < x g < xa < x p

9DORULPHGLLGHSR]L LHVDXGHVWUXFWXU

Modul (modulul, dominanta)

QFD]XOXQHLVHULLGHGLVWULEX LHSHYDULDQWHPRGXOHVWHYDULDQWDFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP 
QFD]XOJUXS ULLSHLQWHUYDOHORFXOPRGXOXLHVWHLQWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP LDUYDORDUHD
VHFDOFXOHD] DVWIHO

Mo = x0 + h

1
1 + 2

n care:
x0
h
1
2

UHSUH]LQW OLPLWDLQIHULRDU DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDO

P U

imea intervalului modal;

GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHIUHFYHQ DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDOLDFHOXLSUHFHGHQW

GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHIUHFYHQ DLQWHUYDOXOXLPRGDOLDFHOXLXUP WRU

Mediana (Me)
a) n cazul datelor grupate pH YDULDQWH ORFXO PHGLDQHL HVWH YDULDQWD D F UHL IUHFYHQ 
n +1
iar valoarea medianei este chiar varianta
FXPXODW  HVWH SULPD PDL PDUH GHFkW
2
UHVSHFWLY 

b)

Q FD]XO GDWHORU JUXSDWH SH LQWHUYDOH ORFXO PHGLDQHL HVWH LQWHUYDOXO D F UXL IUHFYHQ

FXPXODW HVWHSULPD PDLPDUHGHFkW

n
i =1

+1

LDUYDORDUHDPHGLDQHLVH FDOFXOHD] GXS 

formula:
k

n
i =1

m 1

n
i =1

nm

+1

m 1

ni

Me = x0 + h

unde:
h
m

i =1

nm

- P ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLPHGLDQ
- indexul intervalului median;
- VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU SUHFHGHQWH LQWHUYDOXOXL
a intervalului precedent celui median);
-

PHGLDQ IUHFYHQ D FXPXODW 

IUHFYHQ DDEVROXW DLQWHUYDOXOXLPHGLDQ

Cuartilele VXQWDFHOHYDORULDOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLLFDUHVHSDU
1

Q1 = x0 + h

u 1

i =1

i =1

VHULDvQSDWUXS U LHJDOH

( ni + 1) ni

nu

unde uHVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHQ1

Q2 = Me

3
4

Q3 = x 0 + h

v 1

( ni + 1) ni
i =1

i =1

nv

unde vHVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHQ3

Decilele GLYLGVHULDvQ]HFHS
1

D1 = x0 + h

10

U LHJDOHIRORVLQGvQDFHVWVFRSQRX GHFLOH

d 11

i =1

i =1

( ni + 1) ni

nd 1

unde d1HVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHD1

D5 = M e
9

D9 = x 0 + h

10

d 9 1

i =1

i =1

( n i + 1)
nd 9

unde d9 HVWHLQGH[XOLQWHUYDOXOXLFDUHFRQ LQHD9.

,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

a)

,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHDDEVROXW

(Aa)

Aa=xL-xl ,
unde:
xL liPLWDVXSHULRDU DXOWLPXOXLLQWHUYDO
xl OLPLWDLQIHULRDU DSULPXOXLLQWHUYDO
$PSOLWXGLQHDUHODWLY

,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU

(d )

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVR

d =

x
i =1

lute:

x ni

n
i =1

A%)

Aa
100
x

A% =

b)

DYDULD LHL

&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

d = xi x n sau d =
*
i

i =1

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS

WUDWLF

x
i =1

x n * i (%)
100

sau abaterea standard () :


&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

(x

i =1

x ) 2 ni

n
i =1

Calculul cu fUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

(x

i =1

x ) 2 n *i

sau

(x
i =1

&HLGRLLQGLFDWRULYHULILF UHOD LD

>d
&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LH

v=

(v):

100 , respectiv
x

v =

d
100
x

x ) 2 ni (%)
100

Dispersia (variaQ D ( 2 ) :
IRUPXOHGHULYDWHGLQGHILQL LH


FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

2 =

(x
i =1

x ) 2 ni

n
i =1


FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

2 = ( xi x ) 2 n * i

2 =

sau

(x
i =1

x ) 2 ni* (%)
100

i =1

ca moment centrat de ordinul doi


calculul cu freFYHQ HDEVROXWH
k
x ni xi ni

= i =1k
i =1k

ni
ni

i =1
i =1
k

2
i


FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

k
k

2 = x 2 i ni* xi ni*
i =1
i =1

sau

2 =

xi2 ni*(%)
i =1

100

k
xi ni*(%)
i =1
100

prin formula de calcul simplificat


SHQWUXRVHULHGHIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

xi a

ni

h
i =1
2
=
h 2 ( x a) 2
k
ni
2

i =1

pentru o serie cu frecven HUHODWLYH

2
k
xi a * 2
2
=
ni h ( x a ) 2 sau
h
i =1

xi a *

ni (%)

h
i =1
2
=
h 2 ( x a) 2
100
 aLhDXDFHOHDLVHPQLILFD LLFDODFDOFXOXOPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH
2

1RW

&RUHF LDOXL6KHSSDUG

( 2 ) = 2
unde h HVWHP

h2
,
12

ULPHDLQWHUYDOXOXLGHJUXSDUH

$FHDVW FRUHF LHVHDSOLF QXPDLSHQWUXVHULLOHFDUHSUH]LQW XUP WRDUHOHSURSULHW

UHSDUWL LDHVWHQRUPDO VDXXRUDVLPHWULF 

UHSDUWL LDDUHLQWHUYDOHGHJUXSDUHHJDOH

L

9DULD LDLQWHUFXDUWLOLF

LLQWHUGHFLOLF

$EDWHUHDLQWHUFXDWLOLF

Qd):
( Me Q1 ) + (Q3 Me) Q3 Q1
Qd =
=
2
2

CoeILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHLQWHUFXDUWLOLF
Q3 Q1
Qd
Q Q1
2
Vq =
=
= 3
Me
Me
2 Me

9T

$EDWHUHDLQWHUGHFLOLF

:
( Me D1 ) + ( D9 Me) D9 D1
Dd =
=
2
2

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHLQWHUGHFLOLF

:
D9 D1
D
D D1
2
Vd = d =
= 9
Me
Me
2 Me

0HGLDLGLVSHUVLDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYH
'LVWULEX LDGHIUHFYHQ HDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYHVHSUH]LQW vQWU

-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.1.

Valoarea
caracteristicii
0

VSXQVXO

nregistrat
1

x1 = 1

DA

)UHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

)UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

2
M

QXP UXOXQLW

LORU

p=

FDUHSRVHG 

caracteristica)
(N-M)
x2 = 0

NU

QXP UXOGHXQLW
FDUHQXSRVHG 

caracteristica)
N = M + (N - M)

Total

Media:
p=

M
N

Dispersia:

p2 = p q sau p2 = p (1 p)
$EDWHUHDPHGLHS

WUDWLF

p = pq

L

q=

M
N

NM
= 1 p
N
p+q=1

Asimetria
$VLPHWULDDEVROXW

( As )
As = x Mo

&RHILFLHQ LLGHDVLPHWULHSURSXLGH.DUO3HDUVRQSHQWUXVHULLGHGLVWULEX LHXRUDVLPHWULFH

C as

C as = 0
x Mo
=
C as > 0

C as < 0

VHULHVLPHWULF
DVLPHWULHSR]LWLY
DVLPHWULHQHJDWLY

Acest coeficient poate lua valori cuprinse ntre - L +1; cu ct este mai mic n valoare
DEVROXW FXDWkWDVLPHWULDHVWHPDLPLF 
Q FD]XO FkQG VH FXQRDWH PHGLDQD VHULHL FRHILFLHQWXO GH DVLPHWULH
XWLOL]kQGUHOD LD

(C as ) se poate calcula

3( x Me)

C as =

3HDUVRQ PDL SURSXQH L XQ D

lt coeficient pentru calculul gradului de asimetrie al unei serii

IRUPDW GLQWU XQQXP UIRDUWHPDUHGHREVHUYD LL

=
C as

32
23

3 =

, unde

2 =

( xi x ) 3 ni
ni
( xi x ) 2 ni
ni

Coeficientul propus de Yule:

(Q Me) ( Me Q1 )
C asY = 3
,
(Q3 Me) + ( Me Q1 )
unde C asY [ 1 , 1 ]
Coeficientul propus de Bowley:
( D Me) ( Me D1 )
C asB = 9
,
( D9 Me) + ( Me D1 )
unde C asB [ 1,1]

,QGLFDWRULLFRQFHQWU

ULL

Coeficientul de concentrare propus de statisticianul italian Corado Gini:

CG =

gi =

xi ni

2
i

unde :
k

xi ni
i = 1

i = 1, k ,


Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul

,1 .
n

Coeficientul de concentrare propus de R. Struck:

n g i2 1

CS =

n 1
Acest coeficient ia valori n intervalul [0,1].

6(5,,'(',675,%8

,(%,',0(16,1$/(

$&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

O serie de distrLEX LHELGLPHQVLRQDO

VHSUH]LQW vQWU

-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.2.

Valorile
caracteristicii
de grupare X

Variantele sau valorile

caracteristicii dependente Y
y1
n11
n21
...
ni1
...
nr1
n.1

x1
x2
...
xi
...
xr
Total

9ROXPXOIUHFYHQ DJUXSHL

n
j =1

ij

= ni .

ULPLPHGLL

0HGLLOHGHJUXS

yi =

y
j =1

nij

n
j =1

ij

( y i ):

y2
n12
n22
...
ni2
...
nr2
n.2

i:

...

yj
n1j
n2j
...
nij
...
nrj
n.j

Volumul
grupei
(ni.)
ym
n1m
n2m
...
nim
...
nrm
n.m

n1.
n2.
...
ni.
...
nr.

Medii
pe grupe
(y i )
(y1 )
(y 2 )

...
(y i )

...
(yr )

i =1

j =1

ni. = n. j

Media pe total:
m

y j n. j
y=

j =1

y=

sau

yi ni .
i =1

ni .

n. j

i =1

j =1

,QGLFDWRULLYDULD LHL

sau GLVSHUVLDSDU LDO ( i2 ) :

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS

=
2
i

(y
i =1

y i ) 2 nij
,

n
j =1

ij

unde:
yj UHSUH]LQW YDULDQWDVDXPLMORFXOLQWHUYDOXOXLj al caracteristicii dependente;
y i media grupei i;
nij IUHFYHQ HOHFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHILHF UHLYDULDQWHLQWHUYDOGHYDORULGLQFDGUXOJUXSei.

0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS

( 2 = 2y / r )

i2 n i .
i =1

ni .
i =1

unde:
i2 - dispersia grupei i;
n i . - volumul grupei i.

Dispersia dintre grupe ( 2 = 2y / x ) :

r

2
y/ x

( y i

y ) 2 ni .

i =1

ni .
i =1

DisSHUVLDWRWDO ( 2 = y2 ) :
m

2 = y2 =

(y
j =1

y ) 2 n. j

n
j =1

.j

5HJXODDGXQ

ULLGLVSHUVLLORU

=
2

2
y/x

2
y/r

Pe baza regulii de adunare a dispersiilor se pot calcula indicatori statistici cu caracter de

P ULPLUHODWLYHGHVWUXFWXU 

Gradul de dHWHUPLQD LH ( R y2 / x ) :

R y2 / x =
'DF 

y2 / x
100
2

(R y / x ) !DGPLWHPF

IDFWRUXOGHJUXSDUHHVWHKRW UkWRUVHPQLILFDWLYGHWHUPLQDQW

SHQWUXYDULD LDIDFWRUXOXLGHWHUPLQDW

*UDGXOGHQHGHWHUPLQD LH

K y2 / x =

2
y/r

100

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS

Y).

WUDWLF

ODQLYHOXOJUXSHL

WUDWLF

SHWRWDO

i = i2
$EDWHUHDPHGLHS

= 2
&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHODQLYHOXOJUXSHL

vi =

i
100 ,
yi

unde:
i -DEDWHUHDPHGLHS
y i - media grupei.

WUDWLF DJUXSHL

&RHILFLHQWXOGHYDULD LHSHWRWDO

v=

100 ,
y

unde:
-DEDWHUHDPHGLHS
y - media pe total.

WUDWLF SHWRWDO

%&DOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWL

ve

2VHULHGHGLVWULEX LHELGLPHQVLRQDO VHSUH]LQW vQWU

-un tabel de forma:

Tabel 3.3.

Valorile caracteristicii
de grupare X

)UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

y1
n*11
n*21
...
n*i1
...
n*r1

x1
x2
...
xi
...
xr
Total

0HGLLOHGHJUXS

y2
n*12
n*22
...
n*i2
...
n*r2

...
...

...

...

yj
n*1j
n*2j
...
n*ij
...
n*rj

( y i ):

yi =

y
j =1

n * ij

100

Media pe total:
r

y i n i (%)
y=

i =1

100

i2 =

VDXGLVSHUVLDSDU LDO

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS

( y j
i =1

y i ) 2 n * ij
100
(

0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUGHJUXS

2
y/r

i2 n i (%)

i =1

100

Dispersia dintre grupe (

r

( y i

2
y/x

'LVSHUVLDWRWDO

( i2 ) :

(
2
y

100

2
y

):

2
y/x

):

y ) 2 n i (%)

i =1

ym
n*1m
n*2m
...
n*im
...
n*rm

Total
(%)

Ponderea grupei
(ni(%))

100
100
...
100
...
100

n1(%)
n2(%)
...
ni(%)
...
nr(%)
100

,QGLFDWRULLPHGLLLDLYDULD LHLSHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFLDOWHUQDWLYH

( 2pi ):

'LVSHUVLDGHJUXS

2p = pi qi sau 2p = pi (1 pi ) ,
i

n care:
pi -UHSUH]LQW PHGLLGHJUXS 
qi -IUHFYHQ HOHUHODWLYHDOHXQLW
0HGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH

LORUFDUHQXSRVHG FDUDFWHULVWLFDvQILHFDUHJUXS 

( p2 ) :

=
2
p

i =1

2
pi

Ni

N
i =1

n care NiUHSUH]LQW

QXP UXOWRWDODOXQLW

LORUREVHUYDWHvQILHFDUHJUXS 

Dispersia dintre grupe ( p2 ) :

r

p2 =

(p
i =1

p) 2 N i

N
i =1

n care p este media caracteristicii alternative pe ntreaga colectivitate.

( 2p ) :

'LVSHUVLDWRWDO

2p = p q
5HJXODDGXQ

ULL

dispersiilor:
= + p2
2
p

2
p

9HULILFDUHDVHPQLILFD LHLIDFWRUXOXLGHJUXSDUHIRORVLQGWHVWXO)

Fcalculat =

S y2 / x
S y2 / r

unde:
r

S y2 / x =

(y
i =1

(r -QXP

r 1

(y
r

S y2 / r =

y ) ni .
2

i =1 j =1

UXOGHJUXSH

y i ) nij
2

nr

'DF )calculat

> Ftabelar factorul de grupare este semnificativ

< Ftabelar factorul de grupare nu este semnificativ
Ftabelar VH GHWHUPLQ  vQ IXQF ie de un anumit nivel de semnifica
gradele de libertate f1=r-1Lf2=n-r.
'DF )calculat

LH GH H[HPSOX  L GH

PROBLEME REZOLVATE

1.

ntr-un magazLQ OXFUHD]   YkQ] WRUL FDUH vQ OXQD RFWRPEULH  DX UHDOL]DW XQ YROXP DO
desfacerilor (mil. lei) astfel: 138,8; 146,0; 150,0; 152,3; 158,2; 163,1; 165,0; 170,4; 176,2; 180,0.
Se cere:
1.
2.

V VHIRUPH]HVHULDSULYLQGYROXPXOGHVIDFHULORUSULQFHQWUDOL]DU
DULWPHWLF LV VHYHULILFHSULQFLSDOHOHSURSULHW

3.

LDOHDFHVWHLD

V VHIRORVHDVF SHQWUX DFHHDL VHULHL DOWHWLSXULGHPHGLLL V  VHDUDWH vQFHU

P ULPHVHDIO HOHID

4.
5.

ea datelor individuale;

V  VH FDOFXOH]H YROXPXO PHGLX DO GHVIDFHULORU GLQ DFHVW PDJD]LQ IRORVLQG PHGLD

aport de

GHPHGLDDULWPHWLF 

V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHSR]L LHPHGLLGHVWUXFWXU 

V  VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H JUDGXO GH YDULD LH DO GLVWULEX LHL FDOFXOkQG vQ DFHVW VFRS LQGLFDWRULL
VLPSOLLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHLSUHFXPL

gradul de asimetrie;

6.

V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFVHULD

Rezolvare
1.

6HULDVHIRUPHD] SULQRUGRQDUHDYDORULORUYH]LWDEHOXOFRORDQHOHL

Notnd cu xi termenii individuali, volumul centralizat este

x
i =1

10

= 138,8 +146,0 +150,0 +....+180,0 = 1600 mil. lei

i =1

2.

&DOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH L YHULILFDUHD SULQFLSDOHORU SURSULHW

L DOH DFHVWHLD

se poate

face cu ajutorul unui tabel de calcul (Vezi tabelul 3.4.).

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHVLPSOHLYHULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW

Tabelul 3.4.

Nr.crt.
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total

Volumul
desfacerilor
(mil. lei)
1
138,8
146,0
150,0
152,3
158,2
163,1
165,0
170,4
176,2
180,0
1600,0
10

x
i =1

a = 138,8
3
0
7,2
11,2
13,5
19,4
24,3
26,2
31,6
37,4
41,2
212

2
-21,2
-14,0
-10,0
-7,7
-1,8
+3,1
+5,0
+10,4
+16,2
+20,0
0
10

xi a

xi x

(x
i =1

x)

10

(x
i =1

a)

xi
; h = 20
h
4
6,94
7,3
7,5
7,615
7,91
8,155
8,25
8,52
8,01
9,0
80
10

xi

h
i =1

2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice simple (vezi coloana 1 din tabelul 3.4.):
xi = 1600 = 160 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
x=
n
10
2.2. 9HULILFDUHDSULQFLSDOHORUSURSULHW
a) x min < x < x max
138,8 < x < 180
b)

(x

x ) = 0 (vezi tabelul 3.4., coloana 2)

Media fiind un ct exact, suma abaterilor pozitive s-a compensat cu suma abaterilor
negative:(-54,7) + (54,7) = 0
n

c)

LDOHPHGLHLDULWPHWLFH

x
i =1

= n x

10 160,0 = 1600 mil. lei

n

(x

d) x =

a)

= x a
n
Alegnd arbitrar a = 138,8 - primul termen -LFDOFXOkQG YDORULOH xi - a (vezi tabelul
i =1

VHRE LQH

x =

(x
i =1

a)
=

deci:
x x = a
160-21,2=138,8
de unde:
x = x + a
x = 

212
= 21,2 mil. OHLYkQ]
10

WRU

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

xi

e)

h
n

x
h

/XkQGDUELWUDUXQK

YH]LWDEHOXOFRORDQDVHRE LQH

xi

x =

80
=8
10

n
x = x h
x = 8 20 = 160 PLOOHLYkQ]

3. &DOFXOXOPHGLHLS
3.1.&DOFXOXOPHGLHLS

2
i

WRU

WUDWLFHDOPHGLHLDUPRQLFHLDOPHGLHLJHRPHWULFH
WUDWLFH

(x ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 3):

p

257613,18
160,5
n
10
x p > x;
160,5 > 160

xp = n

= 10

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLDUPRQLFHS

WUDWLFHLJHRPHWULFH

Tabelul 3.5.
Volumul
desfacerilor
(mil. lei)

Nr.
crt.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total

1
xi

xi2

lg xi

1
138,8
146,0
150,0
152,3
158,2
163,1
165,0
170,4
176,2
180,0

2
0,0072046
0,0068000
0,0066670
0,0065659
0,0063211
0,0061312
0,0060606
0,0058685
0,0056753
0,0055550

3
19265,44
21316,00
22500,00
23195,29
25027,24
26601,61
27225,00
29036,16
31046,44
32400,0

4
2,14239
2,16425
2,17605
2,18270
2,19921
2,21245
2,21748
2,23045
2,24601
2,25527

1600,0

0,0628986

257613,18

22,02640

3.2. Calculul mediei armonice ( x h ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 2)

n
10
xh =
=
= 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ] WRU
1 0,0628986
x
i
xh < x ;
158,98 < 160,0
Deci: x h < x < x p
3.3. Calculul mediei geometrice ( x g ) (vezi tabelul 3.5., coloana 4):
n

xg = n

xi ;
i =1

lg x g =

lg x
i =1

22,02640
2,20264
10
antilog 2,20264 = 159,5 => x g =PLOOHLYkQ]
lg x g =

Deci: x g < x a ;

WRU

159,5 < 160

5HFDSLWXOkQGYDORULOHPHGLLORURE LQXWHDYHP

x a = x = 160,0

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

x h = 158,98 PLOOHLYkQ]

WRU

x p =160,5 PLOOHLYkQ]

WRU

x g = 159,50 PLOOHLYkQ]

WRU

5HOD LDGLQWUHPHGLLHVWH

xh < xg < xa < x p

158,98 < 159,5 < 160 < 160.5
$EDWHULOH vQWUH FHOH SDWUX P ULPL PHGLL ILLQG IRDUWH PLFL VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  SHQWUX
DFHDVW  VHULH RULFH PHGLH V DU IRORVLHD P VRDU  VXILFLHQW GH FRUHFW WHQGLQ D FHQWUDO  L GHFL PHGLD

vQDFHVWFD]SRDWHILRYDORDUHWLSLF 

4.

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUPHGLLGHSR]L LH

4.1. Calculul medianei (Me)

n + 1 10 + 1
=
= 5,5
2
2

locul medianei: U ( Me) =

valoarea medianei:
x + x 6 158,2 + 163,1
Me = 5
=
= 160,65 mil. lei
2
2

4.2. Calculul modului

)LLQGVHULHVLPSO LQHDYkQGWHUPHQLFDUHV VHUHSHWHQXHVWHFD]XO

4.3. Calculul cuartilelor

Calculul cuartilelor presupune stabilirea locului cuartilelor U(Q2LDSRLFDOFXODUHDYDORULORU
lor:

U (Q1 ) =
Q1 =

n + 1 11
= = 2,75
4
4

x 2 + x3 146 + 150
=
= 148 mil. lei
2
2

Q 2 = M e = 160 , 65 mil. lei

U (Q3 ) =
Q3 =

3(n + 1)
= 8,25
4

x8 + x9 170,4 + 176,2
=
= 173,3 mil. lei
2
2

Potrivit celor trei cuartile, seria se poate structura astfel:

6WUXFWXUDVHULHLvQIXQF LHGHYDORULOHFHORUWUHLFXDUWLOH

Tabelul 3.6.
,QWHUYDOGHYDULD LH

138,80-148,00
148,00-160,65
160,65-173,30
173,30-180,00

Structura seriei (%)

25
25
25
25

5.

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LHLDVLPHWULH

PenWUXFDOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LHVHIRORVHWHWDEHOXO
&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

Tabelul 3.7.

xi x

Nr.
crt.

xi

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
138,8
146,0
150,0
152,3
158,2
163,1
165,0
170,4
176,2
180,0
1600,0

(xi x )2

xi2

xi x
x

2
21,2
14,0
10,0
7,7
1,8
3,1
5,0
10,4
16,2
20,0
109,4

x
i =1

3
449,44
196,00
100,00
59,29
3,24
9,61
25,0
108,16
262,44
400,00
1613,18
n

xi x

4
19265,44
21316,00
22500,00
23195,24
25027,24
26601,61
27225,00
29036,16
31046,44
32400,00
257613,18

100

5
- 13,25
- 8,75
- 6,25
- 4,81
- 1,13
1,94
3,13
6,50
10,13
12,50

(xi x )
i =1

5.1. ,QGLFDWRULLVLPSOLDLYDULD LHL

$PSOLWXGLQHDYDULD LHL

Aa = xmax - xmin =180-138,8 = 41,2 mil. lei

x x min 41,2
A% = max
=
100 = 25,75%
x
160

Abaterile absoluteDOHILHF UHLYDULDELOHID GHPHGLHdi):

d i = xi x (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 2)

Abaterile relative (di(%))

x x
d i (%) = i
100 (vezi tabelul 3.7., coloana 5)
x

5.2. ,QGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU

dx =

x
i =1

x
=

(d )

x LVHIRORVHVFGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXOFRORDQD

109,4
= 10,94
10

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

Dispersia ( x2 ) VHFDOFXOHD]
n

x2 =

(x
i =1

x)

FXGDWHOHGLQWDEHOXOFRORDQD

3:

1613,18
= 161,318
10

'LVSHUVLDVHPDLSRDWHFDOFXODLFXIRUPXOD

x2 =

2
i

x2
n
Datele necesare VHJ VHVFvQWDEHOXOFRORDQHOH L
257613,18
x2 =
160 2 = 161,318
10
Deci s-DDMXQVODDFHODLUH]XOWDW

i =1

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS

WUDWLF

x =

(xi x )2

sHFDOFXOHD]

H[WU JkQGU G FLQDS WUDW 

din dispersie:

x = x2 = 161,318 = 12,70

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

&RHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LH

(v, v)
dx
10 , 94
v =
100 =
100 = 6 , 84%
x
160
x
12 , 70
100 =
100 = 7 , 84%
v=
x
160
v'
Lv GHFLVHSRDWHDILUPDF VHULDDUHXQJUDGPDUHGHRPRJHQLWDWHLPHGLD
HVWHUHSUH]HQWDWLY SHQWUXvQWUHDJDVHULH

6.

5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF

QDFHVWFD]YDULD LDQHILLQGFRQWLQX VHSRDWHIRORVLXQJUDILFSULQFRORDQHLRGLDJUDP 

UDGLDO FX]HFHUD]HYH]LILJXULOHL

mil. lei

200
180
160

146

150

152,3

138,8

158,2 163,1

165

173,4 176,2

180

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
5

10

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYROXPXOGHVIDFHULORUPLOOHL

1
10

180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

5
6

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LH

de volumul desfacerilor (mil. lei)

2.
3HQWUX R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  VH FXQRVF XUP WRDUHOH GDWH SULYLWRU OD YHFKLPHD vQ SURGXF LH
vQVFULVHvQWDEHOXOGDWHFRQYHQ LRQDOH
5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUGLQWU RVHF LHGXS

YHFKLPH

Tabelul 3.8.
Grupe dHVDODULD L

Sub 5

5-10

10-15

15-20

20-25

25-30

30-35

L

20

peste
10

GXS YHFKLPHDQL

1XP UXOVDODULD LORU

10

40

60

80

50

30

Se cere:
1. UHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DVHULHLIRORVLQGIUHFYHQ HOHUHDOHLFHOHFXPXODWH
2. vechimea medie a muncitorilor prin caOFXOXO PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH
UHODWLYH L SULQ FDOFXOXO VLPSOLILFDW VSHFLILFkQG FH SURSULHW

L DOH PHGLHL DULWPHWLFH VWDX

ODED]DFDOFXOXOXLPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYHLSULQFDOFXOXOVLPSOLILFDW

3. LQGLFDWRULLPHGLLGHSR]L ie;
4. LQGLFDWRULLVLPSOLLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL
5. indicatorii de asimetrie;
6. PHGLDLGLVSHUVLDSHQWUXPXQFLWRULL cu o vechime mai mare dect vechimea medie.

Rezolvare
1.

5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF

DVHULHL

+LVWRJUDPDLSROLJRQXOIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJXUD

3.3.);

&XUEDFXPXODWLY DIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJXUD

90
80
70

 
 

60
50




40

30
20
10
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

vechime (ani)
)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

QXP

UVDODULD L

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

vechime (ani)
)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDVDODULD LORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

2. Calculul vechimii medii

n acest scop se vor folosi datele din tabelul 3.9.
Tabelul 3.9.
Grupe de

1XP UXO

VDODULD L

VDODULD LORU

GXS 

vechime
(ani)
0
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40
Total

abs. (ni)

n i*( % )

1
10
40
60
80
50
30
20
10
300

2
3,33
13,33
20,00
26,67
16,67
10,00
6,67
3,33
100

ni
i =1

n i*( % )
i =1

Centrul
de
interval
(xi)

xi ni

x i n i*( % )

3
2,5
7,5
12,5
17,5
22,5
27,5
32,5
37,5
-

4
25
300
750
1400
1125
825
650
375
5450

5
8,325
99,975
250,000
466,725
375,075
275,000
216,775
124,875
1816,75

xi ni
i =1

xi ni* (%)
i =1

xi a
h
a=17,5
h=5
6
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-

xi a

ni
h
7
-30
-80
-60
0
50
60
60
40
40
k

i =1

xi a
ni
h

)UHFYHQ H

absolute
cumulate
cres- descresF WRU

F WRU

8
10
50
110
190
240
270
290
300
-

9
300
290
250
190
110
60
30
10
-

2.1. Calculul mediei aritmetice pe baza:

frecven HORUDEVROXWH
k

x=

xi ni
i =1

ni

5450
= 18.167 18 , 2 ani/salariat
300

i =1

IUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH

x=

x i n i*( % )
i =1

100

18 , 2 ani/salariat

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLIRORVLQGIUHFYHQWHOHUHODWLYHVHED]HD] SHSURSULHWDWHD

ni
k
c
i =1
=
x
;
n
acest
caz
=
c
ni

k
ni
i =1

i =1 c

2.2. Calculul simplificat al mediei aritmetice:

k
xi a
h n i
40

i =1
x=
h + a =
5 + 17 , 5 = 18 , 1667 18 , 2 ani/salariat
k
300
ni
i =1

Calculul mediei prin acest procedeu s-DED]DWSHGRX

anume:
k

x =

(x
i =1

a ) ni

i
k

n
i =1

= x a ,

x =

n
i =1

x=

de unde:

(x
i =1

a ) ni

n
i =1

x
, de unde:
h

x=

LDOHPHGLHLDULWPHWLFHL

xi
ni

i =1 h

SURSULHW

xi

hn
i =1
k

n
i =1

&kQG VXQW LQWHUYDOH HJDOH HVWH FRQYHQDELO V

se ia a egal cu centrul intervalului cu

IUHFYHQ D PD[LP  DGLF 

a   L SHQWUX h R YDORDUH HJDO

h = 5 (vezi tabelul 3.9.).

 FX P ULPHD LQWHUYDOHORU

DGLF 

3.

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUPHGLLGHSR]L LH

3.1.&DOFXOXOPHGLDQHL0HLDFHORUODOWHPHGLLGHSR]L LH:

FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

U ( Me) =

n
i =1

+1
=

300 + 1
= 150,5 ,
2

+ a;

deci

15 < Me < 20

n
i =1

Me = x 0 + h

m 1

ni

= 15 + 5

i =1

nm

U (Q1 ) =

+1

n
i =1

+1
=

150,5 110
= 17,5 ani
80

301
= 75,25 , deci
2

10< Q1 <15

1 k
u 1
n i + 1 n i
4 i =1
i =1 = 10 + 5 75,25 50 = 12,125 ani
Q1 = x0 + h
nu
60

Q 2 = M e = 17 , 5 ani
U (Q3 ) =

3 k
3
ni + 1 = 301 = 225,75
4 i =1
4

deci 20 < Q3 < 25

3 k
v 1
n i + 1 n i
4 i =1
i =1 = 20 + 5 225,75 190 = 23,525 ani
Q3 = x 0 + h
nv
50

FXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

U ( Me ) =

n *(
i

i =1

+1
=

100 + 1
= 50 , 5 ,
2

deci

15 < Me < 20

n i*( % ) + 1
i =1

Me = x 0 + h

n *(
i =1

Q1 = x 0 + h

i =1

n m* ( %

U ( Q1 ) =

m 1

n *i ( % )

i %

+1
=

= 15 + 5

101
= 25 , 25 ,
2

u 1 *
1 k *
n
n
+
1
i( % )

4 i =1 i ( % )
i =1
n u* ( %

50 , 5 36 , 66
= 17 , 59 ani
26 , 67

deci

10 < Q1 < 15

= 10 + 5

25 , 25 16 , 66
= 12 , 148 ani
20

Q 2 = M e = 17 , 59 ani

3
3 k *
= 101 = 75 , 75 ,
n
+
1

4 i =1 i ( % )
4

U ( Q3 ) =

Q3 = x0 + h

v 1
3 k *
n i ( % ) + 1 n i*( % )

4 i =1
i =1
n v* ( %

deci

= 20 + 5

20 < Q3 < 25

75 , 75 63 , 33
= 23 , 725 ani
16 , 67

'LIHUHQ HOH GLQWUH LQGLFDWRULL FDOFXOD L FX IUHFYHQ H DEVROXWH L FHL FX IUHFYHQ H UHODWLYH VXQW
QHVHPQLILFDWLYHLSURYLQGLQURWXQMLUHDIUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH

3.2. Calculul modului (Mo):

FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

Locul MovOFRQVWLWXLHLQWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ DPD[LP

1
20
Mo = x 0 + h
= 15 + 5
= 17 ani
1 + 2
20 + 30



Mo < 20.

cu frecven HUHODWLYH
1
26,67 20
Mo = x 0 + h
= 15 + 5
= 17,27 ani
1 + 2
(26,67 20) + (26,67 16,67)
9DORULOHWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHFRQVLGHUDWHFDP ULPLWLSLFH FHGHILQHVFDFHDVW  VHULHSHQWUX

FDOFXOXOFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWHVXQW

x =18,2 ani; Me=17,5 ani; Mo=17 ani.

4. Calculul indicatorilorGHYDULD LH (vezi tabelul 3.10.).

4.1. Calculul indicatorilor simpli
QDFHVWFD]QXVXQWFRQFOXGHQ L

4.2. Calculul indicatorilor sintetici

$EDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU  d i ) VHRE LQHGLQvQVXPDUHDYDORULORUGLQFRORDQDYH]LWDEHOXO
3I U V VH LQ VHDPDGHVHPQ
k

dx =

x
i =1

x ni

i
k

n
i =1

1956
= 6,5 ani/salariat
300

Dispersia ( x2 ):
- FDOFXOXORELQXLW
k

x2 =

(x
i =1

x ) ni
2

n
i =1

20367
= 67,89
300

calculul simplificat:
xi a

ni

h
820
i =1
2
x =
h 2 ( x a) 2 =
25 (18,2 17,5) 2 = 67,84
k
300
ni
2

i =1

$EDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF 

x)

x = x2 = 67,84 = 8,2 ani/salariat

&RHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LH

vLv)

GDF VHSRUQHWHGHODDEDWHUHDPHGLHOLQLDU 

v =

dx
6,5
100 =
100 = 35,7%
x
18,2

GDF VHSRUQHWHGHODDEDWHUHDPHGLHS WUDWLF 

x
8,2
100 =
100 = 45%
x
18,2

v=

Interpretnd valoarea coeficientului de YDULD LHVHSRDWHDILUPDF

PHGLDQXHVWHVXILFLHQWGH

UHSUH]HQWDWLY FDXUPDUHDIDSWXOXLF VHULDQXHVWHVXILFLHQW GHRPRJHQ 'HDOWIHOILLQGYRUEDGH

WR LVDODULD LLHUDGHDWHSWDWFDYHFKLPHDPHGLHV DLE RGLVSHUVLHPDUHVDODULD LLvQDQVDPEOX

l lor

V DSDU LQ ODvQWUHJXOLQWHUYDOGHYDULD LHDYHFKLPLL

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

Tabelul 3.10.
1XP

Grupe de
VDODULD L
GXS

vechime (ani)

abs. (ni)

0
0-5
5-10
10-15
15-20
20-25
25-30
30-35
35-40

1
10
40
60
80
50
30
20
10
300

Total

ni
i =1

1)

UXO

muncitorilor

n i* ( %

2
3,33
13,33
20,00
26,67
16,67
10,00
6,67
3,33
100

Centrul
de
interval
(xi)
3
2,5
7,5
12,5
17,5
22,5
27,5
32,5
37,5
-

xi x

(xi x ) ni

(xi x )2 .ni
a = 17,5
h=5

4
-15,7
-10,7
-5,7
-0,7
4,3
9,3
14,3
19,3
-

n i*( % )

5
-157
-428
-342
-56
215
279
286
193
-10
1)
(xi x ) ni

i =1

xi a

ni
h
2

6
2464,9
4579,6
1949,4
39,2
924,5
2594,7
4089,8
3724,9
20367,0

(x

x ) .ni
2

7
90
160
60
0
60
120
180
160
820

xi a

ni

h
i =1
k

'HRDUHFH PHGLD QX HVWH XQ FkW H[DFW L D IRVW URWXQMLW  QX YHULILF  SURSULHWDWHD

(x

x ) ni = 0 .'LIHUHQ DILLQGIRDUWHPLF

ntr-RP

-10), rotunjirea medieQXYDLQIOXHQ DGHFkW

VXU IRDUWHPLF P ULPHDFHORUODO LLQGLFDWRUL

5. Calculul indicatorilor de asimetrie

Q DFHVW VFRS YRP FDOFXOD FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH SURSXL GH 3HDUVRQ

Yule:
C as =

( x Mo) 18,2 17
=
= 0,146
x
8,2

(Cas L &as L

C as =

3( x Me) 3(18,2 17,5)

=
= 0,256
x
8,2

AS =

q 2 q1
,
q 2 + q1

unde

q1=Me - Q1; q2 =Q3 Me

q1 = 17,5 12,125 = 5,375

q2 = 33,575 17,5 = 6,075
AS =

6,075 5,375
= 0,061
6,075 + 5,375

&HLWUHLLQGLFDWRULGHDVLPHWULHFDOFXOD LLQGLF RDVLPHWULHPRGHUDW SR]LWLY 

6. 0HGLDLGLVSHUVLDFDUDFWHULVWicii alternative
Media (p)
M
p=
,
N
unde: M QXP UXOPXQFLWRULORUFXRYHFKLPH! x = 18,2 ani; M =110;
N QXP UXOWRWDODOPXQFLWRULORU1 
M 110
p=
=
= 0,3667
N 300
Dispersia ( 2p )

2p = p(1 p) = 0,3667(1 0,3667) = 0,2322

3.
ntr-R VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO
s-DXRE LQXWXUP WRDUHOHGDWH

 FDUH DUH  GH PXQFLWRUL V D RUJDQL]DW R REVHUYDUH VWDWLVWLF  L

5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LDRE LQXW

EXF

Tabelul 3.11.
Grupe de muncitori
GXS

SURGXF LDRE LQXW

Sub 120
120-140
140-160
160-180
180-200
200-220
220-240
LSHVWH

Total

1XP

UPXQFLWRUL

EXF

10
18
23
38
51
40
15
5
200

5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPHDQL

Tabelul 3.12.
Grupe de muncitori
GXS YHFKLPH (ani)
Sub 2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12-18
18-24

Structura muncitorilor
vQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

4,2
8,5
12,9
30,2
26,2
10,2
7,8
100,0

LSHVWH

Total

Se cere:
1.

V  VH FDUDFWHUL]H]H VWDWLVWLF FHOH GRX  VHULL IRORVLQG PHWRGD JUDILF  LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL
FHQWUDOHPHGLLOHGHVWUXFWXU LQGLFDWRULLGHYDULD LH L

2.

asimetrie;

V  VH SUHFL]H]H GXS  FDUH GLQ YDULDELOH HVWH PDL RPRJHQ  FROHFWLYLWDWHD GH PXQFLWRUL DL
VRFLHW

LLFRPHUFLDOHUHVSHFWLYH

Rezolvare
1.

6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU vQ IXQF LH GH SURGXF LD LQGLYLGXDO  HVWH SUH]HQWDW 
FXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWHLHVWHJUXSDW SHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOH

3HQWUX FDUDFWHUL]DUHD VWDWLVWLF  D DFHVWHL VHULL GH IUHFYHQ H VH YD IDFH UHSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILF 
SULQKLVWRJUDP SROLJRQXOLFXUEDFXPXODWLY DIUHFYHQ HORUYH]LILJLIRORVLQGFROL

7 din tabelul 3.13. Graficul de concentrare se face analog cu cel din figura 1.4. (vezi capitolul 1).

60

51
50

40

38
 

40





30

23





18

15

20

10
5

10
0
80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280


     

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LD]LOQLF

EXF

225
200
nr. muncitori

175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
SURGXF LDEXF

)LJXUD'LVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHSURGXF LD]LOQLF

EXF

)LLQGLQWHUYDOHHJDOHSHQWUXPHGLHLGLVSHUVLHVHYRUXWLOL]DIRUPXOHOHGHFDOFXOVLPSOLILFDW

xi a
h
i =1
k

x=

ni

xi a

ni

h
i =1
2
x =
h 2 ( x a) 2
k
ni
2

h + a ,

respectiv

ni

i =1

i =1

Pentru calculul indicatorilor se va folosi tabelul 3.13.

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUFDUHFDUDFWHUL]HD]
vQIXQF LHGHP

UHSDUWL LDFHORUGHPXQFLWRUL

ULPHDSURGXF LHL]LOQLFHRE LQXWH

Tabelul 3.13.
1XP

Grupe de
muncitori
GXS

U

muncitori
(ni)

SURGXF LD

Centre
de
interval
(xi)

RE LQXW 

(buc.)
0
sub 120
120-140
140-160
160-180
180-200
200-220
220-240

1
10
18
23
38
51
40
15
5
200

LSHVWH

Total

2
110
130
150
170
190
210
230
250

xi a
h
a=190
h=20
3
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3

2
xi x
x a

ni i
ni
h
h

&UHVF

WRU

DescresF

4
-40
-54
-46
-38
0
40
30
15
-93

x=

93
20 + 190 = 180 , 7 buc./muncitor
200

2
x

)UHFYHQ HFXPXODWH

597
20 2 ( 180 , 7 190 ) 2 = 1107 , 51
200

5
160
162
92
38
0
40
60
45
597

6
10
28
51
89
140
180
195
200
-

WRU

7
200
190
172
149
111
60
20
5
-

 x = 1107,51 = 33,28 buc./muncitor

v=

x
33,28
100 =
100 = 18,42%
x
180,7

3H ED]D FRHILFLHQWXOXL GH YDULD LH VH SRDWH WUDJH FRQFOX]LD F  PHGLD HVWH UHSUH]HQWDWLY 

pentru cele mai multe valori individuale ale serieLGHRDUHFHDPRE LQXWXQFRHILFLHQWPLFGHYDULD LH
FHHDFHvQVHDPQ vQDFHODLWLPSF GDWHOHVXQWGHVWXOGHRPRJHQHvQWUHHOH
'LQDFHODLWDEHOVHSRWFDOFXODLFHLODO LGRLLQGLFDWRUL DLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHYDORDUHPRGDO 
LYDORDUHPHGLDQ 
,QWHUYDOXOFXIUHFYHQ

PD[LP FXSULQGHLPRGXO

180 < Mo < 200, de unde:

Mo = x 0 + h

1
(51 38)
= 180 + 20
= 190,83
1 + 2
(51 38) + (51 40)

EXF

Locul medianei n serie:

k

U ( Me) =

n
i =1

+1
=

200 + 1
= 100,5
2

Q LQWHUYDOXO DO FLQFLOHD VXPD IUHFYHQ HORU FXPXODWH HVWH PDL PDUH GHFkW ORFXO PHGLDQHL vQ

seULHDGLF

180 < Me < 200

k

n
i =1

+1

Me = x 0 + h

m 1

ni
i =1

nm

Deci, x , Me L Mo VH J

= 180 + 20

100,5 89
= 184,5
51

EXF

VHVF vQ DFHODL LQWHUYDO VHULD HVWH XRU DVLPHWULF  L SXWHP YHULILFD

UHOD LD

3( x -Me) = x -Mo
3(180,700-184,5) =-11,4

x -Mo = 180,7-190,83 =-10,13

QVHDPQ F SHQWUXVHULDQRDVWU FXRGLIHUHQ

QHVHPQLILFDWLY VHYHULILF UHOD LDGLQWUHFHL

WUHLLQGLFDWRULDLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHH[LVWHQW vQFD]XOUHSDUWL LLORUPRGHUDWDVLPHWULFH

Pentru stabilirea gradului de asimetrie vom avea:

C as =

( x Mo )

180 , 7 190 , 83 10 , 13
=
= 0 , 30
33 , 28
33 , 28

C as =

3( x Me) 3(180,7 184,5) 11,4

=
=
= 0,34
x
33,28
33,28

AS =

q 2 q1
,
q 2 + q1
k

U (Q1 ) =

n
i =1

unde

+1

q1=Me - Q1;

q2 =Q3 Me

201
= 50,25
4

140 < Q1 < 160

1 k
u 1
n i + 1 n i
4 i =1
i =1 = 140 + 20 50,25 28 = 159,34
Q1 = x0 + h
nu
23

U (Q3 ) =

EXF

3 k
3
ni + 1 = 201 = 150,75
4 i =1
4

200 < Q3 < 220

3 k
v 1
n i + 1 n i
4 i =1
i =1 = 200 + 20 150,75 140 = 205,375
Q3 = x 0 + h
nv
40

EXF

q1 = 184,5-159,34 = 25,16
q2 = 205,375-184,5 = 20,875
AS =

20,875 25,16
= 0,093
20,875 + 25,16

n toate cazurile s-DX RE LQXW YDORUL QHJDWLYH UHODWLY PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH DVLPHWULH
FHHD FH vQVHDPQ  F  SUHGRPLQ  YDORULOH PDL PDUL L FD DWDUH LQGLFDWRULL WHQGLQ HL FHQWUDOH VXQW PDL
UHSUH]HQWDWLYL SHQWUX WHUPHQLL FDUH SUH]LQW  DEDWHUL QHJDWLYH vQ FRPSDUD LH FX FHL FDUH SUH]LQW 

abateri pozitive ( x < Me < Mo).

2.

6HULD SULYLQG UHSDUWL LD PXQFLWRULORU GXS  YHFKLPH HVWH SH LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH L FX

IUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH
3HQWUXUHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF HVWHQHFHVDUV VHIDF RVHULHGHFDOFXOHSUHJ WLWRDUH

&DOFXOXOIUHFYHQ HORUUHGXVHLDIUHFYHQ HORUFXPXODWH

pentru seria referitoare la vechime

Tabelul 3.14.

*UXSHGXS

vechime
(ani)

Structura
muncitorilor
(n*i(%))

ULPHD

intervalulu
i (hi)

5DSRUWXOID

GH

primul interval

)UHFYHQ H

)UHFYHQ H

reduse

relative
cumulate

n i* (%)

h
Ki = i
h1

Ki

FUHVF

0-2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12-18
18-24
24-30

1
4,2
8,5
12,9
30,2
26,2
10,2
7,8

2
2
2
4
4
6
6
6

3
1,0
1,0
2,0
2,0
3,0
3,0
3,0

4
4,2
8,5
6,5
15,1
8,7
3,4
2,6

tor
5
4,2
12,7
25,6
55,8
82,0
92,2
100

Total

100

15

- descresF

WRU

6
100,0
95,8
87,3
74,4
44,2
18,0
7,8
-

Folosind datele din tabelul 3.14. se constituie: histograma, polLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU L FXUED
FXPXODWLY YH]LILJL

30,2

14
12
10

8,5

26,2
12,9

8
6 4,2

10,2

7,8

2
0
0

12

16

20

24

28

vechime (ani)

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

structura muncitorilor (%)

structura muncitorilor (%)

16

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

vechime (ani)

)vJXUD5HSDUWL LDPXQFLWRULORUvQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPH

32

L vQ DFHVW FD] WUHEXLH FDOFXOD L LQGLFDWRULL FDUH FDUDFWHUL]HD]  VWDWLVWLF DFHDVW  VHULH )LLQG
LQWHUYDOH QHHJDOH WUHEXLH FDOFXODWH FHQWUHOH GH LQWHUYDO L DSRL VH YD DSOLFD R IRUPXO  GH FDOFXO
VLPSOLILFDW 'H UHJXO  VH RSWHD]  QXPDL SHQWUX IRORVLUHD XQHL VLQJXUH SURSULHW

L

bazate pe

PLFRUDUHDWHUPHQLORUFXRFRQVWDQW 

a" (vezi tabelul 3.15.).

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHDPHGLLORUGHSR]L LHLDLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

ntr-o serie cu intervale neegale

Tabelul 3.15.
)UHFYHQ

Intervale
GHYDULD LH

Centrul
intervalului
( xi )

reODWLY
(n

*
i (%) )

A
0-2
2-4
4-8
8 - 12
12 - 18
18 - 24
24 - 30

1
4,2
8,5
12,9
30,2
26,2
10,2
7,8

2
1
3
6
10
15
21
27

Total

100

(x
x=

2
x

a ) ni*(%)
100

(xi
=

(xi - a)
a = 10

)UHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

3
-9
-7
-4
0
5
11
17

4
-37,8
-59,5
-51,6
0
31
112,2
132,6

5
340,2
416,5
206,4
0
655
1234,3
2554,2

6
4,2
12,7
25,6
5,5,8
82,0
92,2
100,0

226,9

5113,5

( x a )2 =

5113 , 5
( 12 , 3 10 ) 2 = 45 , 84
100

x = 45,84 = 6,77 ani/muncitor

v=

x
6,77
100 =
100 = 55%
x
12,3

8 < Mo < 12
Mo = x 0 + h

1
(30,2 12,9)
=8+4
= 11,25 ani
1 + 2
(30,2 12,9) + (30,2 26,2)

Locul medianei n serie:

k

U ( Me) =

n
i =1

8 <Me < 12

+1
=

cumulative

226,9
+ 10 12,3 ani/muncitor
100

a ) 2 n i*(%)
100

( xi a ) ni*(%) ( xi a ) 2 ni*(%)

100 + 1
= 50,5
2

n*
i =1

Me = x 0 + h

U (Q1 ) =

i (%)

+1

m 1

n *i (%)

i =1

*
m

=8+4

(% )

50 , 5 26 , 6
30 , 2

= 11 , 298 ani

101
= 25,25
4

4 < Q1 <8

Q1 = 4 + 4

25,25 12,7
= 7,89 ani
12,9

Q 2 = M e = 11 , 298 ani
U (Q3 ) =

3
101 = 75,75
4

12 < Q3 < 18
Q3 = 12 + 6

75,75 55,8
= 16,568 ani
26,2

C as =

( x Mo) 12,3 11,25

=
= 0,155
6,77
x

C as =

3( x Me) 3(12,3 11,298)

=
= 0,44
x
6,77

q1 = Me-Q1=11,298 7,89 = 3,488

q2 = Q3 Me = 16,568 11,298 = 5,27
AS =

q 2 q1
5,2 3,488
=
= 0,203
q 2 + q1 25,2 + 3,488

$QDOL]kQG UH]XOWDWHOH VH FRQVWDW  F  VHULD DUH FDUDFWHU QHRPRJHQ GHRDUHFH FRHILFLHQWXO GH
YDULD LH WRWDO  HVWH GH  5HIHULQGX QH OD YHFKLPH DFHDVW  VLWXD LH HUD GH DWHSWDW VHULD DYkQG

LQWHUYDOHQHHJDOHGHYDULD LHLIUHFYHQ HOHGLVWULEXLQGX

-se neuniform.
spre valorile mici (Mo < Me < x ).

&DOFXOkQGFRHILFLHQ LLGHDVLPHWULHVHFRQVWDW RDVLPHWULH

Q ILQDO VH SRDWH VSXQH F  VHULD SULYLQG GLVWULEX LD SURGXF LHL vQ EXF

L HVWH PXOW PDL

RPRJHQ  FDUDFWHUL]DW  GH LQGLFDWRUL FX YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX YDULD LH L DVLPHWULH L HVWH QHRPRJHQ 
SHQWUX VHULD SULYLQG YHFKLPHD PHGLH FHHD FH QH SHUPLWH V  WUDJHP FRQFOX]LD F  vQ PRG FRUHFW vQ
vQWUHSULQGHUHD UHVSHFWLY  SURGXF LLOH LQGLYLGXDOH RE LQXWH QX GHSLQG vQ SULQFLSDO GH YHFKLPH FL GH
DO LIDFWRULHVHQ LDOLVSHFLILFL

4.

ntr-R VRFLHWDWHFRPHUFLDO
SULQXQLW

 V DX vQUHJLVWUDW FX SULYLUH OD XQ SURGXV GH ED]  GHVWLQDW YkQ] ULL

LOHSURSULLGDWHOHQHFHVDUHGHWHUPLQ ULLQLYHOXOXLPHGLXDOSURGXFWLYLW

consumului specific

GH WLPS GH PXQF  

FKHOWXLHOLOHWRWDOHGHWLPSGHPXQF 

yi 'DWHOH VH SUH]LQW

ziUHSUH]LQW

LLPXQFLL

(xi)LDO

 vQWU R VHULH ELGLPHQVLRQDO  vQ FDUH

IUHFYHQ HOHFRPXQHSHQWUXFHOHGRX YDULDELOH

Tabelul 3.16.
Produs

Nivelul
LL

SURGXFWLYLW

Consumul specific de timp

Cheltuielile
GHPXQF RUH-om la 1000 lei
totale de timp

muncii orare
PLLOHLRU

SURGXF LH

GHPXQF

(yi)

(mii ore-om)
(zi)

2
0,100
0,160
0,134
0,116

3
11624
6444
100
18168

(xi)
A
A
B
C
Total

1
10,0
6,25
7,47
8,65

Se cere:
1. calculul nivelului mediu alSURGXFWLYLW LLPXQFLL( w = x );
2. FDOFXOXOFRQVXPXOXLPHGLXGHWLPSGHPXQF ( t = y ).
1RW V VHVSHFLILFHFHIHOGHPHGLLV-DXXWLOL]DWLGHFH"

Rezolvare
'DF  FHOH GRX  FDUDFWHULVWLFL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH LQWHUGHSHQGHQWH vQWUH HOH VH SXQH SUREOHPD
DOHJHULLFHOXLPDLSRWULYLWWLSGHPHGLHSHQWUXDS VWUDDFHHDLUHOD LHGHLQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOLWDWHL
vQWUHP ULPLOHPHGLLFDOFXODWH
QWUH FHOH GRX  YDULDELOH DSDU UHOD LLOH
ELGLPHQVLRQDO FXIUHFYHQ HFRPXQH

xi =

(n ).

1
yi

 SHQWUX FDUH VH YD RE LQH R UHSDUWL LH

xi yi

3ULPD VHULH GH GLVWULEX LH D QLYHOXULORU SURGXFWLYLW

FRORDQHORULLDUFHDGH

- HVWH IRUPDW

LL PXQFLL HVWH IRUPDW  GLQ GDWHOH

-a doua sHULHGHGLVWULEX LH-DFRQVXPXULORUVSHFLILFHGHWLPSGHPXQF

 GLQ GDWHOH FRORDQHORU  L  $VWIHO SUH]HQWDWH FHOH GRX  VHULL DX DFHOHDL SRQGHUL

SHQWUXDPEHOHFDUDFWHULVWLFLDGLF QXP UXOWRWDOGHRP

-ore lucrate.

3HQWUXDS VWUDUHOD LDGHLQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOLWDWHGLQWUHFHOHGRX YDULDELOHLvQWUHP ULPLOH

PHGLL SHQWUX FDOFXOXO QLYHOXOXL PHGLX DO SURGXFWLYLW

LL PXQFLL YRP IRORVL PHGLD DULWPHWLF 

SRQGHUDW  LDU SHQWUX FDOFXOXO FRQVXPXOXL PHGLX GH WLPS GH PXQF  VH YD DSOLFD PHGLD DUPRQLF 
SRQGHUDW 

1.

&DOFXOXOQLYHOXOXLPHGLXDOSURGXFWLYLW

LLPXQFLL

w=x=

x n
i =1
k

n
i =1

xi yi

xi yi

10 11624 + 6,25 6444 + 7,47 100

= 8,65 mii lei/ore-om
18168

2.

&DOFXOXOFRQVXPXOXLPHGLXGHWLPSGHPXQF

t =y=

n
i =1

y
i =1

xi y i

n xi yi

18168
= 0,116 ore-om/1000 lei
1
1
1
11624 +
6444 +
100
0,10
0,16
0,134

9HULILFDUHDUHOD LHLGLQWUHFHOHGRX PHGLLvQPLLOHL

x=

1
;
y

1
= 8,62;
0,116

'LIHUHQ D SRDWH SURYHQL GLQ URWXQMLUHD FDOFXOXOXL 'HFL PHGLD DUPRQLF  SRDWH VXEVWLWXL
PHGLD DULWPHWLF  FkQG VH FXQRVF SURGXVHOH GH IUHFYHQ

 L QX IUHFYHQ HOH UHDOH 8Q DVWIHO GH

exemplu poate fi cel al indiceluLDUPRQLFDOSUH XULORUYH]LFDSLWROXO,QGLFL

5.

6HFXQRVFXUP WRDUHOHGDWH FXSULYLUHODGLVWULEX LDYkQ] WRULORUGLQWU

-un complex comercial

vQIXQF LHGHYHFKLPHDvQPXQF LYDORDUHDYkQ] ULORUUHDOL]DWHvQWU RV SW PkQ 

Tabelul 3.17.
6XEJUXSHGHYkQ]

Grupe GHYkQ]

WRULGXS

YROXPXOYkQ]

ULORUPLOOHL

WRUL

220

Total

sub 190

190-200

200-210

210-220

LSHVWH

1
5
-

2
15
12
-

3
5
35
7

4
8
15

5
8

6
25
55
30

Total

27

47

23

110

GXS

YHFKLPHDQL

A
sub 10
10-20

LSHVWH

Se cere:
1.

SROLJRQXO IUHFYHQ HORU SULYLQG UHSDUWL LDYkQ] WRULORUGXS YROXPXOYkQ] ULORUSH WRWDOL

pe grupe de vechime;
2.

UHSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF DQXP UXOXLYkQ] WRULORUGXS YHFKLPHSHFHOH

trei grupe, folosind

JUDILFXOSULQS WUDW

3. calculul mediiloUSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPHLSHWRWDO
4. LQGLFDWRULLVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHLSHILHFDUHJUXS LSHWRWDO
5. LQWHUSUHWDUHDJUDGXOXLGHRPRJHQLWDWHSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO
6. verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor;
7. ce indicatori statistici se pot calcula pe baza UHJXOLL GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L FXP VH
LQWHUSUHWHD] VWDWLVWLFDFHWLLQGLFDWRUL

8.

FDOFXOXO L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX FDUDFWHULVWLFD YkQ]

PHGLDYkQ]

ULORUSHWRWDO

WRUL FDUH VH DIO

 SHVWH

Rezolvare
1.

5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF

DGLVWULEX LHLYkQ]

WRULORUILJXULOHL

50

WRUL

45
40

UYkQ]

35
30

1XP

25
20
15
10
5
0
170

9ROXPXOYkQ]

180

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDYkQ]

190

200

ULORUPLOOHL

210

220

230

WRULORUvQWU XQFRPSOH[FRPHUFLDOGXS

240

YROXPXOGHVIDFHULORU

50
Total

45

30
25
20

WRUL

gr. II
gr. III

UYkQ]

35

gr. I

1XP

40

15
10
5
0
170

180

)LJXUD5HSDUWL LDYkQ]

2.

5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF

9ROXPXOYkQ]

190

200

WRULORUGXS

DQXP

ULORUPLOOHL

210

220

230

240

YROXPXOGHVIDFHULLSHWRWDOLSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPH

UXOXLYkQ]

WRULORUGXS

YHFKLPH

(vezi figura 3.11.).

Scara: 1 cm = 2 persoane

55
30

25

sub 10 ani
)LJXUD1XP

10-20 ani
UXOGHYkQ]

DQLLSHVWH

WRULSHJUXSHGHYHFKLPH

3. Calculul mediilor
PHGLLOHGHJUXS :
m

y n
j

j =1

yi =

n
j =1

ij

y1 =

185 5 + 195 15 + 205 5

= 195 PLOOHLYkQ]
25

y2 =

195 12 + 205 35 + 215 8

= 204,27 PLOOHLYkQ]
55

y3 =

205 7 + 215 15 + 225 8

= 215,33 PLOOHLYkQ]
30

WRU

WRU

WRU

(y ):

PHGLDJHQHUDO

ij

independent:
m

y=

y n
j

j =1

n
j =1

y=
-

185 5 + 195 27 + 205 47 + 215 23 + 225 8

= 205,18
110

pe baza mediilor de JUXS

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

y=

y n
i

i =1
r

n
i =1

y=

4.

195 25 + 204,27 55 + 215,33 30

= 205,18
110

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

&DOFXOXOLQGLFDWRULORUVLQWHWLFLDLYDULD LHL

( ):
m
( y j y i )2 n ij

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS

i2 =

2
i

j =1

n ij
j =1

12 =

(185 - 195) 2 5 + (195 - 195 ) 2 15 + (205 - 195 ) 2 5

= 40
25

(195 - 204,27 ) 2 12 + (205 - 204,27 ) 2 35 + (215 - 204,27 ) 2 8

= 35,83
55

22 =

32 =

(205 - 215,33

)2

7 + (215 - 215,33 ) 2 15 + (225 - 215,33 ) 2 8

30

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH

= 49 , 89

( ):
2

2 =

i =1

ni

n
i =1

2
i

40 25 + 35,83 55 + 49,89 30
= 40,63
110

dispersia dintre grupe 2 = y2 / x :

r

( y i

y ) n i
2

i =1

n i
i =1

( 195 205 , 18 ) 2 25 + ( 204 , 27 205 , 18 ) 2 55 + ( 215 , 33 205 , 18 ) 2 30

110

( ):
m
( y j y )2 n j
2

GLVSHUVLDWRWDO

=
2

j =1

(185 205,18) 2 5 + (195 205,18) 2 27 + ( 205 205,18) 2 47

110

n j
j =1

( 215 205,18) 2 23+ ( 225 205,18) 2 8

110

= 92, 69

5. Aprecierea gradului de omRJHQLWDWHSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO

&DOFXOXOFRHILFLHQ LORUGHYDULD LH

pe grupe

1 = 12 = 40 = 6,32
v1 =

= 52 , 06

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

1
6,32
100 =
100 = 3,24%
y1
195

2 = 22 = 35,83 = 5,98

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

v2 =

2
5,98
100 =
100 = 2,93%
y2
204,27

3 = 32 = 49,89 = 7,06
v3 =

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

3
7,06
100 =
100 = 3,18%
y3
215,33

pe total

= 2 = 92,69 = 9,62
v=

PLOOHLYkQ] WRU

9,62
100 =
100 = 4,69%
y
205,18

&RPSDUkQGUH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHVHFRQVWDW F 

ILHFDUHJUXS OXDW VHSDUDWHVWHPDLRPRJHQ GHFkWFROHFWLYLWDWHDJHQHUDO GLQFDUHDIRVW

H[WUDV 

grupDDGRXDHVWHPDLRPRJHQ

GHFkWFHOHODOWHGRX 

YDORULOH PLFL DOH FRHILFLHQ LORU GH YDULD LH FDOFXOD L SH ILHFDUH JUXS  L SH WRWDO DWHVW  XQ
JUDG GH RPRJHQLWDWH ULGLFDW DO JUXSHORU L FROHFWLYLW

LL WRWDOH L GHFL XQ JUDG GH

UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHFRUHVSXQ] WRUSHQWUXPHGLLOHFDUHOHFDUDFWHUL]HD] 

6. Verificarea regulii de adunare a dispersiilor

2 = 2 + 2
92,69 = 52,06 + 40,63
7.

3HED]DUHJXOLLGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORUVHSRWFDOFXODDO LGRLLQGLFDWRULVWDWLVWLFL

*UDGXOGHGHWHUPLQD LH

R y2 / x =

( R y2 / x )

2
52,06
100 =
100 = 56,16%
2
92,69

*UDGXOGHQHGHWHUPLQD LH

K y2 / x =

( K y2 / x )

40,63
2
100 =
100 = 43,84%
2
92,69

6H SRDWH DILUPD F   GLQ YDULD LD WRWDO  D YROXPXOXL YkQ] ULORU HVWH H[SOLFDW  GH
YDULD LD SURGXV  GHIDFWRUXO GH JUXSDUH YHFKLPHD

factor dominant deoarece R y2 x > 50%), restul

GHILLQGLQIOXHQ DUHODWLY DFHORUODO LIDFWRULQHvQUHJLVWUD L

8.

&DOFXOXO L LQWHUSUHWDUHD GLVSHUVLLORU SHQWUX YkQ]

PHGLXDOYkQ]

ULORUSHWRWDO

"

*

Calculul mediilor

PHGLLOHSHJUXS

: wi =

mi
,
ni

WRULL FDUH VH DIO

 SHVWH YROXPXO

de unde:
0
w1 =
=0
25
8
w2 =
= 0,1455
55
w3 =

23
= 0,7667
30

media pe total: w =

m 31
=
= 0,2818
n 110

*

Calculul dispersiilor

GLVSHUVLLOHGHJUXS

w2 = wi (1 w ),
i

de unde:

w2 = w 1 (1 w 1 ) = 0 (1 0 ) = 0
1

w2

= w 2 (1 w 2 ) = 0 , 1455 (1 0 , 1455 ) = 0 , 1243

w2 = w 3 (1 w 3 ) = 0 , 7667 (1 0 , 7667 ) = 0 , 1789

3

PHGLDGLVSHUVLLORUSDU LDOH

=
2
w

i =1

ni

2
wi

n
i =1

0 25 + 0,1243 55 + 0,1789 30
= 0,1109
110

dispersia dintre grupe ( w2 ):

r

=
2
w

(w
i =1

w ) ni
2

n
i =1

( w2 ):

2
2
(
0 0,2818) 25 + (0,1455 0,2818) 55
=
+

110

(0,7667 0,2818)2 30 = 0,0914

110

dispersia total ( w2 ):

w2 = w(1 w) = 0,2818 (1 0,2818 ) = 0,2023

5HJXODDGXQ ULLGLVSHUVLLORUVHS VWUHD] LvQFD]XOFDUDFWHULVWLFLLDOWHUQDWLYH

w2 = w2 + w2
0,2023 = 0,1109 + 0,0914

6.

3HQWUX XQ DJHQW HFRQRPLF FH GHVI RDU  WUHL DFWLYLW L V-au nregistrat datele privind
veniturile salariale ale personalului pentru luna mai 2001 (vezi tabelul 3.18.).

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHDFWLYLW

LvQIXQF LHGHP

ULPHDYHQLWXULORUVDODULDOHvQOXQDPDL

Tabelul 3.18.
vQID

Grupe duS VDODULL

(zeci mii lei)
A
sub 250
250 - 270
270 - 290
290 - 310
310 - 330
330 - 350
350 - 370
LSeste
Total

Activitatea I

Activitatea II

1
10
12
25
28
15
10
100

2
20
35
20
15
10
100

GHWRWDOXOJUXSHL

Activitatea III
3
20
47
23
10
100

1XP UXO GH VDODULD L D vQUHJLVWUDW XUP WRDUHD VWUXFWXU  DFWLYLWDWHD O

- 20%; activitatea II -

-LDFWLYLWDWHD,,,- 30%.
Se cere:
1.

V  VH DSOLFH UHJXOD GH DGXQDUH D GLVSHUVLLORU L V  VH VSHFLILFH GDF  IDFWRUXO G

e grupare

este semnificativ sau nu;

2.

V  VH DUDWH JUDGXO GH RPRJHQLWDWH SH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW

L L SH WRWDO L V  VH LQWHUSUHWH]H

UH]XOWDWHOHRE LQXWHSHQWUXFDUDFWHUL]DUHDYDULD LHL

3.

V VHFDOFXOH]HQXP UXOGHVDODULD LIUHFYHQ HOHDEVROXWHWLLQGF SHWRWDOQXP UXOORUD

IRVWGHLV VHYHULILFHSHED]DIUHFYHQ HORUDEVROXWHGLVSHUVLDWRWDO 

Rezolvare
1.

)LLQG LQWHUYDOH HJDOH PHGLLOH L GLVSHUVLLOH VH SRW GHWHUPLQD FX IRUPXOHOH GH FDOFXO
VLPSOLILFDWFXIUHFYHQ HUHODWLYH

yj a *
nij (%)

h
j =1

yi =
h + a
100
m

yj a
h nij* (%)
j =1

i2 =
h 2 (y a )2
100
m

1.1. Pentru activitatea I VH YD H[WUDJH VHULD L VH YRU FDOFXOD PHGLD GLVSHUVLD abaterea
PHGLHS WUDWLF (vezi tabelul 3.19.).
&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHD,

Tabelul 3.19.
Grupe GXS  Structura
salarii (zeci VDODULD LORU
mii lei)
n*

A
230-250
250-270
270-290
290-310
310-330
330-350
Total

Centrul de
interval

(y )

yj a
h

yj a *

n1 j (%)
h

yj a

n1*j (%)
h
2

a = 300
h = 20

1
10
12
25
28
15
10

2
240
260
280
300
320
340

3
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2

4
-30
-24
-25
0
15
20

5
90
48
25
0
15
40

100

-44

218

1 j (%)

y1 =

44
20 + 300 = 291,200 zeci mii lei/salariat
100

12 =

218
2
20 2 (291,2 300 ) = 794,56
100

1 = 794,56 = 28,187 zeci mii lei/salariat

28,187
100 = 9,68%
291,2

v1 =

1.2. Pentru activitatea II (vezi calculele n tabelul 3.20.)

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDD,,,

-a

Tabelul 3.20.
*UXSHGXS

salarii (zeci
mii lei)

Structura
VDODULD LORU

(n

A
270-290
290-310
310-330
330-350
350-370
Total

*
2 j (%)

1
20
35
20
15
10
100

y2 =

Centrul de
interval

(y )
j

2
280
300
320
340
360
-

yj a
h
a = 300
h = 20
3
-1
0
1
2
3
-

y j a

*
n2

j (%)

y j a

4
-20
0
20
30
30
60

60
20 + 300 = 312 ]HFLPLLOHLVDODULDWDGLF
100

n 2*

5
20
0
20
60
90
190

OH

i/salariat

j (%)

190
2
20 2 (312 300 ) = 616
100

22 =

2 = 616 = 24,82 zeci mii lei/salariat

24,82
100 = 7,95%
312

v2 =

1.3. Pentru activitatea a III-a vezi calculele n tabelul 3.21.

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLVDODULLORUSHQWUXDFWLYLWDWHDD

-a
Tabelul 3.21.

*UXSHGXS

Structura
VDODULD LORU

salarii
(zeci mii lei)

(n

A
310-330
330-350
350-370
3LSHVWH
Total

*
3 j (%)

Centrul de
interval

(y )
j

1
20
47
23
10
100

2
320
340
360
380
-

yj a

y a *
j
n 2 j (%)
h

h
a = 300
h = 20
3
-1
0
1
2
-

y j a

4
-20
0
23
20
23

n 3* j (%)

5
20
0
23
40
83

23
20 + 340 = 344,6 zeci mii lei/salariat sau 3446000 lei/salariat
100

y3 =

83
2
20 2 (310,84 340 ) = 310,84
100
3 = 310,84 = 17,6 zeci mii lei/salariat

32 =

v3 =

17,06
100 = 5,11%
344,84

1.4. &XQRVFkQG PHGLLOH SDU LDOH L SRQGHULOH VDODULD LORU DFWLYLW

calcula media pe total:

LORU UHVSHFWLYH VH SRDWH

y i n i*( % ) ( 291, 2 20 )+ (312 50 ) (344, 6 30 )

i =1
y=
=
= 317 , 62
100

1.5. $SOLFkQG UHJXOD DGXQ

100

ULL GLVSHUVLLORU

2 = 2 + 2

zeci mii lei/salariat

VH FRQVWDW  F  SXW

em calcula doar

GRX GLQWUHHOHXUPkQGFDGLVSHUVLDWRWDO V ILHFDOFXODW SHED]DUHOD LHLGHPDLVXV

i2 n i*(%)
i =1

100

(794,56 20) + (616 50) + (310,84 30)

100

= 560 , 164

( y i y )2 n i*(%)
i =1

100

( 291, 2 317 , 62 ) 2 20 + ( 312 317 , 62 ) 2 50 + ( 344 , 6 317 , 62 ) 2 30

100

= 378 , 24

2 = 2 + 2 = 560,164 + 378,24 = 938,404

1.6. &DOFXOXOJUDGXOXLGHGHWHUPLQD LHLQHGHWHUPLQD LH:
R y2 / x

378,276
2
= 2 100 =
100 = 40,31%
938,404

K y2 / x =

2
560,164
100 =
100 = 59,69%
2
938,404

K y2 / x > R y2 / x IDFWRUGHJUXSDUHQHUHSUH]HQWDWLYFHHDFHvQVHDPQ F vQOXQDQRLHPEULHQX

a existat dect ntr-R SURSRU LH GH  GLIHUHQ H VSHFLILFH vQWUH FHOH WUHL DFWLYLW L vQ cazul
YHQLWXULORUVDODULDOHFHHDFHHUDGHDWHSWDW

2.

3HQWUXDQDOL]DRPRJHQLW

LLVHYRUIRORVLLQGLFDWRULLSUH]HQWD LvQ

5HSDUWL LDSHFHOHWUHLDFWLYLW

tabelul 3.22. (coloana 5).

LDVDODULLORUPHGLLLDLQGLFDWRULORUGHYDULD LH

Tabelul 3.22.
AFWLYLW

A
I
II
III
Total

Structura
Salariile medii
personalului (zeci mii lei)
1
20%
50%
30%
100%

2
291,2
312,0
344,6
317,62

Dispersiile

Abaterile medii
S

3
794,56
616,00
310,84
938,404

WUDWLFH

&RHILFLHQ LL
GHYDULD LH

(zeci mii lei)

4
28,187
24,820
17,600
30,63

5
9,68%
7,95%
5,11%
9,64%

QH[HPSOXODQDOL]DWVHSRWWUDJHXUP WRDUHOHFRQFOX]LL

DWkW SH vQWUHDJD VRFLHWDWH FRPHUFLDO  FkW L SH ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWH VHULLOH VXQW RPRJHQH

deoarece s-DX RE LQXW YDORUL PLFL SHQWUX FRHILFLHQ LL GH YDULD LH 'DF
VHULLOH GXS  FULWHULXO YHQLWXULORU VDODULDOH RUGLQHD RPRJHQLW

 VH LHUDUKL]HD] 

LORU HVWH DFWLYLWDWHD D ,,,

-a
(5,11%); activitatea a II-D  L PDL SX LQ RPRJHQ  SULPDDFWLYLWDWHD FDUH
GHS HWHFXIRDUWHSX LQJUDGXOGHRPRJHQLWDWHSH total (9,64%);
DYkQG FRHILFLHQ L PLFL GH YDULD LH PHGLLOH VXQW vQ WRDWH FD]XULOH FX XQ JUDG PDUH GH
UHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWH ID

 GH YDORULOH LQGLYLGXDOH GLQ FDUH DX IRVW FDOFXODWH GHRDUHFH WR L

FRHILFLHQ LLGHYDULD LHVXQWVXE

3. Seriile din tabelul 3.1VHSRWSUH]HQWDLFXIUHFYHQ HDEVROXWH

WLLQGF QXP UXOWRWDODOVDODULD LORUDIRVWGHLDYkQGUHSDUWL LDORUUHODWLY SHDFWLYLW

L

VHRE LQH

20
= 80 VDODULD L
100
50
activitatea a II-a 400
= 200 salaria L
100
30
activitatea a III-a 400
= 120 VDODULD L
100
400

activitatea I

$SOLFkQG JUHXW

LOH VSHFLILFH GLQ ILHFDUH DFWLYLWDWHD OD QXP UXO GH VDODULD L VH FDOFXOHD] 

IUHFYHQ HOH DEVROXWH FDUH VH GHWHUPLQ  QXPDL vQ QXPHUH vQWUHJL UHIHULQGX

-se la persoane

(vezi tabelul 3.23).

5HSDUWL LDVDODULD LORUSHFHOHWUHLDFWLYLW

LvQIXQF LHGHYHQLWXULOHVDODULDOH

Tabelul 3.23.
*UXSHGXS

VDODULL

Activitatea III

Total

Activitatea I

Activitatea II

LSHVWH

8
10
20
22
12
8
-

40
70
40
30
20
-

24
56
28
12

8
10
60
92
76
94
48
12

Total

80

200

120

400

(zeci mii lei)

sub 250
250-270
270-290
290-310
310-330
330-350
350-370

&DOFXOXOPHGLHLLGLVSHUVLHLSHWRWDOSHED]DIUHFYHQ HORUDEVROXWH

Tabelul 3.24.
*UXSHGXS

VDODULL

(zeci mii lei)

1XP

salDULD

UXO
LORU

yj a

yj a

n j
h

yj a

n j
h

4
-40

5
200

(y )

sub 250

1
8

2
240

a = 340
h = 20
3
-5

250-270

10

260

-4

-40

160

270-290
290-310
310-330

60
92
76

280
300
320

-3
-2
-1

-180
-184
-76

540
368
76

330-350
350-370

94
48

340
360

0
1

0
48

0
48

12

380

400

LSHVWH

Total

(n )

Centrul de
interval
j

24

48

-448

1440

y=

xj a

i =1

n
i =1

nj

h+ a =

448
20 + 340 = 317,6 zeci mii lei/salariat
400

yj a

nj

h
1440
i =1
2
y =
h 2 ( y a) 2 =
400 (340 317,6) 2 = 938,24
k
400
nj
2

i =1

Deci s-a ajuns la aceleDL YDORUL L SHQWUX PHGLH L SHQWUX GLVSHUVLH FD vQ FD]XO IRORVLULL
IUHFYHQ HORUUHODWLYH

PROBLEME PROPUSE

1.

Pentru 40 de agen LHFRQRPLFLFHDFWLYHD] vQDFHODLGRPHQLXGHDFWLYLWDWH s-au nregistrat

datele privind profitul realizat (mil. lei) n luna august: 40, 63, 59, 52, 62, 50, 45. 51, 54, 50, 48, 55,
59, 47, 57, 53, 46, 55, 64, 53, 42, 51, 53, 56, 52, 58, 49, 54, 60, 46, 41, 47, 42, 44, 63, 58, 49, 55,
50, 53.
Se cere:
1.

V VHJUXSH]HFHLGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLSHLQWHUYDOHGHYDULD LHHJDOHGXS SURILWXOUHDOL]DW

2.
3.
4.
5.

V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFUHSDUWL LDRE LQXW ODSXQFWXOSUHFHGHQW

V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRULLWHQGLQ HLFHQWUDOHLV VHLQWHUSUHWH]HUHOD LDGLQWUHHL
V VHYHULILFHUHSUH]HQWDWLYLWDWHDPHGLHL
V VHGHWHUPLQHLQGLFDWRULLFDUHVHSDU GLQDJHQ LLHFRQRPLFLVLWXD LODFHQWUXO
UHSDUWL LHL

6.

V VHP VRDUHJUDGXOGHDVLPHWULH

2.

3HQWUXRXQLWDWHHFRQRPLF VHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 3.25.
Grupe de muncitori
GXS

P

ULPHD

Nr.
muncitori

SURGXF LHLPLLEXF

Sub 10
10-12
12-14
14-16
16 -18
LSHVWH

Total

2
6
10
20
18
6
60

Se cere:
1.

V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFGLVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS P ULPHDSURGXF LHL

2.
3.

V VHYHULILFHGDF GLVWULEX LDPXQFLWRULORUGXS P ULPHDSURGXF LHLHVWHRPRJHQ 

V VHFDOFXOH]HQLYHOXOFHQWUDOL]DWDOSURGXF LHLSHQWUXPXQFLWRULLFXSURGXF LDGHFHO
SX LQPLLEXF

4.

V VHFDOFXOH]HLQGLFDWRUXOFDUHVHSDU GLQPXQFLWRULGHUHVWXOPXQFLWRULORU

3.

3HQWUXGHVDODULD LDLXQHLVRFLHW

LFRPHUFLDOHVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 3.26.
L

Grupe GHVDODULD
GXS

YHFKLPHDQL

1XP

U

Timpul mediu
nelucrat (min.)

VDODULD L

1
20
90
40

sub 10
10-20
LSHVWH

Abaterea medie
S

WUDWLF

SULYLQG

timpul nelucrat
(min.)
3
4,8
9,0
6,6

2
30
45
55

Se cere:
1.
2.
3.

V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFVWUXFWXUDVDODULD LORUGXS YHFKLPH

V VHYHULILFHRPRJHQLWDWHDSHJUXSHLSHWRWDO
V VHGHWHUPLQHvQFHP VXU YDULD LDWLPSXOXLQHOXFUDWVHGDWRUHD] GHRVHELULORUSULYLQG
YHFKLPHDvQPXQF 

4.
Dintr-XQVRQGDMVWDWLVWLFGHSURSRU LRQDOVWUDWLILFDWV-DXRE LQXWGDtele:
Tabelul 3.27.
*UXSHGHDJHQ L
HFRQRPLFLGXS
P

*UXSHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLGXS

ULPHDFDSLWDOXOXL

(mil. lei)
A
I
II
III
Total

sub 10

10-14

1
5
5

2
10
10
20

P

ULPHDSURILWXOXL

(mil. lei)
14-18
18-22
3
5
15
10
30

4
25
20
45

22-26

L

5
15
15
30

peste
6
5
5
10

Total
7
20
70
50
140

Se cere:
1.
2.

V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFGLVWULEX LDDJHQ LORUHFRQRPLFLGXS P ULPHDSURILWXOXLSHWRWDO

V VHYHULILFHUHJXODGHDGXQDUHDGLVSHUVLLORULV VHDUDWHGDF IDFWRUXOGHJUXSDUHHVWH

semnificativ sau nu;

3.

V VHFDUDFWHUL]H]HRPRJHQLWDWHDSHILHFDUHJUXS LSHWRWDO

4.
5.

V VHP VRDUHJUDGXOGHDVLPHWULHSHQWUXJUXSDD,,

-a;

V VHYHULILFHUHJXODDGXQ ULLGLVSHUVLLORUSHQWUXFDUDFWHULVWLFDDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLFX

profitul mai mic dect 18 mil.lei.

5.
3HQWUXXQHDQWLRQGHGHDJHQ LHFRQRPLFLVHFXQRVFGDWHOH

Tabelul 3.28.
Grupe tipice de

Structura

DJHQ LHFRQRPLFL

DJHQ LORU

GXS

FLIUD

de afaceri
A
sub 20
20-30
LSHVWH

economici
(%)
1
50
30
20

Profitul mediu
(mil.lei/ag.ec.)

Dispersia privind
P

ULPHD

profitului
2
14,4
19,68
30,8

3
11,52
11,28
5,76

Se cere:
1.
2.
3.

V VHSUHFL]H]HvQFHSURSRU LHFLIUDGHDIDFHULLQIOXHQ HD] YDULD LDSURILWXOXL

V VHSUHFL]H]HFDUHJUXS HVWHPDLRPRJHQ 
V VHUHSUH]LQWHJUDILFSURILWXOWRWDOvQIXQF LHGHIDFWRULLGHLQIOXHQ