Hydraulic Structures Worked Examples P. Novak, A.I.B.Moffat, C.Nalluri and R.Narayanan Spon Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis These worked examples are made available free of charge. Details of the accompanying textbook Hydraulic Structures 4” edition are on the website of the publisher www.sponpress.com and can be ordered from Book.orders@tandf.co.uk or phone: +44 (0)1235 400524 First published 2006 by Spon Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Spon Press 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (c) 2006 P. Novak, A.1.B.Moffat, C.Nalluri and R.Narayanan Al rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, except for the downloading and printing ofa single copy from the website of the publisher, without permission in ‘writing from the publishers.Lhaptr 4 4 j SPILLWAY AERATORS @) — @ —Spillway aerators are a fairly recent development in hydraulic engineering design. Discuss with the aid of sketches the reasons for their introduction, various types of aeration facilities in use, their mechanics of operation and parameters influencing their performance and design. (©) Recent prototype measurements resulted in the following equation for the computation of air discharge through spillway aerators: 039 B = 029, - 19% (?) y where D = = : all the symbols have their usual meaning. Calculate the total ait flow and the pressure under the aerator nappe for the following parameters: Discharge over the spillway 1400 m/s, Spillway width 70 m ‘Aerator control area Bm Coefficient of the aerator 08 Velocity of flow just upstream of aerator 25 mis Density of air 1.25 kg/m?4) 029 (A-O- “Ip. gees) p- 2& . ar Bae 7 b A-gh oe ee eee he (4007) B70 j a 20. “ yee 2e Fe a ee 7 y ~< ~ 28xI3 4 yy ‘ ip iam POP ie Bos Ty Wie prose (ergy ( BBY = 239 Ga 0 030 20> 78 73 C-ZE,- 87 2arP8, 727 SHE my, Apo fa Bn, 027IE «1923 Wy 2 (AY 2 (48413) Gs en08 > any,+/? (a) (b) AERATION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES Using sketches as appropriate discuss briefly four different design situations where air may be entrained in the flow stating in each case (giving reasons) whether the effect of air entrainment is beneficial or not. The flow through a horizontal conduit of square cross-section is regulated by a vertical lift gate (with a hydraulic jump downstream); further downstream the conduit changes into a sloping tunnel of circular cross-section with free surface supercritical flow. Compute the air demand (discharge) in each case for the following parameters: Discharge = 60m'/s Conduit width = 3.00m Supercritical depth downstream of the gate at the toe of thejump = 0.65m Tunnel diameter = 3.00m Depth of free surface flow in the tunnel = 1.00m, Note: The following design equations apply (with the symbols having their usual meaning): hydraulic jump in a conduit: = R —1)8 B=0.04(,, ~1) supercritical flow in a tunnel: a 1 =]-——__+____ 0.02(B-6)* +1 with B=F/ + y Sing Wwoo LeRoy oe a) baka oo = -4 6. my ) Ld. af: Re — Fes Fi, 0 eg Rang oes ‘ 3m 7 GH OF peat Viren) = 28 (1 finaunte) 2S Sn (46 yA 2004 (Ta,-1) © ooh (1219-0) 031) = Se Qy = E0x OB ~ 18:7 °L, ans Bie Peres: Bota T0515— = £62 Ga i Fe: A:(7 ne AB Eres = 2°08) e™ ae . Foe BB 0,228 gry BL jog TM G61, 208s" 7 aero . ng) (09 aE)" Lay He Jes ae. ao = ts c / gor (24-6) +) ‘ ; Oey Ba 2 oes Bas Spr CL (sr %) BrOnof 8 SPILLWAY DESIGN An overfall spillway 70 m long was designed in 1960 for a flood capacity of 900 m'/s. It has now been established that according to ‘ew more stringent guidelines the design flood capacity of the spillway should be increased to 1200 m'Vs. Asa consequence three possibilities are being considered i) ii) iii) a) b) c) increasing the length of the spillway (without any change in i the maximum flood reservoir level or in the freeboard); cost £300,000/m length; increasing the height of the dam (by providing an additional impermeable wave wall along the whole dam crest) to accommodate the increased flood level without a reduction of freeboard; cost £800,000/100 mm increase in flood storage level; adding 2 siphons to the existing spillway; cost £6 million. On purely economic considerations which of the above three alternatives would you choose? What factors other than spillway construction costs might influence your decision? What are the advantages and disadvantages of siphon spillways? (Use simple sketches to supplement your answers.)Settee 2%)e9 547 a) BZ uly lode pe 9 y . “) 900-2 076.443 472 4s Y Rogo > Hb 23 04 o a joo ROTEL SE > he 73°33 m (= £70) aaa. aaa BagHt FB 33-700 =23:33m Lor! ~ 233%" 320 200 = OFF ZT gat 5 zZ . x - () pee +2 Col #9367 O.M Cypser — 2 Athecrne Col O'775 4 4.7.49 > = 5-820 fgg hf meen 18 fab mereecol Hy = 3-82-3223 = Ohm Bee _ an Fiala ce STK, lols bx eec0ee = AB (i) ad pou ar KF Emeet The cheapl apne 4 (it) 6) olor tam orm pftl bare preoet Keatin L peteancol bare’ rater cu anrere pre baad veges c) bacrtbneb_ (600 ann /RESERVOIR ENGINEERING aly A concrete gravity dam on a sediment bearing river with an average sediment concentration of 750 ppm has a reservoir storage volume of 80 x 10° m’. ‘The mean annual flow of the river is 600 x 10° m? ‘The dam has @ bottom outlet and retains a dead storage of 7 x 10° mi | 4) Using the trap efficiency diagram provided (Figure 3) determine the time for which the bottom outlet is functional assuming an average porosity for the settled sediment of 0.45 and that this computed time can be extended further by 10 years through flushing of the reservoir. b) What action would you recommend after the lapse of une time. determined in a)? ©) What type of regulating gate/valve would you consider to be suitable for the bottom outlet in the given case? (Supplement ‘your answer by a simple sketch.)me ) Lasps noe 4y/m @ 7 3 Lestenunf covreenticton % fhm : cg ae ¥ 3 Oy T3222 goo so*s kgar uh pot 2EER o a comerte b bE oes longa Qa, - a O10 “ C62 5/04 Al om ie, *O/3R pf oss —> UF GLY Je will Hecec! TOG 2 f oer ey 89h oo oO Z 2 y & GN To ms 710% ret, for freer i oteat ope ris 59, 2 2S T= 24 ran, vot (foe Te are ge eee é) + wecernened i flo frre od a Laces owt bel “2 ee femmes atts Yl ater s)a ete ze ~ an nse ae [ore € 71 “ CO bg who be Porat Romgon Go 4K4 ifs A long chute spillway conveying a discharge 1600 m’/s has a slope 0.2 and roughness characterised by Manning’s n = 0.012. The crest width is 80m but at a distance of 50m downstream of the crest a gradual contraction to a width of 70m is introduced. Downstream of the contraction the slope may be changed (gradually) to 0.35 or, alternatively, carry on as 0.2. Design a suitable contraction and compute the required height of the chute side walls up to a distance 400m below the crest assuming that at this distance the fully aerated flow is uniform.Setehion cy KN ./0 wh S202 bh, fom ee 4y- 70m courtemedorn KAXK af SO belay rorf Y= es 20 STG = o)m Gol corkiaciicr got) pie. Yee = cleprh at cor i woo. £2 pe / ge fos 7 foe’ -g 7g fe Sm sore (ets 5 ge @= As. 7 2pa* - #8 ere me some Bone ge Fe an E53 Le oD» GO Bs = 5 See (83 f? F6 » (80+5'94) -50 = fp - é& Bs [i- pl Bes) ven} % & fon 2 OCT — Be - (ns) ooe Bl42) oe jes o6Es- ¢ fe 15 ~ 6018 ogy fe - eee 2502 - Be wise (oor 3l4)/ ee ~ tr = $64- 12 Béa)- &,,. OR? = B(ALD+ pao 80k Fe DWP & BON = TA et Fe 438 OO7 boar gz e ~~ —% P2127 W/o 7 Zue WP fer L4Son “a7 Ga fe ae BE. 27 273.3 PI Fer 4sa Conroe FO. PO mm B 70% 4,- Bad a> SBravee 2 14S me a) fs : Lorn WE ( corde one eee te + % A ang ago Berge 2.) -al 8) eee 2 igs 6 res Gt B32) ant 1 rar? ~ wit] = peg = é = 16 Gem Gee 6) tomy," “(oA G) Be IK 4 a a - #4) ye PEE 628 peel wa) te ae soergy > hack hose conrbrachonw or apse a, 2e " 1337 2 366 ; om fie JS 26273 > B, 198s” Fr, Foe 2 [ze : ne lan 17 38° Tel rree 3558 fom Ps" (rs Vi camo A, z Bs am ad eee 7 a ae 2 han sep, ” lt (3,-2> . bor, , , 2s 2 taw® 2 fan ICES rf l/7 3-2) x a Soe nl Bris LE bem is oneg Fon lr i.C7 a aa abort 22 % 2 aI ol 1£e Ay fs ares Wy BEES 236% res E,= (85+ mee, ate BE = INT HG eH PSone LE org oe “hy Bos teseg™ era eee ea loa s_ a 4 s<4oe7+ OF pz 3 Youn (zo - 3 law é ) L = 24044 Akl fos jlo Sula 2 AS rw aes ay? 7 ao ip nelg i Gar faim = hong rel Ie. 88 [a1 = (5dom Loom ere ak aud eft aclnton inn a abad|60r0 = JOme sere 0 (eo Pea ecFln [Cane arth Crorg y Cor Glofate, dehecer CB!) awet 19 nag ~~fo TOmn acl EG Ee @ fe VEVE - Gees FoI fat 028 fe 136 a C2 I~ Vale I; loo = 72 fo [ez 2 Oroee Jor? go “ee a fore 7 pF ee C21 - 27h, 8 13l6 A ape 7 . InP gy [orn fae RB, 160070 je To ee)? le »(7» .oTre) fee (S ———— = (28 _ he Ply O76 * v ¥ aa aa 7 Oo (2? 28-1 204a6 = 049Gb, e470 T = 746 ak a i Weert S$ 20° = 3" Seow —~ Ga} ea Sees > B=19°3' = 193 C= 29y% —_—_——Lhaphe s- Sf; STULLING BasINS a In the design of control structures a hydraulic jump 4 stilling basin for a discharge 4m3/s per metre width and downstream channel depth 4.5m. Sketch the resulting stilling basin, eee ds reduced to 4.Qn? Why is it possible to reduce s> this case the downstream depth and still obtain a stable jump?) Sitios 6y bum, pw ferervencace Fort, hoy 5 a) uF 4. 26-67% ens Lamm 4 - Le alibi) pee Sr FE Be [a por BC ther a a ccpoys [ecm ae, #884 9&1 a am as ghy= 287% elemae COT SSG -45% > 209m ee 7 a Lebenr pore Fnet. pg (FEL heap h& ZL a AE ESG- OS) x Opn pee CS — Oger ar fro? ous) +2204 (2667 o78) : wrepaish 00 23 es qe [tlm at fee : ww F = (93 - gee oe (2? - €2)/2 EM ona) Foy wth cea e/ be fo ya acing aren Ve Wha own Plot (ph bows fo) OC) Pano om fir OnG br 452 GH o0 Wm? P, = 30220 44100 = beso RW oe () prove “, LPF 2012/0 eee" 10,98 e070 242677 ~ 44/0 ~38R67 Une 7 < 22900 KV enctercon Pr 230 y20 3826 oF R otenpnSTILLING BASIN DESIGN Problem Design of a stilling basin for energy dissipation below a dam with a free overfall spillway. Data Height of crest above river bed Head of upstream water level above crest) (also design head of the spillway) ) Length of spillway Head loss coefficient on spillway Downstream water depth Results required 15m 2.5 m Compute a suitable stilling basin size (depth and length) and sketch a cross-section of the dam with the stilling basin. ny.¥ 2 ine ee ee 2 uae, blig # 2% ors. 20.44 3- 26 = Vase —=——_ 7 a _ Ze Se Ea HEIEK TSR Toe Bp bg, «hel rex ~g, , 538 Anwese SEO fi Ses7 Lazer Gory - esa. 485m KD FESR TE BET Grime X23 Rati ae at Va ose B, ‘4 pot aa fa liems) an 2 RSD yn Ove TEetY. Se. y, cane . ~ soa ra (06S Z ~K(4--7) Kas a a S [ oa8ror 25 4.73 S24 | xe Boom ——_. |, =, \6.The attached table lists 8 types of gates and valves and 10 statements relating to their position in a dam, their functiion and materials. Complete the matrix by ticking as many of the spaces as appropriate. pressure to piers Gate/ | Vertical | Radial Pivot | Sector | Inflated | Needle Ring Cone ‘Valve lift (Tainter) | (leaf) follower | dispersion (plain) Position/ Function/ Material ro Ylviviviv submerged | (high head) v ¥v is v v regulating A Viv Viv v v sutomatic IEA a v Pressure to sill Pressure to structure SN steel N\ reinforced concrete SN xs fabricChuprter A wide open channel has a slope S = 0.00002 and bed material t d= 0.5 mm; no bed forms are present. What is the maximum permissible discharge without movement of bed material? Se lchien Te fe me LIF on BCE (Cheon) anee fc ~Shekler covet CFE) 4 6 RS fr ore) mu RS <1? Ra L 2 Ose =p US Vin Zio ages Ve ¥- o> pls = pOle oot cele a= pot [wore BR 2227 5g, oBy ye poy (22005)Captor 8 &fy, RIVER ENGINEERING (a) Explain the significant differences between the regime and critical tractive force concepts of channel stability. Show that for the critical tractive force theory the channel slope is a function of sediment diameter and discharge and for a constant sediment diameter $ R$2caelCoae +605) em Ye y Rs mong a a gle % te RFS RS Ye Ls sopah “< cae ~*®S 4% A> hu RPw x OR” (Ks) & iv 7 oy - 7 1S R« Qe, or se Ba ON - _ £44) Loc OO A, cay Tof al&h Data: hafliin $/g A straight canal Mean depth = 1 m Side slope 1 V : 24H Chezy's Coefficient C = 25 mi/s * for stone = 35° Mean flow velocity = 0.87 m/s (very turbulent) Relative density of sand and gravel = 2.6 The sieve diagram of the natural sand (attached) Required: The slope has to be protected against erosion by a filter construction, consisting of successive layers. a Protective layer it is suggested to apply broken gravel (25 to 75 mm) for the protective layer. This material is rather homogeneous square grains. Determine the size of the material needed for the protective layer and judge whether the material suggested can be used for this purpose. Determine the sieve curve of the intermediate layer(s) between the natural sand and the protective layer. Uw.Le aoee 004 coos iia2_s o¢a8 eset g gee @ 2008, | 010 002 204 cos 008 a10 2 mi Wd a jest Per cents of weight on the sieve ra \ a N - Se 3 : S| Zook RPS sad |waipan|— s80> | — so | UR [eS Re | SPOR, is sic} ui ft aos parp suas Par cents of weight passing the sevepaceaan os clogs [p22 6 [rae Yeo#> om Dol 10 °es-6 “(9g * Vee Vrs + oepeaslis a= RS S=I2x107? 8 2 a\h ~ ne fe F 2 fo ore, Grp 2 207 + git fe OF} fan b~ Sy 2 Or 218, nO 20k 56 ee 29 4, Ge ob \'= ye zB Bae, ('- wor ys 2 762% y a pe Lehtie oh yp 8 fy Merete e se . = te bee ae ll Lf 2rto” & 13 gre USBR Ate LEE ee p67? BG eam Vee % 4 Rohe aos fi Y = vox [16 08) 4 glum ZE-70 ume ORK Won ah cant green ple te atest pom os Ut.ol s- Aw zo Ls —“r =$ go Cae (40 of, dor aes As05 Aus e7-—' K@ a, coemaee Ais S04 LL ee IGE faut gy 2 OZ x SHB = 11% pete Oo 2. ky ol 2 OI «S402 OF ~Spme (OB) de UD My fed dso 7 A pemet Hacknerr (0-100) ol, > 0 esr erf.) pont 4 (Ue) Hen -~ © 6°24 (am)Chaprten t] A navigation lock 250 x 15 m? is plan with a 10 m head is filled through two longitudinal conduits with a flow area 7.00 1m? (each) and an overall coefficient of discharge of the filling, system of 0.65. Separate calculations have shown that the maximum discharge into the lock during filling occurs when the filling system is completely open after 5 min (with a uniform speed of opening from the start of the operation) and the head on the water level in the lock is 5.55 m. (Determine the maximum discharge for filling the lock and the total time of filling. (ii) Sketch a likely layout of the lock. Sian Rott» Co a lag h ab = Ack 0 [tA Fh ARIE. of dso f aca lag s 4h wars é ? ofowmy tome J 2 (felons Cig lew 2 77> Tpmase = 2005 ee 2x 2015S f pes =3804 wales aia OOS Be TW Ge rao + 4382 738 pr = 12 anon (Es (th abe for Ble an femme ye ee + er i h tn PK STO. Gala = B68 ee IN RE lett Jy fan POA LAF FA _—_ 5 Q mar = Cat alah, 2 62x 7D Nipewsbs-= P49 WsCHAPTER 14 Ina wave flume, waves of height 100 mm and wave length of 2.0 m are produced bya paddle. The undisturbed depth of water in the flume is 1.0 m. Estimate the steady hydrostatic force and the unsteady force due to the waves on a section of the side wall of length 1.0 m. Assume linear theory of waves. 4/ SOLUTION cts 1b dank (#) a eleeee) lan h (24! ) _ ot : ait 2 = 3th el? cle mls Lz Qom in dep ds bo Ts heh « deep weter Ware Note : 5 2, 4e fe nich cc? A Liveaeep Ce RNouUs EQN: a4 t p +4420 hy nlroche Wvessure = O19 ° Hydvechbe fwtce + [+ [ou ° ~ho 2 f9 es ole FENy al 2 z 2 ATION Pressure due fo Ware bs =? 0g ho L 4s Eyjom Were free m IE Side vel | [eee jp Mites o~d ie 7° s [aa | 7 Of ay a6 ® “4 vn.toth KLy td) g: “AS ———— ra tos en- ob) od bh )d ach ath Wth) ay (iex art at Sikh kd 3 Since > Ck dag - ache Cath KID Sn (en st) a sinh kA , Uae 2 are fee = Pac [4 { Cosh CY py (kx. rb) dy tibh kd oA ba . + pack ( du Sink KLYD sin a) k Sihh eA , ‘a 2 pace | Sin (ex -rb) be > Me : ~ face saline? | k o ~ Pe? [ (wt) - ot | k Unsteady Weer fore s apac vslet) k Hoople. of Wane PACE = 2pae |i dy pos x b18 (2, rxlorx 6-05 ¥ "Ue 3 = xt4 [ 2. The following data set represents maximum wave heights against number of occurrences during storms. H(m) 35 4 455 55 665775 8 859 95 10 No. 101 55 38 251712 96 43221 41 One of the popular extreme value distributions in offshore engineering application is the Gumbel distribution which is P(H)= men exp =) mean w= u+ 0.57720 variance =o skewness = pj = 1.14 P(H) is the probability that a wave height is less than or equal to H, and u and a are parameters related to the mean and variance. Show whether Gumbel distribution fits the data well. Solvtion To fuck Show whelker the given clara ft Arne} distrbukon, UB Ror NeCerserg tb Compute Ward ~ (HD Pw) = - ow = ley (by oy) . #4 T! a ke ew Hod Gbrbel dittNbuken WoOA Chretgie Iike he eve! fro plalledt egainth ~ beg (-4 re) UeDATA 1 2 304 5 35 101 101 0.364621 0.35837 40 55 156 0.563177 0.60318 45 38 194 0.700361 0.81057 50 25 219 0.790614 0.99125 55 17 236 0.851986 1.15759 60 12 248 0.895307 1.3185 6.5 9 257 0.927798 1.48749 7.0 6 263 0.949458 1.64735 75 4 267 0.963899 1.79674 8.0 3 270 0.974729 1.95405 85 2 272 0.981949 2.10178 9.0 2 274 0.98917 2.32521 95 1 275 0.99278 2.50209 10 1 276 0.99639 (2.80391 Tol = 276 Column 1: wave height H Column 2: nmber of occurrences Column 3; number of occurrences for wave height < H : Column 4: probability that wave height FLO] by bn (> Us “3ene" _ 48u4 Le F194 ks As befe 4824 | 9.42 ae Lo: 34m aie ev cetjle West of orl hey hor bende Git Sow ficank Charge glCHAPTER 15 I§/ \ -Non-breaking waves impinge normally on a straight vertical wall which is constructed over a foundation as shown in Figure 15.7. The crest level of the wall is above the vertical wave runup. The base of the wall and the sea bed are 3 m and 8 m below SWL. If the significant wave height and wave length are respectively 2 m and 35 m, find the wave force per metre length on the face of the wall using Goda’s method, Souew Design Ware herghr Hae BUS = 1x22 26m fizo Ronep R2 Oe (l+l) X96 2 Segue de 0.6405 | AEs I anes Sinh 44xF 3s L * -3(i- : ! losh Bila? kd, S wh 3 = ae (lated) 45) = 094 4 ( 1-045) fol do: nef (4 )(), 0] ia | 65 Ler] : 4 i Laleclabrs dy, We leve ccsened [kak Ik kee ber howqohl » Hy 209 nsPoe os (140) (0.659 4 O3aI%I? ) (010x Al x 3-6 2 BRT Ko Nm” Py 014 x 347 xt? W/m 3 . . 274 xto NW) pay We bell due & We" Rx e : (refs) ds bem lengh y le wall. 2 ATK RA + (214204) a's 3 - a = 437K? 4 182 x108 a tet xi 8 fm. veneer egos car Im 2a (a Shawls be ¥22 ay Pie dy shat be aps te (3 )[ /oupe)| gn Figave 15-7, Ta Shonld me vepeed by PrChafde 1 1S / 2. Waves approach a uniformly sloping beach with their crests at an angle of 45° with the bed contours offshore. In deep water, the significant wave height is 2.0 m and the period is 7s. Estimate longshore sediment transport rate according to CERC formula. Assume density of sediments as 2650 kg/m? Solution Bs f WG, find, Sofa, Ge * (8:-£) 4 Q, 2 0.24%, Nore: Qy here wo Ie quenhy 4 Jedinae 18 wf, ar egeivst : Jedinnt + Water qusnkiy 4 | . . bb weceliey hi Gerry ve fre fin Ht 4, ted Ay, Le sy) Leleleom be fallow s 65, jo.ag el grt, *EleT* SG reel : Wye ew te Ea 4G. GAT OU 650° 2 a (3) G)* © @ 6 @ @ : ® 4 e.e vc 4 Sky b a : ra) . (4) ° a ous WT HM 032 4.0 : by ony 1 vib ge eG 0.62 ong 18 ' “4s MY 1 7 4 gar oy OR has PPS oe oe “go ont . TEP. wey t Atsne ofitent Vales ol a creeps: | ye — Guta (rigor 14 ‘). a f te ta? 1 wv.gi Be Geph (Fguve -#) ro Sine bo Sinko 7. be Colomn (wile (224 6. Pe bo. Gt be bide — | Go . & q. We me & : a Jon Glenn 7 be fe Golem & 6 ey colune D | tolere ! whee 4 © o-Tty weed breew, We fave Me vec ing ab Aye BT: ays 2m; aye 25 G, areas Atel _ logox Fl, Lage 437% 47 nab eos ite” ¢ sas le us fw ag = (ves -1050D" TFN a, 2 ga x1 Ge 15.4 x10? Q, 1 34qy 575x107 Q, + ole fe Q, in verms a tedimk ot Welter : on oss. o- %Chaat Ss 16] 3. *In the figure is shown a fictitious coastline, It is exposed to waves and tides from offshore. The beach slopes at 1 and 2 are respectively mild and steep. Study the various features shown in the figure and make a qualitative assessment of the various processes occurring in the vicinity of the coastline. Offshore Directions of sediment transport Not to seale Some points to think about (a) Sediment transport at the river mouth (i). Sediment inflow is essentially due to river. (ii) Sediment motion is the result of erosion at the river mouth due to waves and currents if the sediment flow due to river is small. (ii) The result of both (a) and (b). (iv) The reason for the sediment motion especially due to erosion at the river mouth should be investigated. (b) Sediment flow both in the easterly and westerly direction shows that the waves in their direction and intensity are variable, (© Groin field The presence of groin field indicates erosion in this area and the need for sediment feed. Although sediments are ‘transported alongshore from the river mouth, it appears that the quantity of sediments reaching this area is not sufficient 3).fora stable beach to form. The steep beach slope here provides additional information that in the absence of groins the beach will face erosion. Other factors such as coastal defence works could be influencing behaviour here. (@) Sand dunes: In this area, the beach slope is mild. It could be that at low tides large area is exposed for the offshore wind to blow over the beach transporting sand to create sand dunes. Sand dunes should be preserved; they form a natural barrier against ‘erosion and flooding of coast. SSeS * We thank Mr. Alan Williams, Coastal Engineering UK Ltd, for his assistance with this, example. M.UG @ @ Gi) At the bottom of a shaft spillway there is a smooth 90° bend through which water flows into an outlet tunnel, flowing under pressure. Tests ona scale model, M, = 30, operated under atmospheric pressure, indicated that on the inside of the bend and at its end there is likely to be a negative pressure on the model 0.2 m of water (below atmospheric pressure). If the velocity of flow on the model at the inside of the bend was 4 m/s, determine whether there is danger of cavitation in the prototype, if the critical cavitation number for flow past a smooth concrete wall can be taken as 0.2. Should there be danger of cavitation what measures could be taken in this case to prevent it? Illustrate your answer with sketches. (b) Discuss methods available to assess the danger of cavitation and the scale effects inherent in experimental approaches. Lapl teAnswers () Casein Lark _ ee a) Fon a renwweel Slemertiat wcemances Can () aoe le tat 4° ay” ger Me oa =O: pom halos ata pln i 2 2 Om ahele se bee ore Ci ii a S4 ee . 217) be 4x04 W/m y= % b30 = Oh V9.0 a aectatenme Pe Eben IO yg Tf” ow ab yar LE eon a hon O66 Ge) eg peep (1) hearer bb Fahne - O Y hoff spl A bee hance bene Tew . (mater pon tect no Cfecrace ene FE fant po mctrly ed wad pn lity fer ) : ene Ke = Peg Rates, fe. ae ; Yo,