Induksi matematika

1
n ( n+1 )
1) 1+ 2 + 3 + 4 ... + n = 2
Penyelesaian

1
x 1 (1+1 )
2

Bukti : n = 1 1 =

1
( 2)
= 2
= 1
Bukti
n = k 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ... + k =

1
k (k+ 1)
2

n = k + 1 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + k + k + 1 =

1
k +1 ( k +1+1 )
2

1
k ( k +1 ) +k +1
2

1
( k +1 ) (k + 2)
2

1 2 1
k + k + k+ 1
2
2

1 2
(k +2 k + k +2)
2

1 2 3
k + k +1
2
2

1 2 3
k + k +1
2
2
2
2) 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + n =

n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
6

Bukti
2
n = 1 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + n =

n ( n+1 ) (2 n+1)
6

( terbukti )

1 ( 1+1 ) (2 x 1+1)
6

12=

2 x3
6

6
6

1 ( terbukti )

Bukti 2
2
n = k 1 1 + 4 + 9 + ... + k

k ( k +1 ) (2 k +1)
6

2 ( K+ 1 )+ 1

k
+1
(
K
+1+1 )
n = k + 1 1 + 4 + 9 + ... +
2
k + ( k +1 )=
k +1 2

k ( k +1 ) ( 2 k +1 ) +

2 ( k +1 ) +1

k +1 ( k +1+1 )

k +1 ( k +2 ) (2 k + 2 )+1
6

k +1 ( k +2 ) (2 k +3)
6

k +1(2 k +7 k +6)
6

2 k 3+7 k 2+ 6 k +2 k 2 +7 k + 6
6

2 k + 9 k +13 k +6
6

k ( k +1 ) (2 k +1 )+(k +2 k +1)
6

( k 2 +k ) ( 2 k +1 )
6
3

2
x ( k +2 k +1

2 k + k +2 k + k +6 (k +2 k +1)
6
2 k 3+ k 2 +2 k 2+ k +6 k 2+12 k + 6
6
3

2 k + 9 k +13 k +6
6
2 k 2 +9 k 2 +13 k

6
6

2
2
= 2 k +9 k +13 k

+ 6

(Terbukti)

3) 1,2 + 2,3 + 3,4 + ... + n ( n + 1 ) =

n ( n+ 1 ) (n+2)
2

Bukti
n=11(1+1)

2 =

1 ( 1+1 ) (1+2)
2
2 x2
2

2 = 2 ( terbukti )
Bukti 2
n=k
n = k + 1 1,2 + 2,3 + 3,4 + ... + k ( k + 1 ) + ( k + 1 ) ( k + 1 + 1 ) =
k + ( k +1+1 ) ( k +1+2 )
2

k + ( k +1+1 ) (k +1+ 2)
2

, ( k+1)(k+1+1)=

k +1 ( k +2 ) (k +3)
2

k +1 ( k +2 ) (k +3)
2

k +1(k +3 k + 2 k +6)
2

k 3 (5 k 2 +6 k + k 2 +5 k +6)
2

k 3 +6 k 2+11 k +6

k +3 k +2 k +3 k + 9 k +6

k +6 k +11 k +6

k 3 +6 k 2+11 k +6

3
2
= k +6 k +11 k +6

k (k +2 k + k +2)
2

k 2 +3 k +2

k 2 +3 k +2

k (k +2 k + k +2)
2
k 3 +3 k 2 +2 k
2
3

+ k +3 k +2

k +3 k +2 k +3( k + 3 k +2)
2
3

( terbukti )

n ( n+ 1 )( n+ 2 ) (n+3)
4

4) 1 + 2+ 3 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 3.4. 5 + ... n ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) =

=

1 ( 1+1 )( 1+2 ) ( 2+3 )

4

1.2.3

1 .2.3 .4
4

24
4

= 6 ( terbukti )

n = 1 1 ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 + 2 )

Bukti 2
Di asumsikan
n = k k ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) =

k ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) (kn+ 3)
4

n= k + 1 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + ... k( k + 1) (k + 2) + k + 1 ( k + 1 +1 ) (k + 1 + 2)

k +1 ( k +1+1 )( k +1+ 2 ) (k +1+3)
4

=
k ( k +1 ) ( k +2 ) (k +5)
4

+ k+1(k+2)(k+3) =

k +1 ( k +2 ) ( k +3 ) (k+ 4)
4

k
2
2
( k +k ) (k +5 k +6)
+ +3k+2)(k+3)
4
4

k +6 k + 11 k +6 k
4
4

+(

k +6 k

+11k+6) =

k +6 k + 11 k +6 k + 4( k +6 k +11 k + 6)
4

k 4 +6 k 3+ 11 k 2 +6 k + 4 k 3+24 k 2 +44 k +24

4
k 4 +10 k 3+35 k 2+50 k +24
4

( k 2 +3 k +2 ) ( k 2 +7 k +12)

=
=

k +10 k +35 k +50 k +24

4

k 4 +10 k 3+35 k 2+50 k +24

4
k 4 +10 k 3+35 k 2+50 k +24
4

k 4 +10 k 3+35 k 2+50 k +24

4

k + 10 k +35 k +50 k =k +10 k + 35 k + 50 k

( Terbukti )
5) 1+3+6+10+...+

n ( n+ 1 )
2

1 ( 1+1 )
2

n =1

n ( n+ 1 ) (n+2)
6

1 ( 1+1 ) (1+2)
6

2 2.3
=
2 6

1=

6
6

1 = 1 ( Terbukti )
n = k 1 + 3 + 6+ 10 + .....+

k ( k +1 )
2

n = k 1 + 3 + 6+ 10 + .....+

k ( k +1 )
2

k ( k +1 ) (k +2)
6

k +1 ( k +1+1 )
2

k +1 ( k +1+1 ) (k +1+2)
6
k +1(k +2)
6

k +1(k +2)
2

( k 2 +k ) (k +2) ( k 2+3 k + 2 )
+

=
3

k +3 k +2(k+ 3)
6

k 3 +3 k 2 +2 k 3(k +3 k +2)
+
6
6

k 3 +6 k 2 +11 k + 6
6

1.

1
+ 7

1
9

+ ...

k +6 k +11 k + 6
6

k 3 +6 k 2 +11 k + 6
6

3
2
= k +6 k +11 k

Barisan divergen dan konvergen

1 1
+
3 5

=
=

k 3 +6 k 2+11 k

k +1 ( k +2 ) (k +3)
6

(terbukti )

kedua ruas x6

s n=

1
2n+ 1

f(n)=

1
2 n+1

f(x)=

1
2 n+1
n

f ( x ) dx =

lim

n 1

lim

n 1

1
2 n+1

dx

dx
2 x+1

2 x +1
=

lim 2 x +1

lim
n

= tak hingga ( divergen)

2.

1
4

sn=

1 1
+
10 36

1
64

+ ...

1
4 x2

dx

1
4 n2

f ( n )=

1
4 n2

f ( x )=

1
4 x2
n

f ( x ) dx =

lim

n 1

lim

n 1

dx
4 x2

- 3

lim

4 x2

3.

(divergen)

. k 1+2 = 13 + 14
k=1

Sn =

~ +4 (1 )

1
5

+ ....

1
k +2

F(k) =

1
k +2

f(x) =

1
x +2
k

f ( x ) dx

lim

k 1

1
k +2 dx

lim ( x +2)1 dx
k 1
k

lim U1 du
k 1

lim

lim

0
x U

4.

k=1

sn=

k
1+ k 2

1
2
1+1

k
1

x1

. 1+1k 2

1
1
+
2
2
1+2 1+3

( divergen)

1
2

2
+ 5

3
10 ...

f ( k )=

k
2
1+ k

f ( x )=

k
1+ x2
k

f ( x ) dx

lim

k 1

U=

x +1

lim

k 1

x
x +1 dx
2

u
u +1
2

x2
1
u(+1) du
du= 2x

lim

k 1

du
=2u
dx

lim U 1

k 1

lim 1

2xdx = du

Xdx =

lim 1

du
2

( divergen)

2
k .3

.
k=1

f ( k )=
f ( x )=

U0

5.

du
2

2
k .3

2
x.3
k

f ( x ) dx=

lim

k 1

2
k3 dx

2 dx
x3

lim

k 1
k

2 dx

= klim
u
1

U = x-3

du= dx

lim 2

k 1

dx
u

dx
2
= klim

1 u

2dx =2du

lim

2 ln u ]

k
1

k 3
13
ln

ln
lim 2

= 2 ln
6.

= 2 (konvergen)

k
2
1+ k

.
k=1

n2
sn=
2
1+ n
f ( n )=

n2
1+ n2

f ( x )=

x2
1+ x2
k

f ( x ) dx=

lim

k 1

x2
2
1+ x dx
k

lim

k 1

x
2
1+ x