tofindparalellogram,AD,CD,AB,CB.

findvectors,thenequatesidesthengetADXAB,willAREAIS||ADXAB||andtheangleissinX=||ADXAB||/(||AD||||AB||)
uXv=onlyiftheyaresalarmultiplesofeach
parametricequationx=x1+at,y=y1+bt,z1+ctsymmetriceq(xx1)/a=yy1/b=zz1/c
tofindparametriceqofalinepassesthroughpointsa&b,findabvector..thenuseeqtoplotpoints
eqofaplanea(xx1)+b(yy1)+c(zz1)=0orax+by+cz+d=0

Vectors

CrossProduct(3Donly): v =< 1, 2, 3 >, w =< 4, 5, 6 > v w =

AB = < x1 x2, y1 y2, z1 z2 > = < x, y, z >
Crossproductuxvisorthogonaltoboth

Projectionof u onto v : projvu = ( u||

v||2 )v
Length,Magnitude: ||AB|| = x2 + y2 + z2

Distance:2D:pointsA=(1,2),B=(3,4), d =

Unitvector:givesyoudirectionofthevector. u = ||vv||

(4 1) + (5 2) + (6 3)
2

Angle:given v and w ,anglebetweenthemis cos

Twovectorsareperpendicular,if v w = 0
Parallelvectors:(3D)twovectorsareparallelifthereisaconstcsuchthat u = cv ,whereccanbeanynumber,ex. c = 2, u = 2v
triplescalarproduvtu.(vxw)&volumeofparallelipipedispositive
ArithmeticSequence
: an = a1 + (n 1)d a13 = a4 + 9d
RecursionFormula: an+1 = an + d SumFormula: Sn = n2 (a1 + an)

(3 1) + (4 2)

3D:pointsA=(1,2,3),B=(4,5,6), d =

DotProduct:(3D+2D)usedtotestifvectorsareperdendic. v w = x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2

vw
||v||||w||

WorkDone= P Q v (dotproduct)

n1

GeometricSequence
: an = a1 r
n

r
i
1
SumFinite: Sn = a1ri1 = a1( 1
1r ) SumInfinite: S = a1r = 1r
n

i=1

i=0

Induction
Provethat 1 + 2 + ... + n = n(n2+1) .1.BaseCase:Showthatitworksfor1element,normallyyouwouldpick1.Soshowthattheformulayouneedtoproveholdsfor1element
k(k+1)

(substitute1tons): 1 = 1(1+1)
= 22 = 1 .2.InductionStep:Assumethatitistrueforknumberelements: 1 + 2 + ... + k = 2 istrueaccordingtoourassumption.Wewanttoshow
2
k(k+1)
thattheformulaisalsotruefork+1elements: 1 + 2 + ... + k + (k + 1) = (k+1)(k2+1+1) = (k+1)(2k+2) LookatLHS,accordingtoourinductivehypothesis 1 + 2 + ... + k = 2 ,therefore, k(k2+1) + (k + 1)
isLHS.
k+1) k2+k+2k+2 (k+1)(k+2)
NowsolveittomakeitlooklikeRHS: k(k2+1) + (k + 1) = k(k+1)+2(
=
=
,whichisthesameastheRHS.
2
2
2

n
nr
BinomialTheorem
:coefficientof xnryr is nCr = (nnr)!! r! .Expansionof (x + y) = xn + nxn1y + ... + nCrx yr + ... + nxyn1 + yn

Parabola:
1.GeneralParabola(verticalaxis,symmetryabout
yaxis): y = ax2 + bx + c (standardequation)

2
(x h) = 4p(y k) (equationyouwillneed!!!)
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h, k + p) ,pisdistancebetweenvertexandfocus
Directrix:y = k p
2.SidewaysParabola(horizontalaxis,symmetryxaxis):
x = ay2 + by + c (standardequation)
2
(y k) = 4p(x h) (equationyouwillneed)
Vertex: (h, k)
Focus: (h + p, k)
Directrix:x = h p

Ellipse:
1.Horizontal.(majoraxisishorizontal)
(xh)2
(yk)2
= 1 ,majoraxis= 2a ,majoraxis= 2b , 0 < b < a
2
a2 +

Hyperbola
:
1.Horizontal(symmetryaboutyaxis)
2
2
(xh)
(yk)
=1
2
a2

Center: (h, k) ,Verticesaretheendpointsoftheellipse,draw

tofindvertices
Foci: (h c, k) lieonthemajoraxiscunitsfromthecenter,

2
with c2 = a2 + b
2.Vertical(majoraxisisvertical)
2
(xh)2
+ (yak2 ) = 1 ,majoraxis= 2a ,majoraxis= 2b , 0 < b < a
2

Center: (h, k)
Vertices:( h a, k) areaunitsawayfromcenter,
2
c2 = a2 + b
2
Foci: (h c, k) ,
c2 = a2 + b
asymtoteyk=+b/a(xh)
2.Vertical(symmetryaboutxaxis)
(yk)2
(xh)2
=1
2
a2

Center: (h, k)
Fociarethesameasforhorizontalellipse(seeabove)

Center: (h, k)
Vertices:( h, k a) ,areaunitsawayfromcenter,
2
c2 = a2 + b
2
Foci: (h, k c), c2 = a2 + b
asymtoteyk=+a/b(xh)

EquationofaLine
: y = mx
yy
m = xx1 , y y1 = m(x x1)
2

m = tan inclination
| m2m1 |
anglebetweentwolines: tan = | 1+m
|
| 1m2 |
distancebetweenpointandline:
|Ax +By +c|
d = 1 2 12 Ax + By + c = 0 line
A +B
(x1,y1) point

Parametric
:
r(t) = (x1, y1, z1) + t < a, b, c >
x = x1 + ta
y = y1 + tb
z = z1 + tc

Equationofaplane
:
a(x x1) + b(y y1) + c(z z1) = 0 ,where
(x1, y1, z1) isapoint.
Normalvector: ax + by + cz = d ,
n = < a, b, c >
Tofindanequationofaplaneyouneed:
1.Findtwovectorsinthatplane, v, w .
2.Takecrossproductofthesetwovectors,
v w ,togetnormalvector n = < a, b, c >
3.Pickanypointinthatplane(useoneof
theonesyouusedforfindingyourvectors),
say (x1, y1, z1) ,anduseequationofaplane.
d = ax1 + by1 + c

Findlineofintersectionoftwoplanes
:
x 2y + z = 0 and 2x + 3y 2z = 0 .
n1 = < 1, 2, 1 > n2 = < 2, 3, 2 > .Find n1 n2 togetdirectionvector.
n1 n2 = < 1, 4, 7 > .Nowyouneedtofindapointontheline.Todoso,setz=0,youget
2equations:
x 2y = 0
2x + 3y = 0
Solveforxandy.inthiscaseyougetx=0,y=0,z=0.Thusequationofthelineis:
r(t) = (0, 0, 0) + t < 1, 4, 7 > orparametric x = 0 + 1t, y = 0 + 4t, z = 0 + 7t
FindAnglebetweentwoplanes
:anglebetweentwoplanes=anglebetweentheirnormal
|n1n2|
| ,thetoppartisdotproduct
vectors. cos = |
||n1||||n2||

n|
Finddistancebetweenpointandplane
: d = ||projnP Q|| = |PQ||n
,whereQisthepoint,
||

andPisapointontheplane. n isnormalvectortotheplane.
tofinddistance,usenormalvectorofplane<x,y,z>andtakeanotherpointQfromby
makingxandy=0..thenusePQvector..togetdistance.

10.7PolarCoordinates
: =
r2

x2

y2 x

+
= rcos y = rsin
Polartorectangular:
|||Example:point
(r, ) = (2,
3 )
x = rcos y = rsin example (r, ) = (2, )
x = rcos = 2cos = 2
y = rsin = 2sin = 0
( 2, 0)
RectangulartoPolar
:
tan = yx r2 = x2 + y2 example:(1,1)

3 r = x2 + y2 = ( 1) + 1 = 2
tan = 1
(r, ) = (2, 3
1 = 1 arctan( 1) = = 4

4 )
EquationConversion:
1. y = x2 (rectangular)1. r = sec (Polar)
2
2. rsin = (rcos) (polar)2. rcos = 1 x = 1 (Parametric)

10.6ParametricEquations
ConvertParametrictoRectangular:(example)
2
1. x = t 4 y = 2t
2.Solvefortinoneoftheequations: t = 2y
2
3.Substituteintheother: x = (2y) 4
4.GetRectangularequation: x = 4y2 4 (parabolawithvertexat(4,0))
EliminatinganAngleParameterconverttorectangular:(example)
1. x = 3cos y = 4sin 0 2
2.Solveforcosandsin: cos = 3x sin = 4y
2

3.Use cos2 + sin2 = 1 tocombinetheequation:

( x3 ) + ( y4 ) = 1
2
2
4.GetRectangularForm: x9 + y16 = 1 (ellipse,centeredat0,0)

1. =
3 (Polar)
2. tan = 3 y = 3x

1
sec = cos

tan = yx

cosec = sin1
1
cot = tan

opposite
adjacent
sin = hypotenuse
cos = hypotenuse

opposite
tan = adjacent

TestsforSymmetryinPolarCoordinates

1.Theline = 2 : Replace (r, ) by (r, ) or ( r, )

2.Thepolaraxis:Replace (r, ) by
(r, ) or ( r, )
3.Thepole:Replace (r, ) by
(r, + ) or ( r, )

InverseMatrix:

AreaofTriangle:

CramersRule

CollinearPoints

findgeneralformoftheplanepassingthrough3points,findab,ac..thenfindnormalvectorn=abxac,thenusepointaandnormalvectortofindeq.