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,
.
- :18
:18 ,
*
"

"
100.0
44.1
55.9

100.0
61.4
38.6

100.0
40.9
59.1

* p<0.05

44%- 16%- 61% .

( .)41%

, .

19 .
.
- 38 -

 :19 ,
*
"

"
100.0
3.1
20.9
28.1
9.4
10.7
27.8

100.0
6.2
38.4
12.8
15.4
6.4
20.9

100.0
2.1
15.2
33.1
7.5
12.1
30.1

*P<0.01

19 33%- 13%- .-
30% 21%-.
. 20
.
.
:20 ,

*
"

" "

100.0
8.2
91.8

100.0
5.2
94.8

100.0
26.7
73.3

100.0
8.7
91.3

100.0
7.0
93.0

100.0
18.5
81.5

*P<0.05

21 .
,
, ( . )21

- 39 -

 :21 ,

*
"

" "

100.0
21.4
78.6

100.0
33.6
66.4

100.0
53.9
46.1

100.0
42.0
58.0

100.0
51.6
48.4

100.0
50.4
49.6

*P<0.05

44%- (' .)17
10% .
46% 40% . .
22 :
, .

:22 ,
*
"

"
100.0
44.1
55.9

60-
100.0
82.9
17.1

69-60
100.0
44.7
55.3

70
100.0
23.6
76.4

*P<0.05

17 ,18 .
,
.

23 .

- 40 -

 :23
*
"

"
100.0
38.9
61.1

100.0
8.3
91.7

100.0
52.0
48.0

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39%- 61%- 52% . -

8% .
75% 60- 36%- 60- ,
.
.

90% 62% .
.
.

24 27 .
24 88%
( ).
:24
*

"

"

100.0

88.3
8.4
3.0
0.3

60-
100.0

69-60
100.0

70

100.0

80.8
16.6
2.6
0.0

87.6
9.0
3.4
0.0

97.1
0.5
0.0
2.4

*P<0.05

24 .
- 41 -

 :25
*
"

100.0
89.0
7.7
3.0
0.3

"
100.0
88.3
8.4
3.0
0.3

100.0
78.8
18.7
2.4
0.0

*P<0.05

89% ,25 79%-

. .
.
27-26 :
:26

"

100.0

10
10 20-
20-

0.3
9.8
24.5
65.4

27 .

.
:27
*
"
10-
10-

"
100.0
10.1
89.9

60-
100.0
29.7
70.3

69-60
100.0
10.3
89.7

*P<0.05

.
- 42 -

70
100.0
0.5
99.5


,28 34%-
, 36%- ,
30%- .
.
,
. .
:28
*
"
8
3 8-

100.0
25.7
36.9
37.4

"
100.0
29.8
36.1
34.1

100.0
42.8
33.5
23.7

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43%- (
26%-) , . 29
:
( ) .
(' )28 , 43%- -
26% .
29
.
:29

*
"

"
100.0
44.1
55.9

100.0
31.9
68.1

3 8

100.0
100.0
56.4
33.1
43.6
66.9

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56%- , 33%-
.
- 43 -

 .
( )
.
30 . ,
.
:30

"
8
3 8-

"
100.0
29.8
36.0
34.1

60-
100.0
32.5
10.6
56.8

69-60
100.0
27.8
35.9
36.3

+70
100.0
44.7
46.9
8.4

31 , .
:31
*
"
8
3 8-

100.0
30.2
37.3
32.5

"
100.0
29.8
36.0
34.1

100.0
24.7
19.6
55.7

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31
. ,
.
.

32 50%- .
9%- , .20%-
14%- .
:
- 44 -

 :32
*
"

"
100.0
13.6
19.2
49.9
3.5
8.7
5.1

100.0
10.3
18.0
47.0
10.3
4.4
10.1

100.0
14.7
19.5
50.9
1.3
10.1
3.5

*P<0.01

15%- ( 10%-) 10%-

4% . 10%- 1%-.
33 , 70 , .
, 70.
:33

*
"

"
100.0
13.6
19.2
49.9
3.5
8.7
5.1

60-
100.0
1.3
5.8
87.1
1.3
2.9

69-60
100.0
11.7
20.7
50.4
3.1
9.7
4.3

70

100.0
33.2
12.4
31.5
7.5
2.4
13.0

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33%- 70- .
, : 50% - 69-60 87%-
.60-
8%- 70- , 3%- 69-60- 1%- 60
( ).
34 :
- 45 -

 :34

100.0
13.3
15.2
51.6
3.1
12.4
4.3

"
*
100.0
"
13.6

19.2

49.9

3.5
8.7

5.1

100.0
14.1
28.0
46.2
4.4
0.4
7.0

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28% 15%- . 12%-

0.4%.
.
,
7% , .
35 33%- .
.
:35

"

"
100.0
32.8
67.2

60-
100.0
7.1
92.9

69-60
100.0
32.7
67.3

70
100.0
44.6
55.4

, 7%- ( 60-
) , 33%- 69-60 45%- 70 .
.
36
.

- 46 -

 :36
*
"

100.0
33.6
66.4

"
100.0
32.8
67.2

100.0
22.4
77.6

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34%- 22%- ,
.
- 31% 37%-
( ) . 46% : ; 12%
( 5%- ); 14%
.

37 ,
( , , , ) -
( 64% ).
:37 ( ,")
"*

"

"

3,000
3,001 7,000
7,001 10,000
10,001 13,000

100.0
1.5
15.1
36.8
24.9
10.1

100.0
0.0
5.7
38.6
25.4
17.2

13,001

11.6

13.2

100.0
2.6
21.9
35.5
24.5
5.0
10.5

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15%- 3,000" . 37%-

3,001 7,000-" . , 53%-
7,000".

- 47 -

 . 25%-
3,000" ( ) 6%-
. 30%- 10,000" 16%
.
.

: ,
, , .

. ,
.
(,
, , ) .

: ?
38 :
:38

"

100.0
67.1
18.5
8.7
5.6

67%- " "

. 14%-
.

: ?
- 48 -

 39 :
:39


"

"

100.0
57.2
13.9
8.9
20.1

100.0
58.3
9.2
10.3
22.5

100.0
55.4
23.4
6.0
15.1

*P<0.05

57%
. 20%- .

: 79%- 67%-
.
40 ,
. ,
.
:40

"

100.0
57.2
13.9
8.9

20.1

"

100.0
52.8
6.2
10.6

100.0
60.5
19.7
7.5

30.3

12.2

*P<0.01

80%-
59% .

: ?
- 49 -

 41 .
.
:41



"

100.0
48.2
17.2

9.3
25.2

"

100.0
42.0
12.8

100.0
52.9
20.6

7.6
37.6

10.7
15.8

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48%-
. 25%- .
74%-
55%-.

:
?
42 .
.
:42
"

100.0
"

6.3
3.4
9.9
80.4

100.0

100.0

7.5
4.5
13.7
74.4

4.1
1.1
2.4
92.4

*P<0.01

10%- .
- 50 -

 12% :
5%-.

: ?
43 .
( ) .
:43

"

100.0
31.7
19.7
5.7
42.1

51%
48%
.

86%-
.
-
.
, .
10% .
.

51%- .
3.5%- .
5.2% .

- 51 -

 4
.
:4 ( ); ()%
80
67.1
57.2

70
60

48.2

50
40

31.7
30
20
10

6.3

44 ,.
:44

"

100.0
77.8
14.0
3.5
0.0

4.7

: , ?

(
).
- 52 -


45 :
:45 ,
*
"

"
100.0
16.8
6.5
51.5

100.0
12.7
6.8
58.0

100.0
29.0
5.5
31.8

13.9
3.8
7.6

12.9
2.6
7.0

17.0
7.3
9.5

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51%- . 17%-
14%- .

45
:
29% 13%- .
7%- 3%- .
.

( )p<0.05 :
:

55% 44%.

25% 9%.
10% 5%.
.

- 53 -



46 :
:46 *
"

"
100.0
34.7
65.3

100.0
30.8
69.2

100.0
46.8
53.2

*P<0.05

35%- : 47%- -
31% .
47 .
.
:47 *

"

"
100.0
15.6
84.4

100.0
23.3
76.7

100.0
11.5
88.5

*P<0.05

23%- 12%-
.
, ,
,
( , .)3
.


.
48 .
- 54 -

 , ,
.
:48 - *

"

"
100.0
34.5
64.4

60-
100.0
58.8
41.2

70
100.0
12.9
87.1

69-60
100.0
36.0
64.0

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35%- .
59%- 60- 36% 69-60- 13%- 70-
.
43% 32% ,
.
20% 14% ,
.
,

, ( ' ,
.)4
.

49 , :
:49 *

"

"
100.0
21.5
78.5

100.0
25.7
74.3

100.0
8.2
91.8

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22%- .
26%- 8%-
.
- 55 -

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, .
, ,
1.9
( ) ,
( ,' , .)5
:
34% 60- 23% 60-
69 1%- 70- . (.)p<0.05
.

.
50
.
:50 *

"

"
100.0
17.5
82.5

100.0
12.8
87.2

100.0
31.5
68.5

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18%- .
32%- 13%-
.
25% 14%
.
, ,
, 2.5

- 56 -

 , (
,' , .)6
.

51 ,
.
.
:51 , *

"

"
100.0
40.2
59.8

100.0
25.4
74.6

100.0
58.5
41.5

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40%- ( 7%-
).
59%- , , 25%-
.
52 ,
.
.
:52 , *

"
"

100.0
40.2
59.8

69-60
60-
100.0
100.0
39.3
11.9
60.7
88.1

70
100.0
80.4
19.6

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80%- 70- 39%-

69-60- 12%- 60-.
- 57 -

 53 (
) .
.
:53 , ,

"

100.0
40.7
59.3

100.0
14.9
85.1

41%- 15%-
.
.
-
:
36%- ,
.
14% -
.
( ) -
.

.
( ).
86%
.

.
83% 8% .
8%- .
- 58 -

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20%- .
.

27% .
, .
17%- .
-
53%
.

.
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"

100.0

16.7
60.2
4.0
13.4
5.6

60%- .
17%- .
13%- ,
.
.
4% .

- 59 -


( 1%-
) .
, .
.

- ( 4%- ).
23% 77% , . 800.5,000-

55 .
.
:55 ,


"

100.0
41.1
35.4
17.7
5.7

56 .
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77
77
77
65
41
77
94
94
- 60 -



- ( 6%- ).
25% 75% , . 1,400.4,200-

57 .
:57 ,


"

100.0
56.6
5.3
29.9
8.3

62%- .38%-
.

58 , ,
.
:58 ,

43
44

62
61
62
61
74
90
- 61 -

 ( ) :
.
.
( 62%
77% ).

59 .
.
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"

100.0
17.0
13.0
64.0
4.1

2.0

64% -
.
17% - .

69% .
6% .

,
.

60 61-
:
- 62 -

 78%- .9%-
, 8% .

.
:60

"

"

100.0

100.0

8.8
8.2
4.9
78.1

14.0
7.3
0.6
78.0

100.0
4.7
8.8
8.3
78.2

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21%- , ,
14% .
87%-
79%- .
:61

*
"

"
100.0
8.8
8.2
4.9
78.1

100.0
23.7
11.9
3.3
61.1

100.0
5.7
7.4
5.3
81.7

*P<0.01

36%- -
13% .
.

62 63- :
- 63 -

 63%- 20% .
9% .

.
:62

*
"

"
100.0

100.0

100.0

19.6
8.6
8.9
62.8

29.5
3.6
8.6
58.4

12.1
12.5
9.2
66.2

*P<0.01

33%- 25%-
.
:63
*
"

"
100.0
19.6
8.6
8.9
62.8

100.0
46.3
6.7
13.5
33.5

100.0
14.3
9.0
8.0
68.6

*P<0.01

53% 23%
.

64 65- .
56%- .
.

- 64 -

 :64
*
"

100.0
64.7
6.7
10.2
18.4

"
100.0
41.2
14.7
7.5
36.6

100.0
36.5
16.3
7.0
40.2

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71%-
53%- .
:65

*
"

"
100.0
41.2
14.7
7.5

100.0
40.6
14.7
6.8

100.0
50.7
14.3
19.9

36.6

37.8

15.1

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51%- 41%-.

38%- 15%-.

,
.


.
. , ,
.

- 65 -

 - -
-
( )
( ); ( 8.)66
( )287 - .
. ,
. .
:66 ( -) ,

Odd ratio

1 :

-14.08
-2.15

:
8-
3 8-

-1.14
1.57

1.73

2.65

-1.12

7.95

**

: 70
60-
69-60

-14.49
-3.19

**
**

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.1 .

8 ( ) odd ratio , ,p

- 66 -

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14 .
, ( ) .
,
.
(
) . ,
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,
.
.
.
2013
.

. :67
:67 ( ),

:

1 :


:
8-
3 8-
:

:

: 70
60-
69-60
**p<0.05
*p<0.01

Odd ratio
-2.5
-1.02
-2.74
-2.38

*
*

2.4
1.12
12.2
1.8

1 .
- 67 -

**

 67 :

, .
,
.
,
.
.
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70 . 69-60 2 70,
.

: ,
,
.

.
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) , ;
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.
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.

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).
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- 78 -


.2008

.2008 .)" (
)2013 : (.http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader

. .2013 .' ,-
. , ,
- .74-45 .2014 .' ,- '; , '; ,
) ( . ,-'
Boockmann, B.; Zwick, T.; Ammermuller, A.; Maier, M. 2007. Do Hiring Subsidies
Reduce Unemployment Among the Elderly? Evidence From Two Natural
Experiments. Discussion Paper No. 07-001. ZEW Centre for European Economic
Research.
Burtless, G. 2009. "Preparing the Labor Market for an Aging Population: Designing Public
Policy to Increase Labor Force Participation". In: Pension Reform in Southeastern
Europe. Holzmann, R.; MacKellar, L.; Repansek J. (eds.). The World Bank,
Washington D.C.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 1998. Employment
Outlook. OECD Publications.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2006. Ageing and
Employment Policies. Live Longer, Work Longer. OECD Publications.
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development). n.d. Average
Effective Age of Retirement Versus the Official Age, 2006-2011. OECD Estimates
Derived from the European and National Labour Force Surveys.
http://www.oecd.org/insurance/public-pensions/ageingandemploymentpoliciesstatisticsonaverageeffectiveageofretirement.htm. (Accessed:August 2013).
Stegmann, T. 2009. "Analyzing an Active Labor Market Program in Germany: A Regional
Approach". Journal of MultiDisciplinary Evaluation 6(11(:56-70.
UN. 2013. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision. Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Population Division. DVD Edition.
- 79 -

- 81 -

 :
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(")
()

( ")

( )+15
( 2008-
)
+15

()
+65 2008-
()

51.8
402.6

172.0
1,258.8

10.9
51.3

4,473.0
1,242.1

7,769.0

7,318.6

4,682.0

277.7

69.7

65.2

63.3

52.6

98.2

97.8

93.0

93.9

34.2

56.7

53.2

52.8

16.3

15.6

9.1

10.5

:" ()2008

:2 2020 ,2009
2020

'

2009

65
65
63
65
62
65
63
65
61
62
62
62
62.5
63
63.6
65-60
65
65
65
65
65
65
67-61
65

60
65
60
65
60
65
61
65
60
62
61.5-57.5
62
60
61
58.3
65
60
65
60
65
65
60

2020

65
65
63
65
64-
66
64
65
63
64
62
64.5
64
63
65
67-62
66-
65
65
67-
65
65
67-61
66

:- ( ,)2013 Eurofound
1 .

- 83 -

60
65
60
65
64-
66
64
65
63
64
62
64.5
63
61
60
66-
65
65
67-
65
65
66

2020

65
-65
65
65
67+
65
-65
65
-65
65
-65
67-62
67
67

66
66

------68
68

65
-63
65
65
+67
65
-65
65
-65
65
-63

 :3
:

1 :

Odd ratio

-9.00
-1.21

**

1.95

-1.58

: 70
60-
69-60

-7.81
-2.77

**

:4
:

1 :

Odd ratio

-9.52
-1.07

**

2.07

-1.46

: 70
60-
69-60

-8.69
-2.85

- 84 -

**

 :5
:

Odd ratio

1 :

-10.0
-1.18

-1.90

-1.57

: 70
60-
69-60

-6.53
-1.90

**

**

:6 ( )
:

1 :

Odd ratio

-10.9
-1.30

**

2.54

-1.27

: 70
60-
69-60

-7.81
-2.28

- 85 -

**

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-
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- 86 -

Abstract

This report reviews an adult employment program for over 60s in Gush Dan and western
Galilee. The program is implemented with the assistance of JDC-ESHEL, the National
Insurance Institute of Israel (NIOI Demonstration Projects Fund) and the Ministry of
Social Affairs and Services (MSAS). It was created in 2009 by two NGOs that jointly
manage it Telem and Hamishim Plus-Minus.
The study was funded by the NIOI.
The program's uniqueness among other adult-employment programs is that instead of
offering a sheltered work framework, it helps applicants integrate into the free job market
according to their professional background, experience, and skills at market wages. It
deals with placement, training and developing business initiatives, the participants
receiving close support.
The report contains a literature review (Israeli and worldwide policies of adult
employment, of approaches and attitudes, barriers and difficulties); a review of program
data (an operative model at two centers covering manpower, types of training offered,
program advertising and marketing, application to employers, support and follow-up of
placements and applicants); a report of interviews with program participants (data
analysis from a participant survey, evaluation of satisfaction with, e.g., support, training,
and the degree of placement success); and a report on in-depth interviews with
employers, key figures and policymakers in the employment field.
International experience shows that successful programs in this area have combined tools
of in-depth characterization of participant skills and needs, job-search assistance, relevant
professional training, and staff promotion of contacts with key community players (e.g.,
employers, social services, social organizations).
The report presents the extent of utilization by participants of program components (e.g.,
preparation for job interviews, training) and the relationship between various components
and actual placement. It also describes the different activities by center.
Important findings for continued program development:
The longer the period of non-employment, the harder it is to integrate into new jobs. It is
therefore important to identify adult workers upon, or close to, their departure from work.
Ongoing contact between program staff and participants is important to maintaining
satisfaction. A personal meeting between program staff and participants is important to
successful placement. The location of employers willing to hire adult workers is key to
the program's success. The greater the range of employers, the greater the ability to help

more applicants and various jobseekers. The formation of long-term relations between the
program and employers can also be helpful.
Given the acknowledged importance of employment at older ages and the difficulties of
this population to integrate into work, placement centers could be part of the tools and
interventions used to resolve the problem.
The findings were presented to program implementers and the steering committee and
serve as a basis for further development in additional localities.

The National Insurance Institute

Funds for Service Development Demonstration Projects

Employment Programs for Older Adults

Yitschak Shnoor

Jerusalem, March 2015